Chapter 16

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Lecture 9
Design of Two-Way Slabs
Part III:
Direct Design Method (DDM)

Dr. Anis Shatnawi

RC_II 1

Direct Design Method

(DDM)

Two-way Slabs

1
 R i Li
i

Finite Element Model of a steel frame

building with concrete slab floors

2
Finite element model of an arch
bridge

3
 Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two
directions: N-S

Slab is considered to be a series of frames in two directions:

E-W

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 9

10

5
11

12

6
13

14

7
15

16

8
17

18

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Transverse
direction

Longitudinal direction

N
N-S

19

N-S
20

10
 Longitudinal
direction Transverse
direction

E-W
21

Determination of the total factored static moment:

E-W

22

11
Determination of the total factored static moment:

23

4)

24

12
Determination of the total factored static moment:

25

26

13
Column and Middle Strip:

Middle strip: Design strip bounded by two column strips.

The width of the beam-slab is bounded laterally by centerline
27
of adjacent panels on each side of the beam.

28

14
 29

Moment in (longitudinal) direction of bending considered:

Mo = Mc +Ms

30

15
Moment in (longitudinal) direction of bending considered:

+ve center
1 share out of 3 moment
total shares

-ve support moment

2 shares out of 3 total shares

=(2/3)*(1/8) =1/12 31

+ve M

-ve M

32

16
Moment in (longitudinal) direction of bending considered:

Transverse
direction
Longitudinal
direction

33

Distribution of Total Static Moment Mo to critical

sections for +ve, and ve bending

Exterior Span Interior Span

For an exterior span,

the total static moment
is dependent on the type
of reinforcement at the
outside edge (i.e., type
of end support).

For an Interior
spans:
34

17
Longitudinal Distribution of Moments in Slabs

For a typical interior panel, the total static

moment is divided into positive moment 0.35 Mo
and negative moment of 0.65 Mo.
For an exterior span, the total static moment is
dependent on the type of reinforcement at the
outside edge (i.e., type of end support).
35

Longitudinal Distribution of Moments in Interior

Span of Slabs

36

18
Longitudinal Distribution in End (exterior) Spans:

End Spans with ext.

Mp edge unrestrained:
Mo
0.5Mn
Mp = 0.63 Mo
Ext.
Mn
Mn = 0.75 Mo
edge
unrestr
ained

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

37

Longitudinal Distribution of Moments in End Spans of

Slabs
Distribution of Total Static Moment Mo Assignment of Moments to critical section

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) 38

19
Conditions of edge restraint considered in distributing total static
moment Mo to critical sections in an end span:

M = 0.0 0.75 0.65 M = 0.30 Mo 0.70 0.65

0.63 Mo
0.50

(a) Exterior edge unrestrained,

(d) Slab without beams between
e.g., supported by masonry.
interior supports but with edge beam
M = 0.16 Mo 0.70 0.65
M = 0.65 Mo 0.65 0.65

0.57
0.35
(b) Slab with beams between all
supports 0.70
M = 0.26 Mo 0.65 (d) Exterior edge fully restrained, ,
e.g., by monolithic concrete wall.

0.52

(c) Slab without beams; flat plates

39

(1) Exterior edge

unrestrained, e.g.,
supported by masonry
wall:

(2) Exterior edge fully

restrained, e.g., by
concrete wall:

(3) Slab with

beams
between all
supports:

(4) Slab without

beams between
interior supports
but with edge
beam:

(5) Slab without

beams; flat
plates:

40

20
 Longitudinal Distribution of Moments in End Spans
of Slabs

(1) Exterior edge unrestrained

(2) Beams between all supports

(3) No beams between interior supports (4) No beams between

and without edge beam; interior supports and with edge beam

(5) Exterior edge fully restrained

41

Sample on Longitudinal Distribution of Moments in Slabs

Sample moments for a flat plate

with no edge beams:

42

21
Moment Transverse to the direction of bending
considered: Distribution to Strips

43

44

22
Moment Transverse to the direction of bending
considered:

Column
strip

45

Moment Transverse to the direction of bending

considered:

Transverse
direction

46

23
 47

Transverse Distribution of Moments (to the column and

middle strips)
Transverse distribution of the longitudinal
moments to middle and column strips is a function
of the ratio of length l2/l1, 1, and t.
E cb I b E cbC Ratio of Torsional
1 t
E cs I s 2E cs I s constant
l 2h 3
Is
12
0.63x x 3y
C 1 Torsional
y 3 constant
Maximum C
48

24
Transverse Distribution of Moments (to the column strips)
0.63x x 3 y
C 1 torsional constant
y 3

where x is the shorter overall dimension of rectangular part of cross

section and y is the longer overall dimension of rectangular part of
cross section.
The cross section is to be divided into separate rectangular parts and
carrying out the summation given in such away to give the largest
value of C, as shown in the Figure 49

Transverse Distribution of Moments (to the column strips)

Interior Negative Moments

> 1, use 1
50

25
Transverse Distribution of Moments (to the column strips)
Exterior Negative Moments

> 1, use 1
the largest value of C
> 2.5, use 2.5
51

Transverse Distribution of Moments (to the column strips)

For Both Interior and Exterior Positive Moments

% . > 1 , use 1

52

26
Summary: Column-Strip Moment,
Percent of total moment Mo at critical sections:

l2/l1 Linear
Interpolation
shall be
made
1 l2/l1= 0
1 l2/l1 1.0
between
values shown

1 l2/l1= 0 t = 0
t 2.5

1 l2/l1 1.0 t = 0
t 2.5

1 l2/l1= 0
1 l2/l1 1.0
53

Transverse Distribution of Moments (to the middle strips)

Mms = MT -Mcs

54

27
Transverse Distribution of Moments in Column Strip (to
the BEAM)
Mbeam 0.85Mcs

55

Design of
Beams for
Shear

56

28
Design of Beams for Shear

57

Design of columns in two-way slabs

For interior columns:

` ` ` 2
0.07 0.5 )

58

29
Minimum Reinforcement Requirements

> 0.0014
59

Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement

Ribbed
Slabs: smaller of
60

30
Reinforcement Detailing

61

62

31
Reinforcement Detailing

63

64

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Interior strip

65

66

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 Interior Span

67

- Interior span

4- Distribution the total static moment in the longitudinal direction

68

34
- Interior span

0.7175

69

- Interior span

0.7175

70

35
- Interior span

71

- Interior span

72

36
 - Interior span

73

- Interior span

Vu = 47.04 kN < Vc
OK Slab depth is adequate and No need for shear reinforcement 74

37
 - Interior span

75

- Interior span

Same as before

76

38
 - Interior span

77

- Interior span

78

39
 - Interior span

0.728

79

- Interior span

0.728

80

40
- Interior span

91

l2/l1

81

- Interior span

82

41
 - Interior span

83

Example 2
Design the long direction of an interior
panel of the two-way slab for the floor
system. The floor consists of six
panels at each direction, with a panel
size 7.5 m x 6 m. All panels are
supported by 40 cm square columns.
The slabs are supported by beams
along the column line with cross
sections. The service live load is to be
taken as 4 kN/m2 and the service dead
load consists of 6.5 kN/m2 of floor
finishing in addition to the self-weight.
h=18cm

84

42
 7.5 m 7.5 m
The cross-sections are:
hs = 18cm 6m

6m

85

Loading
The weight of the slab is given as.

wu 1.26.5 1.6(4) 14.2kN / m 2

d 18 2 1.6 14.4cm assume 16
cover

86

43
Strip Size
Calculate the strip sizes
Long direction
4.5m

87

Static Moment Computation

Moment Mo for the two directions.
long direction Long direction
Ln 750 40 710cm

M ol
wl2 ln
2

14.2 6 7.12
537 kN .m
8 8

short direction
Ln 600 40 560cm
wl2 ln 2 14.2 7.55.62
M o short 418kN .m
8 8
88

44
 Moments (Long Direction) Mol = 537 kN.m

The factored
components of the
moment for the
beam (long
direction).

Negative - Moment 0 . 65 537 349 kN .m

Positive + Moment 0 . 35 537 188 kN .m

89

Moment (long direction) Coefficients

The moments of inertia of beams and slab, Ib = 0.01
m4 and Is = 0.0027 m4 (long direction) are needed to
determine the distribution of the moments between
the column and middle strip.

l2 6
0.8
l1 7.5
Ib 0.01
1 3.7
I s 0.0027
l2
1 3.7(0.8) 2.96
l1
90

45
 Long direction
Column Strip Factors (interior negative)

l2 6
0.8
l1 7.5

l2
1 2.96
l1

col. strip factor Need to interpolate to

0.9 - 0.75 determine how the interior
0.9 (0.8 0.5) 0.81
0.5 - 1.0 negative moment is
distributed. 91

Long direction
Column Strip Factors (positive)

l2 6
0.8
l1 7.5

l2
1 2.96
l1

col. strip factor

Need to interpolate to
determine how the
0.9 - 0.75
0.9 (0.8 0.5) 0.81 positive moment is
0.5 - 1.0
distributed
92

46
 Moment (long direction) column/middle strips
Total Negative - Moment 349 kN . m
Total Positive + Moment 188 kN . m
Column Strip
Negative Moment 0.81(349) 282.7 kN .m
Positive + Moment 0.81(188) 152kN .m
Middle Strip
Negative Moment 0.19(349) 66kN .m
Positive + Moment 0.19(188) 36kN .m

93

Moment (long direction)-beam/slab distribution

When 1 (l2/l1) > 1.0, ACI Code Section 13.6.5 indicates
that 85 % of the moment in the column strip is assigned
to the beam and balance of 15 % is assigned to the slab
in the column strip.
Column Strip - Negative Moment
Beam Moment 0.85(282.7) 240.3kN .m
Slab Moment 0.15(282.7) 42.4kN .m
Column Strip - Positive Moment
Beam Moment 0.85(152) 129kN .m
Slab Moment 0.15(152) 23kN .m
94

47
Results (Long Direction)

Design of beam and slab:

T-beam:
d 58 4 0.8 0.8 52cm 520mm
b 40cm 400mm
As check _ shear

Slab:
d 18 2 1.6 14.4cm 144mm
b 3m 3000mm
As check _ shear

95

Mol = 537 kN.m

Results +ve moment
+ve Mcs = Mccs =188 kN.m

18
11.5
129 188
152
11.5
18

Do distribution for short Direction by your own!

96

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This page is left blank

97

Note: I was informed that some students are

taking averages of to find the coefficients
for DDM moments. Please see the notes in
the next slides on this issue.

98

49
Note:

99

Note: The averaging

done here for is
only for use in
Eq. (13 -2) in the
previous slide.
We also took
averages when we
calculated the
minimum slab
thickness.

However, this is
not the case in
the following
slides.

100

50
Column and Middle Strip: Note:
1 is for the
strip shown and
is only
concerned with
the beam
between the two
columns in the
middle of the
hatched region,
thus no
averages are
needed to find
the DDM
moments.
Middle strip: Design strip bounded by two column strips.
The width of the beam-slab is bounded laterally by centerline of
101
adjacent panels on each side of the beam.

Note:
Moment (long) Coefficients:
The moments of inertia about beam, Ib = 0.01 m4 and
Is = 0.0027 m4 (long direction) are need to determine the
distribution of the moments between the column and
middle strip.
l 6 in this example was
2 0.81 calculated based on Ib
l1 7.5
for the beam in the
Ib 0.01 middle of the strip.
1 3. 7
I s 0.0027
DID WE TAKE ANY
l2 AVERAGES????
1 3.7(0.8) 2.96
l1
102

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This page is left blank

103

Two-Way Solid Slabs

More Examples

104

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105

106

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Slab is provided by interior
beams, so only one way shear
is checked !

107

108

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109

110

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111

112

56
 113

Mos = 368 kN.m

0.65 x Mos = 239.20 kN.m

0.35 x Mos = 128.80 kN.m

114

57
115

116

58
117

118

59
 119

Note: unified steel distribution over all strips in long direction!

120

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 Note: unified steel distribution over all strips !
121

Flat slab with drop

panels and edge
beams

122

61
Initial trial:

> 100 mm

123

124

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 125

Assume 25 mm is used

Note: bo = 2c1+ 2c2+ 4d

Vu =Wu * Effective area

c2
Vu =Wu [Apanel (c-c) (c1+ d)(c2+ d)] c1
If c1 = c2 = c

Vu =Wu [Apanel (c+ d)2]

126

63
(2500 mm+167.5 mm)

(2100 mm+167.5 mm)

127

128

64
Long Direction - Interior strips

129

Long Direction - Interior strips

75

l 2 7 .3
1.22
l1 6
1 0
l2
1 0
l1

60

130

65
Long Direction - Interior strips

131

Long Direction - Interior strips

132

66
Short Direction Interior strips

133

Short Direction Interior strips

134

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Summary

135

Summary

136

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Summary

137

Summary

138

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Summary

139

Summary

140

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