Reinforced Concrete Design I

ACI 318-2014

Dr. Nader Okasha

Chapter 2
Strength analysis of beams according to ACI Code
Introduction
A beam is a structural member used to support the internal moments
and shears and in some cases torsion.

2
Strength requirement for flexure in beams

Md Mu ACI 7.5.1.1

Md Mn

M d Design moment strength (also known as moment resistance)

M u Internal ultimate moment

M n Theoretical or nominal resisting moment.

3
Basic Assumptions in Beam Theory
Plane sections remain plane after bending. This means that in an initially straight
beam, strain varies linearly over the depth of the section after bending.

Its cross section

Unloaded beam

Beam after bending 4

Strain distribution
Basic Assumptions in Beam Theory
The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same
level, i.e. s = c at same level.

Concrete is assumed to fail in compression, when c = 0.003.

Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural strength.

Perfect bond is assumed between concrete and steel.

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The equivalent stress (Whitney) block

Actual Approximate
Strain
Stress Distribution Stress Distribution
Distribution

The Whitney block

has average stress
0.85fc and depth
a=b1c. 6
ACI 22.2.2.4.1
Derivation of beam expressions

Fx=0 C=T

7
Derivation of beam expressions

8
The equivalent stress (Whitney) block

The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution has what

is known as the b1 coefficient. It relates the actual NA depth to
the depth of the compression block by a=b1c.
b1 0.85 for f c ' 28 MPa ACI 22.2.2.4.3
0.05( f c ' 28)
b1 0.85 0.65 for f c ' 28 MPa 9
7
The equivalent stress (Whitney) block

ACI 22.2.2.4.3

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 y
y
Es
Tension
a strain in flexural members
c
b1
d c
t 0.003 y
c

Strain Distribution

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 y y y
Es
y
Es
a
Definition of dt a
c c
b1 b1
dt c d c
t 0.003 y t
c
0.003 y
c

= dt

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Types of flexural failure:

Flexural failure may occur in three different ways

[1] Balanced Failure

(balanced reinforcement)

[2] Compression Failure

(over-reinforced beam)

[3] Tension Failure -

(under-reinforced beam)

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Types of flexural failure:
[1] Balanced Failure
The concrete crushes and the steel yields simultaneously.
cu=0.003

cb

d
h

t = y
b

Such a beam has a balanced reinforcement, its failure mode is

brittle, thus sudden, and is not allowed by the ACI Strength Design
Method.
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Types of flexural failure:
[2] Compression Failure
The concrete will crush before the steel yields.
cu=0.003
cu=0.003

c>c
c>cb b
d
h d
h

b t <t y< y
b

Such a beam is called over-reinforced beam, and its failure mode is

brittle, thus sudden, and is not allowed by the ACI Strength Design
Method.
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Types of flexural failure:
[3] Tension Failure
The reinforcement yields before the concrete crushes.
cu=0.003
cu=0.003

c<cb
c<cb
d
h d
h

b
b

Such a beam is called under-reinforced beam, and its failure mode is

ductile, thus giving a sufficient amount of warning before
collapse, and is required by the ACI Strength Design Method
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Types of sections according to the ACI Code
[1] Tension-controlled section ACI 21.2.29.3.3.1R21.2.2
The tensile strain in the tension steel is equal to or greater than 0.005 when
the concrete in compression reaches its crushing strain of 0.003. This is a
ductile section.
t 0.005 ==> =0.9
[2] Compression-controlled section
The tensile strain in the tension steel is equal to or less than cr when the
concrete in compression reaches its crushing strain of 0.003. For beams,
cr = 0.004. This is a brittle section.
t 0.004
[3] Transition section
The tensile strain in the tension steel is between 0.005 and cr when the
concrete in compression reaches its crushing strain of 0.003.

0.004 t 0.005 ==> =0.65 t 0.002 250 / 3

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Percentage of tensile steel,

As
d
b
As bd

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Maximum allowed steel

d cmax
0.005 0.003
cmax
0.003
cmax d
0.003 0.005
3
cmax d
8
=b1 c
3 max f y d
amax cmax b1 d b1 d
As
8 0.85 f c '
3 0.85 b1 f c ' b
max As bd
8 fy

3 0.85 b1f c '
As ,max bd
8 fy 19
Minimum allowed steel
ACI 9.6.1.2
0.25 f c
bw d
fy
A s,min max
1.4 b d
f
w
y

bw = width of section
d = effective depth of section

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Summary:
To calculate the moment capacity of a section:
0.25 f c
bw d
fy
1-) As,min max
1.4 b d
f
w
y

if As,min > As,sup reject section

As f y
2-) a
0.85f c b

b1 0.85 for f c ' 28 MPa

3-)
0.05( f c ' 28)
b1 0.85 0.65 for f c ' 28 MPa
7
a
4-) c b 21
1
Summary:
dt c
5-) t c
0.003

if t 0.005: tension controlled section = 0.9

if 0.004 t <0.005: in transition zone =0.65+( t 0.002) (250/3)
if t < 0.004: compression controlled section reject section

a
6-) M d M n As f y d
2

7-) M u M n if not reject section

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Example

A singly reinforced concrete beam has the cross-section shown in the figure
below. Calculate the design moment strength. Can the section carry an
Mu = 350 kN.m?
f y 414 MPa

a) f c 20.7 MPa, b) f c 34.5 MPa, c) f c 62.1 MPa

As = 2580 mm2

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Example
Solution
a) f c 20.7 MPa
0.25 f c 0.25 20.7
bw d (254)(457)=319 mm 2
fy 414
1 A s,min max
1.4
bw d
1.4
(254)(457)=393 mm 2
fy 414

=393 mm 2 < A s,sup =2580 mm 2 OK

As f y 2580 414
2 a 239 mm
0.85 f cb 0.85 20.7 254

3 b1 0.85 for f c ' 20.7MPa 28 MPa

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Example
Solution
a) f c 20.7 MPa

a 239
4 c 281 mm
b1 0.85
d c 457 281
5 t 0.003 0.003 0.00186
c 281
t 0.004 Section is compression controlled
==> Does not satisfy ACI requirements
==> Reject section

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Example
Solution
b) f c 34.5 MPa
0.25 f c 0.25 34.5
bw d (254)(457)=412 mm 2
fy 414
1 A s,min max
1.4
bw d
1.4
(254)(457)=393 mm 2
fy 414

=412 mm 2 < A s,sup =2580 mm 2 OK

As f y 2580 414
2 a 143.4 mm
0.85 f cb 0.85 34.5 254
0.05( f c ' 28 )
3 b1 0.85 0.65 for f c ' 34.5 MPa 28 MPa
7
0.05( 34.5 28 )
b1 0.85 0.804 0.65 26
7
Example
Solution
b) f c 34.5 MPa

a 143.4
4 c 178.5 mm
b1 0.804

d c 457 178.5
5 t 0.003 0.003 0.00468
c 178.5
0.004 t 0.005 Section is in transision zone

=0.65+( t 0.002) (250/3) =0.65+(0.00468 0.002) (250/3)=0.874

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Example
Solution
b) f c 34.5 MPa

a
6 M d M n As f y d
2
143.4
0.874 2580 414 457 360 10 6
N.mm
2
360 kN.m
7 M u 350 kN.m M n 360 kN.m
Section is adequate

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Example
Solution
c) f c 62.1 MPa

0.25 f c 0.25 62.1

bw d (254)(457)=552 mm 2

fy 414
1 A s,min max
1.4
bw d
1.4
(254)(457)=393 mm 2
fy 414

=552 mm 2 < A s,sup =2580 mm 2 OK

As f y 2580 414
2 a 80 mm
0.85 f cb 0.85 62.1 254

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Example
Solution
c) f c 62.1 MPa

0.05( f c ' 28 )
3 b1 0.85 0.65 for f c ' 62.1MPa 28 MPa
7
0.05( 62.1 28 )
b1 0.85 0.61 0.65
7
b1 0.65

a 80
4 c 123 mm
b1 0.65

d c 457 123
5 t 0.003 0.003 0.0081
c 123
t 0.005 Section is tension controlled
==> Satisfes ACI requirements ==> =0.9 30
Example
Solution
c) f c 62.1 MPa

a
6 M d M n As f y d
2
80
0.9 2580 414 457 400 106 kN.m
2
400 kN.m
7 M u 350 kN.m M n 400 kN.m
Section is adequate

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