Design Example 2 A

EXAMPLE 2A:
Two-Span Continuous Straight

Composite I Girder
Third Edition
Load and Resistance Factor
Customary U.S. Units
nsba
National Steel Bridge Alliance
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
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DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
2 DESIGN PARAMETERS ........................................................................................................ 1
3 GIRDER GEOMETRY ............................................................................................................ 2
3.1 Web Depth ....................................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Web Thickness ................................................................................................................ 3
3.3 Flange Geometries..........................................................................................................3
4 LOADS ................................................................................................................................... 4
4.1 Dead Loads...................................................................................................................... 5
4.1.1 Component and Attachment Dead Load (DC) ..................................................... 5
4.1.2 Wearing Surface Dead Load (DW) ........................................................................ 6
4.2 Vehicular Live Loads ......................................................................................................6
4.2.1 General Vehicular Live Load (Article 3.6.1.2) ...................................................... 6
4.2.2 Optional Live Load Deflection Load (Article 3.6.1.3.2) ....................................... 6
4.2.3 Fatigue Load (Article 3.6.1.4) ................................................................................ 7
4.3 Wind Loads...................................................................................................................... 7
4.4 Load Combinations.........................................................................................................7
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 7
5.1 Multiple Presence Factors (Article 3.6.1.1.2) ................................................................ 8
5.2 Live-Load Distribution Factors (Article 4.6.2.2) ........................................................... 8
5.2.1 Live-Load Lateral Distribution Factors Positive Flexure................................. 8
5.2.2 Live-Load Lateral Distribution Factors Negative Flexure.............................. 13
5.2.3 Dynamic Load Allowance ....................................................................................14
6 ANALYSIS RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 14
6.1 Moment and Shear Envelopes .....................................................................................14
6.2 Live Load Deflection .....................................................................................................19
7 LIMIT STATES ..................................................................................................................... 19
7.1 Service Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.2 and 6.5.2) ........................................................... 19
7.2 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State (Article 1.3.2.3 and 6.5.3) ...................................... 19
7.3 Strength Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.4 and 6.5.4) ......................................................... 20
7.4 Extreme Event Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.5 and 6.5.5)............................................... 20
8 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS.................................................................................................. 20
8.1 Section Properties ........................................................................................................20
8.1.1 Section 1 Positive Bending Region ................................................................. 20
8.1.2 Section 2 Negative Bending Region................................................................ 23
8.2 Exterior Girder Check: Section 2................................................................................. 27
8.2.1 Strength Limit State (Article 6.10.6).................................................................... 27
8.2.2 Constructibility (Article 6.10.3) ........................................................................... 36
8.2.3 Service Limit State (Article 6.10.4)...................................................................... 45
8.2.4 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State (Article 6.10.5)............................................... 46
8.3 Exterior Girder Check: Section 1-1.............................................................................. 48
8.3.1 Constructibility (Article 6.10.3) ........................................................................... 48
8.3.2 Service Limit State (Article 6.10.4)...................................................................... 55
8.3.3 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State (Article 6.10.5)............................................... 55
8.3.4 Strength Limit State (Article 6.10.6).................................................................... 56
8.4 Cross-frame Design ......................................................................................................58
8.4.1 Intermediate Cross-frame Design....................................................................... 58
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DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
8.4.2 End Cross-frame Design......................................................................................63

8.5 Stiffener Design.............................................................................................................71
8.5.1 Bearing Stiffener Design......................................................................................71
8.6 Weld Design...................................................................................................................75
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DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this example is to illustrate the use of the 3rd Edition of the AASHTO LRFD
Specifications for the design of a continuous steel I-girder bridge. The design process and corresponding
calculations for steel I-girders are the focus of this example, with particular emphasis placed on
illustration of the optional moment redistribution procedures. All aspects of the girder design are
presented, including evaluation of the following: cross-section proportion limits, constructibility,
serviceability, fatigue, and strength requirements. Additionally, the weld design for the web-to-flange
joint of the plate girders is demonstrated along with all applicable components of the stiffener design and
lateral bracing design.
The moment redistribution procedures allow for a limited degree of yielding at the interior supports of
continuous-span girders. The subsequent redistribution of moment results in a decrease in the negative
bending moments and a corresponding increase in positive bending moments. The current moment
redistribution procedures utilize the same moment envelopes as used in a conventional elastic analysis
and do not require the use of iterative procedures or simultaneous equations. The new method is similar to
the optional provisions in previous AASHTO specifications that permitted the peak negative bending
moments to be decreased by 10% before performing strength checks of the girder. However, in the
present method this empirical percentage is replaced by a calculated quantity, which is a function of
geometric and material properties of the girder. Furthermore, the range of girders for which moment
redistribution is applicable is expanded compared to previous editions of the specifications, in that girders
with slender webs may now be considered. The result of the use of these procedures is considerable
economical savings. Specifically, inelastic design procedures may offer cost savings by (1) requiring
smaller girder sizes, (2) eliminating the need for cover plates (which have unfavorable fatigue
characteristics) in rolled beams, and (3) reducing the number of flange transitions without increasing the
amount of material required in plate girder designs, leading to both material and, more significantly,
fabrication cost savings.
Another key improvement contained in the 3rd Edition Specifications is the simplifications to the general
section proportion limits, which make the initial design easier to develop. Additionally, the provisions for
compact and nearly-compact sections have been updated and moved to Appendix A.
2 DESIGN PARAMETERS
The bridge cross-section for the tangent, two-span (90' - 90') continuous bridge under consideration is
given below in Figure 1. The example bridge has four plate girders spaced at 10'-0" and 3'-6" overhangs.
The roadway width is 34'-0" and is centered over the girders. The reinforced concrete deck is 8" thick,
including a " integral wearing surface, and
has a 2" haunch thickness.
The framing plan for this design example is
shown in Figure 2. As will be demonstrated
subsequently, the cross frame spacing is
governed by constuctibility requirements in
positive bending and by moment redistribution
requirements in negative bending.
The structural steel is ASTM A709, Grade
50W, and the concrete is normal weight with a
compressive strength of 4.0 ksi. The concrete
Figure 1: Typical Bridge Cross Section
slab is reinforced with nominal Grade 60
reinforcing steel.
The design specifications are the AASHTO (2004) LRFD Specifications, 3rd Edition. Unless stated
otherwise, the specific articles, sections, and equations referenced throughout this example are contained
in these specifications.
STEELBRIDGEDESIGNHANDBOOK 1
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The girder design presented herein is based on the premise of providing the same girder design for both
the interior and exterior girders. Thus, the design satisfies the requirements for both interior and exterior
girders. Additionally, the girders are designed assuming composite action with the concrete slab.
3 GIRDER GEOMETRY
The girder elevation is shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, section transitions are provided at 30%
of the span length (27') from the interior pier. The design of the girder from the abutment to 63' from the
abutment is primarily based on positive bending moments; thus, this section of the girder is referred to as
either the positive bending region or Section 1 throughout this example. Alternatively, the girder
geometry at the pier is controlled by negative bending moments; consequently the region of the girder
extending from 0 to 27' on each side of the pier will be referred to as the negative bending region or
Section 2. The rationale used to develop the cross-sectional geometry of these sections and a
demonstration that this geometry satisfies the cross-section proportion limits specified in Article 6.10.2 is
presented herein.
3.1 Web Depth
Selection of appropriate web depth has a significant influence on girder geometry. Thus, initial
consideration should be given to the most appropriate web depth. In the absence of other criteria the span-
to-depth ratios given in Article 2.5.2.6.3 may be used as a starting point for selecting a web depth. As
Figure 3: Girder Elevation
2 STEELBRIDGEDESIGNHANDBOOK
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
provided in Table 2.5.2.6.3-1, the minimum depth of the steel I-beam portion of a continuous-span
composite section is 0.027L, where L is the span length. Thus, the minimum steel depth is computed as
follows.
0.027(90'.)(12 in./ft.) = 29.2"
Preliminary designs were evaluated for five different web depths satisfying the above requirement. These
web depths varied between 36 inches and 46 inches and in all cases girder weight decreased as web depth
increased. However, the decrease in girder weight became much less significant for web depths greater
than 42 inches.
3.2 Web Thickness
The thickness of the web was selected to satisfy shear requirements at the strength limit state without the
need for transverse stiffeners. This resulted in a required web thickness of " at the pier and 7/16" at the
abutments. The designer may also want to examine the economy of using a constant " web throughout.
In developing the preliminary cross-section it should also be verified that the selected dimensions satisfy
the cross-section proportion limits required in Article 6.10.2. The required web proportions are given in
Article 6.10.2.1 where, for webs without longitudinal stiffeners, the web slenderness is limited to a
maximum value of 150.
D
150 Eq. (6.10.2.1.1-1)
tw
Thus, the following calculations demonstrate that Eq. 6.10.2.1.1-1 is satisfied for both the positive and
negative moment regions of the girder, respectively.
D 42
= = 96 150 (satisfied)
t w 0.4375
D 42
= = 84 150 (satisfied)
t w 0.5
3.3 Flange Geometries
The width of the compression flange in the positive bending region was controlled by constructability
requirements as the flange lateral bending stresses are directly related to the section modulus of the flange
about the y-axis of the girder as well as the lateral bracing distance. Various lateral bracing distances were
investigated and the corresponding flange width required to satisfy constructability requirements for each
case was determined. Based on these efforts it was determined that a minimum flange width of 14 in. was
needed to avoid the use of additional cross-frames. Thus, this minimum width was used for the top
flanges.
All other plate sizes were iteratively selected to satisfy all applicable requirements while producing the
most economical girder design possible. The resulting girder dimensions are illustrated in Figure 3.
Article 6.10.2.2 specifies four flange proportions limits that must be satisfied. The first of these is
intended to prevent the flange from excessively distorting when welded to the web of the girder during
fabrication.
bf
12.0 Eq. (6.10.2.2-1)
2t f
Evaluation of Eq. 6.10.2.2-1 for each of the three flange sizes used in the example girder is demonstrated
below.
bf 14
= = 9.33 12.0 (satisfied)
2t f 2(0.75)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
bf 14
= = 6.22 12.0 (satisfied)
2t f 2(1.125)
bf 14
= = 6.4 12.0 (satisfied)
2t f 2(1.25)
The second flange proportion limit that must be satisfied corresponds to the relationship between the
flange width and the web depth. The ratio of the web depth to the flange width significantly influences the
flexural capacity of the member and is limited to a maximum of 6, which is the maximum value for which
the moment capacity prediction equations for steel I-girders are proven to be valid.
D 42
bf = = 7.0 Eq. (6.10.2.2-2)
6 6
It is shown below that Eq. 6.10.2.2-2 is satisfied for both flange widths utilized in this design example.
bf = 14 (satisfied)
bf = 16 (satisfied)
Equation 3 of Article 6.10.2.2 limits the thickness of the flange to a minimum of 1.1 times the web
thickness. This requirement is necessary to ensure that some web shear buckling restraint is provided by
the flanges, and that the boundary conditions at the web-flange junction assumed in the development of
the web-bend buckling and flange local buckling are sufficiently accurate.
t f 1.1t w Eq. (6.10.2.2-3)
Evaluation of Eq. 6.10.2.2-3 for the minimum flange thickness used in combination with each of the web
thicknesses utilized in the example girder is demonstrated below.
t f = t f-min = 0.75 1.1(0.4375) = 0.48 (satisfied)
t f = t f-min = 1.125 1.1(0.5) = 0.55 (satisfied)
Equation 6.10.2.2-4 sets limits for designed sections similar to the previsions of previous specifications.
This provision prevents the use of extremely mono symmetric sections ensuring more efficient flange
proportions and results in a girder section suitable for handling during erection.
I yc
0.1 10 Eq. (6.10.2.2-4)
I yt
where: Iyc = moment of inertia of the compression flange of the steel section about the vertical
axis in the plane of the web (in.4)
Iyt = moment of inertia of the tension flange of the steel section about the vertical axis in
the plane of the web (in.4)
Computing the ratio between the top and bottom flanges for the positive and negative bending regions,
respectively, shows that this requirement is satisfied for the design girder.
(0.75)(14)3 /12 171.5
0.1 = = 0.40 10 (satisfied)
(1.25)(16)3 /12 426.7
(1.125)(14)3 /12 257.25
0.1 = = 0.60 10 (satisfied)
(1.25)(16)3 /12 426.7
4 LOADS
This example considers all applicable loads acting on the super-structure including dead loads, live loads,
and wind loads as discussed below. In determining the effects of each of these loads, the approximate
methods of analysis specified in Article 4.6.2 are implemented.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
4.1 Dead Loads

The dead load, according to Article 3.5.1, is to include the weight of all components of the structure,
appurtenances and utilities, earth cover, wearing surface, future overlays, and planned widening. Dead
loads are divided into three categories: dead load of structural components and non-structural attachments
(DC) and the dead load of wearing surface and utilities (DW). Alternative load factors are specified for
each of these three categories of dead load depending on the load combination under consideration.
4.1.1 Component and Attachment Dead Load (DC)
For composite girders consideration is given to the fact that not all loads are applied to the composite
section and the DC dead load is separated into two parts: the dead load acting on the section before the
concrete deck is hardened or made composite (DC1), and the dead load acting on the composite section
(DC2). DC1 is assumed to be carried by the steel section alone. DC2 is assumed to be carried by the long-
term composite section. In the positive bending region the long-term composite section is comprised of
the steel girder and an effective width of the concrete slab. Formulas are given in the specifications to
determine the effective slab width over which a uniform stress distribution may be assumed. The effective
width of the concrete slab is transformed into an equivalent area of steel by multiplying the width by the
ratio between the steel modulus and one-third the concrete modulus, which is typically referred to as a
modular ratio of 3n. The reduced concrete modulus is intended to account for the effects of concrete
creep. In the negative bending region the composite section is comprised of the steel section and the
longitudinal steel reinforcing within the effective width of the slab.
DC1 includes the girder self weight, weight of concrete slab (including the haunch and overhang taper),
deck forms, cross frames, and stiffeners. The unit weight for steel (0.490 k/ft3) used in this example is
taken from Table 3.5.1-1, which provides approximate unit weights of various materials. Table 3.5.1-1
also lists the unit weight of normal weight concrete as 0.145 k/ft3; the concrete unit weight is increased to
0.150 k/ft3 in this example to account for the additional weight of the steel reinforcement within the
concrete. The dead load of the stay-in-place forms is assumed to be 15 psf. To account for the dead load
of the cross-frames, stiffeners and other miscellaneous steel details a dead load of 0.015 k/ft. is assumed.
It is also assumed that these dead loads are equally distributed to all girders as permitted by Article
4.6.2.2.1 for the line-girder type of analysis implemented herein. Thus, the total DC1 loads used in this
design are as computed below.
Slab = (8.5/12) x (37) x (0.150)/4 = 0.983 k/ft
Haunch (average wt/length) = 0.017 k/ft
Overhang taper = 2 x (1/2) x [3.5-(7/12)] x (2/12) x 0.150/4 = 0.018 k/ft
Girder (average wt/length) = 0.174 k/ft
Cross-frames and misc. steel = 0.015 k/ft
Stay-in-place forms = 0.015 x (30-3 x (12/12))/4 = 0.101 k/ft
Total DC1 =1.308 k/ft
DC2 is composed of the weight from the barriers, medians, and sidewalks. No sidewalks or medians are
present in this example and thus the DC2 weight is equal to the barrier weight alone. The parapet weight
is assumed to be equal to 520 lb/ft. Article 4.6.2.2.1 specifies that when approximate methods of analysis
are applied DC2 may be equally distributed to all girders or a larger proportion of the concrete barriers
may be applied to the exterior girder. In this example, the barrier weight is equally distributed to all
girders, resulting in the DC2 loads computed below.
Barriers = (0.520 x 2)/4 = 0.260 k/ft
DC2 = 0.260 k/ft
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
4.1.2 Wearing Surface Dead Load (DW)

Similar to the DC2 loads, the dead load of the future wearing surface is applied to the long-term
composite section and is assumed to be equally distributed to each girder. A future wearing surface with a
dead load of 25 psf is assumed. Multiplying this unit weight by the roadway width and dividing by the
number of girders gives the following.
Wearing surface = (0.025) x (34)/4 = 0.213 k/ft
DW = 0.213 k/ft
4.2 Vehicular Live Loads
The AASHTO Specifications consider live loads to consist of gravity loads, wheel load impact (dynamic
load allowance), braking forces, centrifugal forces, and vehicular collision forces. Live loads are applied
to the short-term composite section. In positive bending regions, the short-term composite section is
comprised of the steel girder and the effective width of the concrete slab, which is converted into an
equivalent area of steel by multiplying the width by the modular ratio between steel and concrete. In other
words, a modular ratio of n is used for short-term loads where creep effects are not relevant. In negative
bending regions the short-term composite section consists of the steel girder and the longitudinal
reinforcing steel, except for live-load deflection and fatigue requirements in which the concrete deck may
be considered in both negative and positive bending.
4.2.1 General Vehicular Live Load (Article 3.6.1.2)
The AASHTO vehicular live loading is designated as the HL-93 loading and is a combination of the
design truck or tandem plus the design lane load. The design truck, specified in Article 3.6.1.2.2, is
composed of an 8-kip lead axle spaced 14 feet from the closer of two 32-kip rear axles, which have a
variable axle spacing of 14 feet to 30 feet. The transverse spacing of the wheels is 6 feet. The design truck
occupies a 10 feet lane width and is positioned within the design lane to produce the maximum force
effects, but may be no closer than 2 feet from the edge of the design lane, except for in the design of the
deck overhang.
The design tandem, specified in Article 3.6.1.2.3, is composed of a pair of 25-kip axles spaced 4 feet
apart. The transverse spacing of the wheels is 6 feet.
The design lane load is discussed in Article 3.6.1.2.4 and has a magnitude of 0.64 klf uniformly
distributed in the longitudinal direction. In the transverse direction, the load occupies a 10 foot width. The
lane load is positioned to produce extreme force effects, and therefore, need not be applied continuously.
For both negative moments between points of contraflexure and interior pier reactions a special loading is
used. The loading consists of two design trucks (as described above but with the magnitude of 90% the
axle weights) in addition to the lane loading. The trucks must have a minimum headway of 50 feet
between the two loads. The live load moments between the points of dead load contraflexure are to be
taken as the larger of the HL-93 loading or the special negative loading.
Live load shears are to be calculated only from the HL-93 loading, except for interior pier reactions,
which are the larger of the HL-93 loading or the special negative loading.
The dynamic load allowance, which accounts for the dynamic effects of force amplification, is only
applied to the truck portion of the live loading, and not the lane load. For the strength and service limit
states, the dynamic load allowance is taken as 33 percent, and for the fatigue limit state, the dynamic load
allowance is taken as 15 percent.
4.2.2 Optional Live Load Deflection Load (Article 3.6.1.3.2)
The loading for the optional live load deflection criterion consists of the greater of the design truck, or 25
percent of the design truck plus the lane load. A dynamic load allowance of 33 percent applies to the truck
portions (axle weights) of these load cases. During this check, all design lanes are to be loaded, and the
assumption is made that all components deflect equally.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
4.2.3 Fatigue Load (Article 3.6.1.4)

For checking the fatigue limit state, a single design truck with a constant rear axle spacing of 30 feet is
applied.
4.3 Wind Loads
Article 3.8.1.2 discusses the design horizontal wind pressure, PD, which is used to determine the wind
load on the structure. The wind pressure is computed as follows:
2
VDZ
PD = PB Eq. (3.8.1.2.1-1)
10,000
where: PB = base wind pressure of 0.050 ksf for beams (Table 3.8.1.2.1-1)
VDZ = design wind velocity at design elevation, Z (mph)
In this example it is assumed the superstructure is less than 30 feet above the ground, at which the wind
velocity is prescribed to equal 100 mph, which is designated as the base wind velocity, VB. With VDZ
equal to the base wind velocity of 100 in Eq. 3.8.1.2.1-1 the horizontal wind pressure, PD, is determined
as follows.
1002
PD = 0.050 = 0.050 ksf
10,000
4.4 Load Combinations
The specifications define four limit states: the service limit state, the fatigue and fracture limit state, the
strength limit state, and the extreme event limit state. The subsequent sections discuss each limit state in
more detail; however for all limit states the following general equation from Article 1.3.2.1 must be
satisfied, where different combinations of loads (i.e., dead load, wind load) are specified for each limit
state.
DR Ii Qi RnRr
where: D = Ductility factor (Article 1.3.3)
R = Redundancy factor (Article 1.3.4)
I = Operational importance factor (Article 1.3.5)
i = Load factor
Qi = Force effect
= Resistance factor
Rn = Nominal resistance
Rr = Factored resistance
The factors relating to ductility and redundancy are related to the configuration of the structure, while the
operational importance factor is related to the consequence of the bridge being out of service. The product
of the three factors results in the load modifier, , and is limited to the range between 0.95 and 1.00. In
this example, the ductility, redundancy, and operational importance factors are each assigned a value
equal to one. The load factors are given in Tables 3.4.1-1 and 3.4.1-2 of the specifications and the
resistance factors for the design of steel members are given in Article 6.5.4.2.
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
The AASHTO specifications allow the designer to use either approximate (e.g., line girder) or refined
(e.g., grid or finite element) analysis methods to determine force effects; the acceptable methods of
analysis are detailed in Section 4 of the specifications. In this design example, the line girder approach is
employed to determine the girder moment and shear envelopes. Using the line girder approach, vehicular
live load force effects are determined by first computing the force effects due to a single truck or loaded
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
lane and then by multiplying these forces by multiple presence factors, live-load distribution factors, and
dynamic load allowance factors as detailed below.
5.1 Multiple Presence Factors (Article 3.6.1.1.2)
Multiple presence factors account for the probability of multiple lanes on the bridge being loaded
simultaneously. These factors are specified for various numbers of loaded lanes in Table 3.6.1.1.2-1 of the
specifications. There are two exceptions when multiple presence factors are not to be applied. These are
when (1) distribution factors are calculated using Article 4.6.2.2.1 as these equations are already adjusted
to account for multiple presence effects and (2) when determining fatigue truck moments, since the
fatigue analysis is only specified for a single truck. Thus, for the present example, the multiple presence
factors are only applicable when distribution factors are computed using the lever rule at the strength and
service limit states as demonstrated below.
5.2 Live-Load Distribution Factors (Article 4.6.2.2)
The distribution factors approximate the amount of live load (i.e., percentage of a truck or lane load)
distributed to a given girder. These factors are computed based on a combination of empirical equations
and simplified analysis procedures. Empirical equations are provided in Article 4.6.2.2.1 of the
specifications and are specifically developed based on the location of the girder (i.e. interior or exterior),
the force effect considered (i.e., moment or shear), and the bridge type. These equations are valid only if
specific parameters of the bridge are within the ranges specified in the tables given in Article 4.6.2.2.1. If
the limits are not satisfied, a more refined analysis must be performed. This design example satisfies all
limits for use of the empirical distribution factors, and therefore, the analysis using the approximate
equations follows.
Distribution factors are a function of the girder spacing, slab thickness, span length, and the stiffness of
the girder, which depends on the proportions of the section. Since the factor depends on the girder
proportion that is not initially known, the stiffness term may be assumed to be equal to one for
preliminary design. In this section, calculation of the distribution factors is presented based on the girder
proportions previously shown in Figure 3.
5.2.1 Live-Load Lateral Distribution Factors Positive Flexure
In positive bending regions, the stiffness
parameter required for the distribution factor
equations, Kg, is determined based on the
cross section in Figure 4.
Kg = n(I + Aeg2)
where: n = modular ratio
I = moment of inertia of the
steel girder
A = area of the steel girder
eg = distance between the
centroid of the girder and
centroid of the slab
The required section properties of the girder
(in addition to other section properties that
will be relevant for subsequent calculations)
are determined as follows.
Figure 4: Section 1 (Positive Bending Region)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Component A D Ad Ad2 Io I
Top Flange 14 x 10.50 21.38 224.5 4797 0.49 4798
Web 42 x 7/16 18.38 2701 2701
Bottom Flange 16 x 1- 20.00 -21.63 -432.5 9353 2.60 9356
48.88 -208.0 16,855
-4.26(208) = -886
INA = 15,969 in4
208.0
ds = = -4.26 in.
48.88
15,969
dTOP OF STEEL = 21.75 + 4.26 = 26.01 in. STOP OF STEEL = = 614.0 in.3
26.01
15,969
dBOT OF STEEL = 22.25 4.26 = 17.99 in SBOT OF STEEL = = 887.7 in.3
19.99
8.0
eg = + 2.0 + 26.01 0.75 = 31.26 in.
2
n=8
Kg = n(I + Aeg2) = 8(15,969 + 48.88(31.26)2) = 509,871 in.4
5.2.1.1 Interior Girder Strength and Service Limit States

For interior girders, computation of the distribution factors for the strength and service limit states is
based on the empirical equations given in Article 4.6.2.2.2 as described below.
Bending Moment
The empirical equations for distribution of live load moment at the strength and service limit states are
given in Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1. Alternative expressions are given for one loaded lane and multiple loaded
lanes, where the maximum of the two equations governs as shown below. It is noted that the maximum
number of lanes possible for the 34 feet roadway width considered in this example is two lanes.
0.4 0.3 0.1
S S Kg
DF = 0.06 + 3
for one-lane loaded
14 L 12.0 Lts
where: S = girder spacing
L = span length
ts = slab thickness
Kg = stiffness term
0.1
0.4
10.0 10.0
0.3
509871
DF = 0.06 + = 0.508 lanes
14 90 12.0 ( 90 )( 8.0 )3

0.6 0.6 0.1
S S Kg
DF = 0.075 + 3
for two or more lanes loaded
9.5 L 12.0 Lts
0.1
0.6
10.0 10.0
0.2
509871
DF = 0.075 + = 0.734lanes (governs)
9.5 90 12.0 ( 90 )( 8.0 )3

Thus, the controlling distribution factor for moment of an interior girder in the positive moment region at
the strength or service limit state is 0.734 lanes.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Shear
The empirical equations for distribution of live load shear in an interior girder at the strength and service
limit states are given in Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1. Similar to the equations for moment given above, alternative
expressions are given based on the number of loaded lanes.
S
DF = 36.0 + for one lane loaded
25.0
10.0
DF = 36.0 + = 0.760 lanes
25.0
2
S S
DF = 0.2 + for two lanes loaded
12 35
2
10.0 10.0
DF = 0.2 + = 0.952 lanes (governs)
12 35
5.2.1.2 Exterior Girder Strength and Service Limit States
The live load distribution factors for an exterior girder for checking the strength limit state are determined
as the governing factors calculated using a combination of the lever rule, approximate formulas, and a
special analysis assuming that the entire cross section deflects and rotates as a rigid body. Each method is
illustrated below.
Bending Moment
Lever Rule
As specified in Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1, the lever rule is one method used to determine the distribution factor
for the exterior girder. The lever rule assumes the deck is hinged at the interior girder, and statics is
employed to determine the percentage of the truck
weight resisted by the exterior girder, i.e., the
distribution factor. It is specified that the truck is to be
placed such that the closest wheel is two feet from the
barrier or curb, which results in the truck position
shown in Figure 5 for the present example. The
calculated reaction of the exterior girder is multiplied
by the multiple presence factor for one lane loaded,
m1, to determine the distribution factor.
10 6
DF = 0.5 + 0.5 m1
10
Figure 5: Truck Location for Lever Rule m1 = 1.20 (from Table 3.6.1.1.2-1)
DF = 0.7 x 1.2 = 0.840 lanes
Modified Interior Girder Distribution Factor

The modification factor, e, is found in Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1 and is given below.
d
e = 0.77 + e
9.1
In the above equation de is the distance between the center of the exterior girder and the interior face of
the barrier or curb in feet. Thus, for the present example de is equal to 2.
2.0
e = 0.77 + = 0.990
9.1
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Multiplying the one-lane loaded distribution factor for moment in the positive moment region of an
interior girder (which was previously determined to be 0.508 lanes) by the correction factor of 0.990 gives
the following.
DF = 0.990(0.508) = 0.503 lanes
Similarly, modifying the interior girder distribution factor for two or more lanes loaded gives the
following.
DF = 0.990(0.734) = 0.727
Special Analysis
The special analysis assumes the entire bridge cross-section behaves as a rigid body rotating about the
transverse centerline of the structure and is discussed in the commentary of Article 4.6.2.2.2d. The
reaction on the exterior beam is calculated from the following equation:
NL
N X e
R = L + Next
Nb b
x2
where: NL = number of lanes loaded
Nb = number of beams or girders
Xext = horizontal distance from center of gravity of the pattern of girders to the exterior
girder (ft.)
e = eccentricity of a design truck or a design lane load from the center of gravity of the
pattern of girders (ft.)
x = horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the pattern of girders to each
girder (ft.)
Figure 6 shows the truck locations for the special
analysis. Here it is shown that the maximum number
of trucks that may be placed on half of the cross-
section is two. Thus, we proceed with calculation of
the distribution factors using the special analysis
procedure for one loaded lane and two loaded lanes.
1 (15)(12)
DF = 1.2 + = 0.732 for one lane
4 2 ( (15) + (5) )
2 2

loaded
2 (15)(12 + 0)
DF = 1.0 + = 0.860 for two lanes
Figure 6: Truck Locations for Special 4 2 ( (15) 2 + (5) 2 )
Analysis
loaded (governs)
Based on the computations for exterior girder distribution factors for moment in the positive bending
region shown above, it is determined that the controlling factor for this case is equal to 0.860, which is
based on the special analysis with two lanes loaded. Compared to the interior girder distribution factor for
moment in the positive bending region, which was computed to be 0.734, it is shown that the exterior
girder distribution factor is larger, and therefore controls the bending strength design at the strength and
service limit states in the positive bending region.
Shear
The distribution factors computed above using the lever rule, approximate formulas, and special analysis
methods are also applicable to the distribution of shear force.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Lever Rule
The above computations demonstrate that the distribution factor is equal to 0.840 lanes based on the lever
rule.
DF = 0.840 lanes
Modified Interior Girder Distribution Factor
The shear modification factor is computed using the following formula.
d
e = 0.60 + e
9.1
2
e = 0.60 + = 0.820
9.1
Applying this modification factor to the previously computed interior girder distribution factors for shear
for one lane loaded and two or more lanes loaded, respectively, gives the following.
DF = 0.820(0.760) = 0.623 lanes
DF = 0.820(0.952) = 0.781 lanes
Special Analysis
It was demonstrated above in Section 5.2.1.2.1.3 that the special analysis yields the following distribution
factors for one lane and two or more lanes loaded, respectively.
DF = 0.732 lanes
DF = 0.860 lanes (governs)
Thus, the controlling distribution factor for shear in the positive bending region of the exterior girder is
0.860, which is less than that of the interior girder. Thus, the interior girder distribution factor of 0.952
controls the shear design in the positive bending region.
5.2.1.3 Fatigue Limit State
As stated in Article 3.6.1.1.2, the fatigue distribution factor is based on one lane loaded, and does not
include the multiple presence factor, since the fatigue loading is specified as a single truck load. Because
the distribution factors calculated from empirical equations incorporate the multiple presence factors, the
fatigue distribution factors are equal to the strength distribution factors divided by the multiple presence
factor for one lane, as described subsequently.
Bending Moment
Upon reviewing the moment distribution factors for one lane loaded computed above, it is determined that
the maximum distribution factor results from the lever rule calculations. Dividing this distribution factor
of 0.840 by the multiple presence factor for one lane loaded results in the following distribution factor for
fatigue moment in the positive bending region.
0.840
DF = = 0.700lanes
1.20
Shear
Similarly, based on the above distribution factors for shear due to one lane loaded, the controlling
distribution factor is calculated by again dividing the lever rule distribution factor by the multiple
presence factor.
0.840
DF = = 0.700lanes
1.20
5.2.1.4 Distribution Factor for Live-Load Deflection
Article 2.5.2.6.2 states that all design lanes must be loaded when determining the live load deflection of
the structure. In the absence of a refined analysis, an approximation of the live load deflection can be
obtained by assuming that all girders deflect equally and applying the appropriate multiple presence
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
factor. The controlling case occurs when two lanes are loaded, and the calculation of the corresponding
distribution factor is shown below.
N 2
DF = m L = 1.0 = 0.500lanes
Nb 4
The following table summarizes the governing distribution factors for the positive bending region.
Table 1: Positive Bending Region Distribution Factors
Interior Girder Exterior Girder
Bending Moment 0.734 0.860
Shear 0.952 0.860
Fatigue (Bending Moment) 0.423 0.700
Fatigue (Shear) 0.633 0.700
Deflection 0.500 0.500
5.2.2 Live-Load Lateral Distribution Factors Negative Flexure
Many of the distribution factors are the same in both the positive and negative bending regions. This
section demonstrates the computation of the distribution factors that are unique to the negative bending
region. Specifically, the distribution factor for the interior girder at the strength and service limit states is
directly influenced by to the girder proportions. As in the above calculations for the positive moment
region, this process begins with determining the stiffness parameter, Kg of the section. The cross section
for the negative bending region is shown in Figure 7. The section properties of the girder are determined
as follows.
Component A D Ad Ad2 Io I
Top Flange 14 x 1-1/8 15.75 21.56 340 7323 1.66 7325
Web 42 x 1/2 21.00 3087 3087
Bottom Flange 16 x 1-1/4 20.00 -21.63 -432.5 9352 2.60 9355
56.75 -92.5 19,767
-1.63(92.5) = -151
INA = 19,616 in4
92.5
ds = = -1.63 in.
56.75
19,616
dTOP OF STEEL = 22.125 + 1.63 = 23.76 in. STOP OF STEEL = = 825.6 in.3
23.76
19,616
dBOT OF STEEL = 22.25 1.63 = 20.62 in. SBOT OF STEEL = = 951.3 in.3
20.62
8.0
eg = + 2.0 + 23.76 1.125 = 28.64 in.
2
n=8
Kg = n(I + Aeg2) = 8(19,616 + 56.75(28.64)2) = 529,321
in.4
As discussed above, the distribution factors for interior
girders at the strength and service limit states are
computed based on the empirical equations given in
Article 4.6.2.2.2.
The applicable equations for moment distribution factors
from Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1 are as shown below.
Figure 7: Section 2 (Negative Bending
Region)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
0.4 0.3 0.1

S S Kg
DF = 0.06 + 3
for one lane loaded
14 L 12.0 Lts
0.4 0.3
10.0 10.0 529,321
DF = 0.06 + 3
= 0.510 lanes
14 90 12.0(90)(8.0)
0.6 0.6 0.1
S S Kg
DF = 0.075 + 3
for two lanes loaded
9.5 L 12.0 Lts
0.6 0.2
10.0 10.0 529,321
DF = 0.075 + 3
= 0.737 lanes
9.5 90 12.0(90)(8.0)
The table below summarizes the distribution factors for the negative bending region, where it is shown
that the exterior girder controls all aspects of the design expect for shear at the strength and service limit
states.
Table 2: Negative Bending Region Distribution Factors
Interior Girder Exterior Girder
Bending Moment 0.737 0.860
Shear 0.952 0.860
Fatigue (Bending Moment) 0.425 0.700
Fatigue (Shear) 0.633 0.700
Deflection 0.500 0.500
5.2.3 Dynamic Load Allowance

The dynamic effects of the truck loading are taken into consideration by the dynamic load allowance, IM.
The dynamic load allowance, which is discussed in Article 3.6.2 of the specifications, accounts for the
hammering effect of the wheel assembly and the dynamic response of the bridge. IM is only applied to
the design truck or tandem, not the lane loading. Table 3.6.2.1-1 specifies IM equal to 1.33 for the
strength, service, and live load deflection evaluations, while IM of 1.15 is specified for the fatigue limit
state.
6 ANALYSIS RESULTS
6.1 Moment and Shear Envelopes
Figures 8 through 11 show the moment and shear envelopes for this design example, which are based on
the data presented in Tables 3 through 9. These figures show distributed moments for the exterior girder
and distributed shears for an interior girder, which are the controlling girders for each force effect, based
on the distribution factors computed above. The envelopes shown are determined based on the section
properties of the short-term composite section.
As previously mentioned, the live load in the positive bending region between the points of dead load
contraflexure is the result of the HL-93 loading. In the negative bending region between the points of
dead load contraflexure, the moments are the larger of the HL-93 loading and the special negative-
moment loading, which is composed of 90 percent of both the truck-train moment and lane loading
moment.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Figure 8: Dead and Live Load Moment Envelopes
Figure 9: Dead and Live Load Shear Envelopes
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Figure 10: Fatigue Load Moments
Figure 11: Fatigue Load Shear
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Table 3: Unfactored/ Undistributed Moments (k-ft)

Non-Com. Com. Wearing Double Double
Dead Dead Surf. Truck Load Lane Load Tandem Truck Tandem
Span 1 DC1 DC2 DW pos. neg. pos. neg. pos. neg. pos. neg. pos. neg.
0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.10 343 68 56 485 -60 201 -33 381 -44 0 0 0 0
0.20 581 115 95 816 -120 349 -65 652 -87 0 0 0 0
0.30 712 142 116 1002 -180 446 -98 817 -131 0 0 0 0
0.40 738 147 120 1083 -240 491 -131 883 -174 0 0 0 0
0.50 657 131 107 1059 -300 485 -163 866 -218 0 0 0 0
0.60 471 94 77 951 -359 426 -196 779 -261 0 0 0 0
0.70 178 35 29 743 -419 316 -229 625 -305 0 0 0 0
0.80 -220 -44 -36 463 -479 154 -261 423 -348 0 -479 0 -611
0.90 -724 -144 -118 148 -539 30 -385 192 -392 0 -755 0 -687
1.00 -1334 -265 -217 0 -599 0 -653 0 -436 0 -1196 0 -764
Table 4: Unfactored/ Distributed Live Load Moments (k-ft)

vehicle special standard 1.33 Vehicle +
Span 1 positive negative negative negative Lane positive Distribution Factors Positive Negative
0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.86 0 0
0.10 485 -60 -29 -112 846 0.86 728 -97
0.20 816 -120 -59 -225 1434 0.86 1233 -193
0.30 1002 -180 -88 -337 1779 0.86 1530 -290
0.40 1083 -240 -118 -449 1932 0.86 1661 -386
0.50 1059 -300 -147 -562 1894 0.86 1629 -483
0.60 951 -359 -176 -674 1691 0.86 1454 -580
0.70 743 -419 -206 -786 1304 0.86 1122 -676
0.80 463 -479 -967 -899 770 0.86 662 -831
0.90 192 -539 -1250 -1102 285 0.86 246 -1075
1.00 0 -599 -2020 -1450 0 0.86 0 -1737
Table 5: Strength I Load Combination Moments (k-ft)

1.75 (LL+IM) Strength I
Span 1 1.25 DC1 1.25 DC2 1.5 DW positive negative positive negative
0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.10 429 85 84 1273 -169 1871 429
0.20 726 144 142 2158 -338 3170 674
0.30 890 177 174 2677 -507 3918 734
0.40 922 183 180 2907 -676 4192 609
0.50 821 163 161 2850 -845 3995 300
0.60 588 117 115 2545 -1014 3365 -194
0.70 223 44 44 1963 -1183 2274 -873
0.80 -275 -55 -54 1159 -1455 775 -1838
0.90 -905 -180 -177 430 -1882 -833 -3144
1.00 -1668 -332 -326 0 -3039 -2326 -5365
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Table 6: Service II Load Combination Moments (k-ft)

1.3 (LL+IM) Service II
0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.10 343 68 56 946 -126 1413 342
0.20 581 115 95 1603 -251 2394 540
0.30 712 142 116 1989 -377 2959 593
0.40 738 147 120 2160 -502 3164 502
0.50 657 131 107 2117 -628 3012 267
0.60 471 94 77 1890 -753 2531 -113
0.70 178 35 29 1458 -879 1701 -636
0.80 -220 -44 -36 861 -1081 561 -1380
0.90 -724 -144 -118 319 -1398 -667 -2384
1.00 -1334 -265 -217 0 -2258 -1817 -4075
Table 7: Unfactored/ Undistributed Shear (kips)

Non-Com. Com. Wearing
Dead Dead Surf. Truck Load Lane Load Tandem
Span 1 DC1 DC2 DW positive negative positive negative positive negative

0.00 44 9 7 63 -7 25 -4 49 -5
0.10 32 6 5 54 -7 20 -4 42 -5
0.20 20 4 3 45 -10 15 -5 36 -11
0.30 9 2 1 37 -18 11 -7 30 -17
0.40 -3 -1 0 29 -26 8 -9 25 -23
0.50 -15 -3 -2 22 -34 5 -12 19 -29
0.60 -27 -5 -4 15 -42 3 -16 14 -34
0.70 -38 -8 -6 10 -50 2 -20 10 -38
0.80 -50 -10 -8 5 -56 1 -25 6 -43
0.90 -62 -12 -10 2 -62 0 -30 2 -46
1.00 -74 -15 -12 0 -67 0 -36 0 -49
Table 8: Unfactored/ Distributed Live Load Shear (kips)

vehicle (1.33 V Vehicle + V Lane) Live Load
Span 1 positive negative positive negative Distribution Positive Negative
0.00 63 -7 108 -12 0.952 103 -12
0.10 54 -7 91 -13 0.952 87 -12
0.20 45 -11 75 -20 0.952 72 -19
0.30 37 -18 60 -30 0.952 57 -29
0.40 29 -26 47 -44 0.952 44 -42
0.50 22 -34 34 -58 0.952 33 -55
0.60 15 -42 24 -72 0.952 22 -69
0.70 10 -50 14 -86 0.952 14 -82
0.80 6 -56 8 -100 0.952 8 -95
0.90 2 -62 3 -113 0.952 3 -108
1.00 0 -67 12 -108 0.952 12 -103
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Table 9: Strength I Load Combination Shear (kips)

1.75 (LL+IM) Strength I
0.00 55 11 11 181 -21 257 56
0.10 40 8 8 152 -21 209 35
0.20 26 5 5 126 -33 161 3
0.30 11 2 2 101 -50 116 -35
0.40 -4 -1 -1 78 -73 72 -79
0.50 -19 -4 -4 57 -97 31 -123
0.60 -33 -7 -6 39 -120 -7 -167
0.70 -48 -10 -9 24 -144 -43 -211
0.80 -63 -12 -12 13 -167 -74 -254
0.90 -77 -15 -15 5 -188 -103 -296
1.00 -92 -18 -18 0 -209 -128 -337
6.2 Live Load Deflection
As provided in Article 3.6.1.3.2, control of live-load deflection is optional. Evaluation of this criterion is
based on the flexural rigidity of the short-term composite section and consists of two load cases:
deflection due to the design truck, and deflection due to the design lane plus 25 percent of the design
truck. The dynamic load allowance of 33 percent is applied to the design truck load only for both loading
conditions. For this example, the live load is distributed using a distribution factor of 0.500 calculated
earlier.
The maximum deflection due to the design truck is 0.917 inches. Applying the impact and distribution
factors gives the following.
LL+IM = 0.500 x 1.33 x 0.917 = 0.610 in. (governs)
The deflection due to 25% of the design truck plus the lane loading is equal to the following.
LL+IM = 0.500 ( 1.33 x 0.25 x 0.917 + 0.475 ) = 0.390 in.
Thus the governing deflection equal to 0.610 inch will be used to assess the girder design based on the
live-load deflection criterion.
7 LIMIT STATES
As discussed previously, there are four limit states applicable to the design of steel I-girders. Each of
these limit states is described below.
7.1 Service Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.2 and 6.5.2)
The intent of the Service Limit State is to ensure the satisfactory performance and rideability of the bridge
structure by preventing localized yielding. For steel members, these objectives are intended to be satisfied
by limiting the maximum levels of stress that are permissible. The optional live-load deflection criterion
is also included in the service limit state and is intended to ensure user comfort.
7.2 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State (Article 1.3.2.3 and 6.5.3)
The intent of the Fatigue and Fracture Limit State is to control crack growth under cyclic loading. This is
accomplished by limiting the stress range to which steel members are subjected. The allowable stress
range varies for various design details and member types. The fatigue limit state also restricts the out-of-
plane flexing of the web. Additionally, fracture toughness requirements are stated in Article 6.6.2 of the
specifications and are dependent on the temperature zone.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
7.3 Strength Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.4 and 6.5.4)

The strength limit state ensures the design is stable and has adequate strength when subjected to the
highest load combinations considered. The bridge structure may experience structural damage (e.g.,
permanent deformations) at the strength limit state, but the integrity of the structure is preserved.
The suitability of the design must also be investigated to ensure adequate strength and stability during
each construction phase. The deck casting sequence has a significant influence on the distribution of
stresses within the structure. Therefore, the deck casting sequence should be considered in the design and
specified on the plans to ensure uniformity between predicted and actual stresses. In addition, lateral
flange bending stresses resulting from forces applied to the overhang brackets during construction should
also be considered during the constructability evaluation.
7.4 Extreme Event Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.5 and 6.5.5)
The extreme event limit state is to ensure the structure can survive a collision, earthquake, or flood. The
collisions investigated under this limit state include the bridge being struck by a vehicle, vessel, or ice
flow. This limit state is not addressed by this design example.
8 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
This example presents sample calculations for the design of positive and negative bending sections of the
girders for the strength, fatigue and fracture, and service limit states. In addition, calculations evaluating
the constructibility of the bridge system are included and the optional provisions for moment
redistribution are presented. Also presented are the cross-frame design, stiffener design, and weld design.
The moment and shear envelopes provided in Figs. 8 through 11 are referenced in the following
calculations.
8.1 Section Properties
The section properties for Section 1 and Section 2 are first calculated and will be routinely used in the
subsequent evaluations of the various code checks. The structural slab thickness is taken as the slab
thickness minus the integral wearing surface (8 inches) and the modular ratio (n) is taken to be 8 inches
these calculations.
8.1.1 Section 1 Positive Bending Region
Section 1 represents the positive bending region and was previously shown in Figure 4. The longitudinal
reinforcement is neglected in the computation of these section properties.
8.1.1.1 Effective Flange Width (Article 4.6.2.6)
Article 4.6.2.6 of the Specifications governs the determination of the effective flange width of the
concrete slab when designing composite sections.
The effective flange width for interior beams shall be taken as the least of:
One-quarter of the effective span length,
12.0 times the average thickness of the slab, plus the greater of the web thickness or one-
half the width of the top flange of the girder, or
The average spacing of adjacent beams.
The effective flange width for exterior beams shall be taken as one-half of the effective width of
the adjacent interior beam, plus the least of:
One-eighth of the effective span length,
6.0 times the average thickness of the slab, plus the greater of half the web thickness or
one-quarter of the width of the top flange of the basic girder, or
The width of the overhang.
The effective span length may be taken as the actual span length for simply supported spans and the
distance between points of permanent load inflection for continuous spans.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
For the interior girders of this example, beff in the positive bending region is determined as the least of the
three following:
L (67.0)(12)
= =201.0in.
4 4
b 14.0
12.0t s + tf =(12.0)(8.0)+ =103.0in (governs)
2 2
S = (10.0) (12) = 120.0 in.
For the exterior girders of this example, beff in the positive bending region is determined as the least of the
following.
103.0 L (67.0)(12)
+ = 51.5+ =152.0in.
2 8 8
103.0 b 14.0
+ 6.0t s + tf = 51.5+6.0(8.0) + =103.0in.
2 4 4
103.0
+ Overhang = 51.5+ 42.0 = 93.5in. in. (governs)
2
The exterior girder has both a smaller effective width and a larger live load distribution factor than the
interior girder therefore moment design of the positive bending region is controlled by the exterior girder.
8.1.1.2 Elastic Section Properties: Section 1
As discussed above, the section properties considered in the analysis of the girder vary based on the
loading conditions. Specifically, live loads are applied to the termed the short-term composite section,
where the modular ratio of 8 is used in the computations. Alternatively, dead loads are applied to the
long-term composite section. The long-term composite section is considered to be comprised of the full
steel girder and one-third of the concrete deck to account for the reduction in strength that may occur in
the deck over time due to creep effects. This is reflected in the section property calculations through use
of a modular ratio equal to 3 times the typical modular ratio (3n), or in this example, 24. The section
properties for the short-term and long-term composite sections are computed below. Recall that the
section properties for the steel section (girder alone) were previously computed in for the purpose of
determining live load distribution factors.
Short-term (n) Composite Section
Component A d Ad Ad2 Io I
Steel Section 48.88 -208.0 16,855
Concrete Slab (8x 93.5/8) 93.50 27.00 2,525 68,162 498.7 68,661
142.38 2,317 85,516
-16.27(2,317) = -37,698
47,818 in4
2,317
ds = = 16.27 in.
142.38
47,818
dTOP OF STEEL = 21.75 - 16.27 = 5.48 in. STOP OF STEEL = = 8,726 in.3
5.48
47,818
dBOT OF STEEL = 22.25 + 16.27 = 38.52 in. SBOT OF STEEL = = 1,241 in.3
38.52
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Long-term (3n) Composite Section

Steel Section 48.88 -208.0 16,855
Concrete Slab (8x 93.5/24) 31.17 27.00 841.5 22,721 166.2 22,887
80.05 633.5 39,742
-7.91(633.5) = -5,011
34,731 in4
633.5
ds = = 7.91 in.
80.05
34,731
dTOP OF STEEL = 21.75 7.91 = 13.84 in. STOP OF STEEL = = 2,509 in.3
13.84
34,731
30.16
8.1.1.3 Plastic Moment: Section 1
The plastic moment Mp may be determined for sections in positive flexure using the procedure outlined in
Table D6.1-1 as demonstrated below. The longitudinal deck reinforcement is conservatively neglected in
these computations. The plastic forces acting in the slab (Ps), compression flange (Pc), web (Pw), and
tension flange (Pt) are first computed.
Ps = 0.85fcbsts = 0.85(4.0)(93.5)(8) = 2,543 kips
Pc = Fycbctc = (50)(14)(0.75) = 525 kips
Pw = FywDtw = (50)(42)(0.4375) = 919 kips
Pt = Fytbttt = (50)(16)(1.25)= 1,000 kips
The plastic forces for each element of the girder are then compared to determine the location of the plastic
neutral axis (PNA). The position of the PNA is determined by equilibrium, no net axial force when
considering the summation of plastic forces. Table D.6.1-1 provides seven cases, with accompanying
conditions for use, to determine the location of the PNA and subsequently calculate the plastic moment.
Following the conditions set forth in Table D6.1-1, the PNA is generally located as follows:
CASE I
Pt + Pw Pc + Ps
1,000 + 919 525 + 2,543
1,919 < 3,068 PNA is not in the web
CASE II
Pt + Pw + Pc Ps
1,000 + 919 + 525 2,543
2,444 kips < 2,543 kips PNA is not in the top flange
Therefore, the plastic neutral axis is in the concrete deck and y is computed using the following equation
derived from that provided in Table D6.1-1 when deck reinforcement is ignored:.
P +P +P
y = (t s ) c w t
Ps
525+919+1,000
y = (8.0)
2,543 = 7.69 inches from the top of the concrete slab.

DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The plastic moment Mp is then calculated using the following equation derived from that provided in
Table D6.1-1 when deck reinforcement is ignored.
y2 P
Mp = s
+ [ Pc d c +Pw d w +Pt d t ]
2t s

The distance from the PNA to the centroid of the compression flange, web, and tension flange
(respectively) is as follows:
dc = 8.0 + 2.0 0.5(0.75) - 7.69 = 1.935 in.
dw = 8.0 + 2.0 + 0.5(42.0) 7.69 = 23.31 in.
dt = 8.0 + 2.0 + 42.0 + 0.5(1.25) 7.69 = 44.935 in.
Substitution of these distances and the above computed plastic forces, into the preceding equation, gives
the following:
(7.69) 2 (2,543)
Mp = + [ (525)(1.935)+(919)(23.31)+(1,000)(44.935) ]
2(8.0)
Mp = 76,772 k-in = 6,398 k-ft.
8.1.1.4 Yield Moment: Section 1
The yield moment, which is the moment which causes first yield in either flange (neglecting flange lateral
bending) is detailed in Section D6.2.2 of the specifications. This computation method for the yield
moment recognizes that different stages of loading (e.g. composite dead load, non-composite dead load,
and live load) act on the girder when different cross-sectional properties are applicable. The yield moment
is determined by solving for MAD using Equation D6.2.2-1 (given below) and then summing MD1, MD2,
and MAD, where, MD1, MD2, and MAD are the factored moments applied to the noncomposite, long-term
composite, and short-term composite section, respectively.
M M M
Fyt = D1 + D 2 + AD Eq. (D6.2.2-1)
S NC S LT S ST
Due to the significantly higher section modulus of the short-term composite section about the top flange,
compared to the short-term composite section modulus taken about the bottom flange, the minimum yield
moment results when using the bottom flange section modulus values. Computation of the yield moment
for the bottom flange is thus demonstrated below. First the known quantities are substituted into Equation
D6.2.2-1 to solve for MAD.
50 =
(1.25 )( 738 )(12 ) + (1.25 )(147 )(12 ) + (1.50 )(120 )(12 ) + M AD
887.7 1,152 1, 241
MAD = 41,872 k-in. = 3,489 k-ft.
My is then determined by applying the applicable load factors and summing the dead loads and MAD.
My = 1.25(738) + 1.25(147) + 1.50(120) + 3,489 = 4,776 k-ft Eq. (D6.2.2-2)
8.1.2 Section 2 Negative Bending Region
This section details the calculations to determine the section properties of the composite girder in the
negative bending region, which was previously illustrated in Figure 7.
8.1.2.1 Effective Flange Width (Article 4.6.2.6)
As discussed previously, the effective flange width for interior girders is computed as the least of the
following.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
L (46)(12)
= =138.0in.
4 4
b 14.0
12.0t s + tf = (12.0)(8.0) + =103.0in. (governs)
2 4
S = (10.0) (12) = 120.0 in.
For an exterior girder, beff is the least of the following.
103.0 L (46.0)(12)
+ = 51.5 + = 120.5 in.
2 8 8
103.0 b 14.0
+ 6.0t s + tf = 51.5 + 6.0(8.0) + = 103.0in.
2 4 4
103.0
+ Overhang = 51.5 + 42.0 = 93.5in. (governs)
2
8.1.2.2 Minimum Negative Flexure Concrete Deck Reinforcement (Article 6.10.1.7)
The total area of the longitudinal reinforcement, provided in negative bending regions, shall not be less
than one percent of the total cross-sectional area of the concrete deck. This provision is intended to
prevent cracking of the concrete deck in regions where the tensile stress due to the factored construction
load or the service II load exceeds fr, which is typically the case in negative bending regions. (fr is the
modulus of rupture of the concrete determined from Article 5.4.2.6 and is the resistance factor for
concrete in tension given in Article 5.5.4.2.1 of the specifications.)
The total area of the concrete deck in this example is computed as follows.
8 1 1 14 / 2
A deck = (37.0) + 2 (2.0) 3.5 = 25.15ft. = 3,622in.
2 2
12 2 12 12
The minimum area of reinforcing steel required is taken as:
0.01(3,622) = 36.22 in.2
Reinforcement is to be distributed uniformly across the deck width. The area of reinforcement required
within the effective width (93.5 inches) of an exterior girder is determined as shown below.
36.22in 2
=0.98in 2 /ft.=0.816in 2 /ft.
37.0ft
0.0816(93.5) = 7.63 in.2
That the reinforcement is to be placed in two layers with two-thirds of the reinforcement in the top layer
and the remaining one-third placed in the bottom layer. Therefore, the area of the top reinforcement is
5.09 in2 and the area of the bottom reinforcement is 2.54 in2. Additionally, the reinforcement should not
use bar sizes exceeding No. 6 bars, have a yield strength greater than 60 ksi, or use bar spacing exceeding
12.0 inches.
8.1.2.3 Elastic Section Properties: Section 2
Similar to the computation of section properties presented above for Section 1, section properties for the
short-term and long-term composite sections in Section 2 are presented below. The section consisting of
the girder and reinforcing steel only is included in the composite section, in regions of negative bending,
as it is assumed that the concrete is not effective in tension.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Short-term Composite Section

Steel Section 56.75 -92.5 19,767
Concrete Slab (8x 93.50 27.00 2,525 68,162 498.7 68,661
93.5/8)
150.25 2,433 88,428
-16.19(2,433) = -39,390
49,038 in4
2, 433
ds = = 16.19 in.
150.25
49,038
dTOP OF STEEL = 22.125 - 16.19 = 5.94 in. STOP OF STEEL = = 8,256 in.3
5.94
49,038
38.44
Long-term Composite Section
Steel Section 56.75 -92.5 19,767
Concrete Slab (8x 31.17 27.00 841.5 22,721 166.2 22,887
93.5/24)
87.92 749.0 42,654
-8.52(749.0) = -6,381
36,273 in4
749.0
ds = = 8.52 in.
87.92
36, 273
dTOP OF STEEL = 22.125 8.52 = 13.61 in. STOP OF STEEL = = 2,665 in.3
13.61
36, 273
30.77
Steel Section & Long. Reinforcement
Steel Section 56.75 -92.5 19,767
Top Long. Reinforcement 5.09 28.75 146.3 4,207 4,207
Bot. Long. Reinforcement 2.54 24.25 61.6 1,494 1,494
64.38 115.4 25,468
-1.79(115.4) = -207
25,261 in4
115.4
ds = = 1.79 in.
64.83
dTOP OF STEEL = 22.125 1.79 = 20.34 in. dTOP OF REIN. = 29.00 1.79 = 27.21 in
dBOT OF STEEL = 22.25 + 1.79 = 24.04 in
The design section modulus at the top of the composite section shall be calculated relative the first
element to yield, either the top flange or the reinforcing steel. Using the computed distances from the
neutral axis to each element it is determined that the reinforcing steel is the first to yield, as demonstrated
below:
x 50
=
27.21 20.34
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
x = 66.9 ksi > Fyr = 60 ksi

Therefore, the reinforcing steel yields first.
25, 261
SREIN.= = 928.4 in.3 (Controls)
27.21
25, 261
SBOT OF STEEL = = 1,051 in.3
24.04
8.1.2.4 Plastic Moment: Section 2
Similar to the calculation of the plastic moment for Section 1, Table D6.1-2 is used to determine the
plastic moment (Mp) for the negative bending section as demonstrated below. The concrete slab is
assumed to crack and is neglected in the computation of Mp. The plastic force acting in each element of
the girder is first computed.
Pc = Fycbctc = (50)(16)(1.25) = 1,000 kips
Pw = FywDtw = (50)(42)(0.50) = 1,050 kips
Pt = Fytbttt = (50)(14)(1.125) = 788 kips
Prb = FyrbArb = (60)(2.54) = 152 kips
Prt = FyrtArt = (60)(5.09) = 305 kips
The plastic forces in each element are used to determine the general location of the plastic neutral axis as
follows:
CASE I
Pc + Pw Pt + Prb + Prt
1,000 + 1,050 788 + 152 + 305
2,050 1, 245 The plastic neutral axis is in the web.
The location of plastic neutral axis ( y ) is determined by the following equation:
D P -P -P -P
y= c t rt rb + 1
2 Pw
42 1,000-788-305-152
y= + 1 = 16.10inches from the plastic neutral axis
2 1,050
The plastic moment (Mp) is then computed as follows:
P 2
( )
y + D y + [ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pd
2
Mp = t t + Pc d c ]
2 D
where: drt = 16.10 + 2 + 8.0 2.25 = 23.85 in.
drb = 16.10 + 2 + 1.25 = 19.35 in.
dt = 16.10 + 1.125/2 = 16.66 in.
dc = 42.0 16.10 + 1.25/2 = 26.53 in.
1,050
(16.1) + ( 42.0 16.1) + ( 305)( 23.85) + (152 )(19.35) + ( 788)(16.66 ) + (1000 )( 26.53)
2 2
Mp =
2(42.0)
Mp = 61,499 k-in. = 5,125 k-ft.
8.1.2.5 Yield Moment: Section 2
The process for determining the yield moment of the negative bending section is similar to the process for
the positive bending section. The one difference, though, is that since the composite short-term and the
composite long-term bending sections are both composed of the steel section and the reinforcing steel
only, the section modulus is the same for both the short-term and long-term composite sections.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The yield moment is the lesser of the moment which causes first yielding of the section, either yielding in
the bottom flange or yielding in the steel reinforcing. Because, for the negative bending region it is not
clear which yield moment value will control, the moments causing first yield in both compression and
tension are computed.
The moment causing yielding in compression flange is first computed based on Equation D6.2.2-1.
M D1 M D 2 M AD
Fyf = + + Eq. (D6.2.2-1)
S NC S LT S ST
(1.25)(1,334)(12) (1.25)(265)(12) + (1.50)(217)(12) M AD
(50) = + +
958.6 1,051 1,051
MAD = 22,730 k-in. = 1,894 k-ft
Myc = (1.25)(1,334) + (1.25)(265) + (1.50)(217) + 1,894 = 4,218 k-ft
Similarly, the moment which causes yielding in tension (in the steel reinforcing) is computed as follows:
(1.25)(1,334)(12) (1.25)(265)(12) + (1.50)(217)(12) M AD
(50) = + +
825.6 928.4 928.4
MAD = 16,037 k-in. = 1,336 k-ft
Myt = (1.25)(1,334) + (1.25)(265) + (1.50)(217) + 1,336 = 3,660 k-ft
My = 3,660 k-ft. (governs)
8.2 Exterior Girder Check: Section 2
This design example illustrates the use of the optional moment redistribution procedures, where moment
is redistributed from the negative bending region to the positive bending region; therefore the negative
bending region will be checked first in order to determine the amount of moment that must be
redistributed to the positive bending region.
8.2.1 Strength Limit State (Article 6.10.6)
8.2.1.1 Flexure (Appendix A)
For sections in negative flexure, the flexural capacity of the member can be determined for general steel I-
girders using Article 6.10.8, which limits the maximum capacity to the yield moment of the section.
Alternatively, Appendix A permits girder capacities up to Mp and may be used for girders: having a yield
strength less than or equal to 70 ksi, with a compact or non-compact web (which is defined by Eq. A6.1-
1), and satisfying Eq. A6.1-2 (given below). The applicability of Appendix A for this design example is
evaluated below.
The first requirement that the nominal yield strength must be less than 70 ksi is easily evaluated.
Fyf = 50 ksi 70 ksi (satisfied)
The web slenderness requirement is evaluated using Eq. A6.1-1.
2 Dc E
< 5.7 Eq. (A6.1-1)
tW FYC
As computed above the elastic neutral axis is located 24.04 inches from the bottom of the composite
negative bending section. Subtracting the bottom flange thickness gives the web depth in compression in
the elastic range (Dc) as computed below.
Dc = 24.04 1.25 = 22.79 in.
Substituting the applicable values into Eq. A6.1-1 shows that the equation is satisfied.
2(22.79) (29,000)
< 5.7
(0.5) (50)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
91.16 < 137.27 (satisfied)

Equation A6.1-2 prevents the use of extremely mono-symmetric girders, which analytical studies indicate
have significantly reduced torsional rigidity.
I yc
0.3 Eq. (A6.1-2)
I yt
(1/12)(1.25)(16)3
= 1.7 > 0.3 (satisfied)
(1/12)(1.125)(14)3
Thus, Appendix A is applicable.
The strength requirements specified by Appendix A are given in Section A6.1.1. Since the compression
flange is discretely braced, the flexural capacity of the compression flange must exceed the maximum
negative moment due to the factored Strength I loading plus one-third of the lateral bending stress
multiplied by the section modulus for the compression flange, see Eq. A6.1.1-1.
1
Mu + fl S xc f M nc Eq. (A6.1.1-1)
3
However, because the lateral bending forces are zero at the Strength I limit state for the straight girders
considered in this example, the left side of the equation reduces to only the maximum moment. Similarly,
the tensile moment capacity must also be greater than the maximum factored loading.
M u f M nt
Use of Appendix A begins with the computation of the web plastification factors, as detailed in Article
A6.2 and calculated below. If the section has a web which satisfies the compact web slenderness limit of
Eq. A6.2.1-1, the section can reach Mp provided the flange slenderness and lateral torsional bracing
requirements are satisfied.
2 Dcp
< PW ( DCP ) , Eq. (A6.2.1-1)
tW
E
Fyc Dcp
where: pw( DCP ) = rw
2 Eq. (A6.2.1-2)
Mp Dc
0.54 - 0.1

Rh M y
The hybrid factor, Rh, is determined from Article 6.10.1.10.1, and is 1.0 for this example since the design
has a homogeneous material configuration. Therefore, pw is computed as follows.
(29,0000)
(50) 25.90
pw(Dcp ) = 2
157.87 = 155.7
61, 499 22.79
0.54 0.1
(1.0)(3,660)(12)
pw( D cp )
= 55.94 < 155.7 (satisfied)
The web depth in compression at Mp is computed by subtracting the previously determined distance
between the top of the web and the plastic neutral axis from the total web depth.
Dcp = 42.0 16.10 = 25.90 in.
The web slenderness classification is then determined as follows.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
2 Dcp 2 ( 25.90 )
= = 103.6 > pw( Dcp ) = 55.94 (not compact)
tw 0.5
As shown, the section does not qualify as compact. However, it was previously demonstrated, when
evaluating the Appendix A applicability, that the web does qualify as non-compact. Therefore, the
applicable web plastification factors are specified by Eqs. A6.2.2-4 and A6.2.2-5 and are calculated as
follows.
Rh M yc w pw( D ) M p M p
R pc = 1 1 C
Eq. (A6.2.2-4)
M p rw pw( DC ) M yc M yc
where: pw ( Dc ) = limiting slenderness ratio for a compact web corresponding to 2Dc/tw
D 22.79
pw(Dc ) = pw(Dcp ) c =(55.94) =49.22 Eq. (A6.2.2-6)
Dcp 25.9

(1.0)(4, 218)(12) 91.16 49.22 61, 499 61, 499
R pc = 1 1
61, 499 137.27 49.22 (4, 218)(12) ( 4, 218 )(12 )
R pc = 1.113 1.215 = 1.113
Rh M yt w pw ( D ) M p M p
R pc = 1 1 C
Eq. (A6.2.2-5)
M M yt M yt
p rw pw ( DC )
(1.0)(3,660)(12) 91.16 49.22 61, 499 61, 499

R pt = 1 1
61, 499 137.27 49.22 (3,660)(12) ( 3,660 )(12 )
R pt = 1.210 1.400 = 1.210
The flexural resistance based on the compression flange is determined from Article A6.3 and is taken as
the minimum of the local buckling resistance from Article A6.3.2 and the lateral torsional buckling
resistance from Article A6.3.3.
To evaluate the local buckling resistance, the flange slenderness classification is first determined, where
the flange is considered compact if the following equation is satisfied.
f pf
b fc
where: f = Eq. (A6.3.2-3)
2t fc
E
pf = 0.38 Eq. (A6.3.2-4)
f yc
b fc E
f = pf = 0.38
2t fc Fyc
16.0 29,000
f = pf = 0.38
2(1.25) 50
f =6.40 pf = 9.15 (satisfied)
Therefore, the compression flange is considered compact, and the flexural capacity based on local
buckling of the compression flange is governed by Eq. A6.3.2-1.
M nc = R pc M yc = (1.113)(4,218) = 4,695k-ft. Eq. (A6.3.2-1)
Similarly, to evaluate the compressive flexural resistance based on lateral-torsional buckling, the lateral
bracing distance must be first classified. Lateral bracing distances satisfying the following equation are
classified as compact.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Lb Lp
where: Lb= (10.0)(12) = 120'
E
120' L p = rt Eq. (A6.3.3-4)
Fyc
where: rt = effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling (in.)
b fc 16.0
rt = = Eq. (A6.3.3-10)
1 Dc tw 1 (22.79)(0.5)
12 1 + 12 1 +
3 b fc t fc 3 (16.0)(1.25)

rt = 4.234 in.
29,000
L b > L p = 4.234 = 102.0 (not compact)
50
Because the lateral bracing distance does not satisfy the compact limit, the non-compact limit is next
evaluated.
Lp < Lb Lr
where: Lr = limiting unbraced length to achieve the nominal onset of yielding in either flange
under uniform bending with consideration of compression flange residual stress
effects (in.)
2
E J Fyr S xc h
Lr = 1.95rt 1 + 1.676 Eq. (A6.3.3-5)
Fyr S x h EJ
Fyr = smaller of the compression flange stress at the nominal onset of yielding of either
flange, with consideration of compression-flange residual stress effects but
without consideration of flange lateral bending, or the specified minimum yield
strength of the web
S
Fyr = min 0.7Fyc ,R h Fyt xt ,Fyw Eq. (A6.3.3-9)
Sxc
(3,660)(12)
Sxt = =878.4 in.3
50
(4,218)(12)
Sxx = =1,012 in.3
50
878.4
Fyr = min 0.7(50), (1.0)(50) , 50
1,012
Fyr = min ( 35, 43.4, 50 )
Fyr = 35.0 ksi > 0.5 Fyc = 25ksi (satisfied)
J = St. Venant torsional constant
1 t fc t ft
J = Dtw3 + b fc t fc 1- 0.63 + b ft t ft 3 1- 0.63 Eq. (A6.3.3-9)
3 b fc bbt

1
J =
3
( (42)(0.5)3 +(16)(1.25)3 (.95) +(14)(1.125)3 (.95) )
J = 17.96 in.3
h = depth between the centerline of the flanges
h = 1.125/2 + 42 + 1.25/2 = 43.19 in.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
2
29,000 17.96 35(1,012)(43.19)
Lr = 1.95(4.234) 1+ 1.676
35 (1,012)(43.19) (29,000)(18.81)
Lr = 400.9 in.
LB = 120 Lr = 410.3 (satisfied)
Therefore, the lateral bracing distance is classified as non-compact and the lateral torsional buckling
resistance is controlled by Eq. A6.3.3-2 of the Specifications.
Fyr S xc Lb - Lp
M nc = Cb 1- 1- R pc M yc R pc M yc Eq. (A6.3.3-2)
R pc M yc Lr - L p
where: Cb = moment gradient modifier
The moment gradient modifier is discussed in Article A6.3.3 and is calculated in the following manner.
2
M M
Cb =1.75-1.05 1 +0.3 1 2.3 Eq. (A6.3.3-7)
M2 M2
where: M1 = Mo when the variation in moment between brace points in concave and otherwise
M1 = 2Mmid M2 M0
Mmid = major-axis bending moment at the middle of the unbraced length
M0 = moment at the brace point opposite to the one corresponding to M2
M2 = largest major-axis bending moment at either end of the unbraced length causing
compression in the flange under consideration
For the critical moment location at the interior pier, the variation in moment is concave throughout the
unbraced length and the applicable moment values are as follows.
M2 = 5,365 k-ft.
M0 = 2,999 k-ft.
M1 = M0 = 2,999 k-ft Eq. (A6.3.3-11)
2
2,999 2,999
Cb =1.75-1.05 +0.3 = 1.26 2.3
5,365 5,365
Cb = 1.26
Therefore, Mnc is equal to the following.
(35.0)(1,012) 120-102.0
M nc =(1.26) 1- 1- (1.113)(4,218) (1.113)(4,218)
(1.113)(4,218)(12) 410.3-102.0
Mnc = 5,787 4,695
M nc =4,695 k-ft.
As previously stated, the flexural capacity based on the compression flange is the minimum of the local
buckling resistance and the lateral torsional buckling resistance, which in this design example are equal.
M nc =4,695 k-ft.
Multiplying the nominal moment capacity by the applicable resistance factor gives the following.
fMnc = (1.0)(4,695)
fMnc = 4,695 k-ft.
Comparing this moment resistance to the Strength I factored moment at the pier shows that the factored
moment is greater than the moment resistance. Thus, moment redistribution may be considered.
M u =5,365 k-ft.>f M nc =4,695 k-ft.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The moment capacity is also evaluated in terms of the tensile moment capacity. For a continuously braced
tension flange at the strength limit state, the section must satisfy the requirements of Article A6.1.4.
M u f R pt M yt Eq. (A6.1.4-1)
f M nt = f R pt M yt
f M nt =(1.0)(1.210)(3,660)
f M nt =4,429 k-ft.
Not only is this moment capacity less than the applied Strength I factored moment of 5,365 k-ft, it is also
less than the moment capacity determined based on the resistance of the section in compression. Thus, the
tensile moment capacity will govern the moment resistance for the negative bending region of the girder.
fMnt = 4,429 k-ft. < Mu = 5,365 k-ft.
fMnt = 4,429 k-ft. < Mnc = 4,695 k-ft.
fMn = 4,429 k-ft.
8.2.1.2 Moment Redistribution (Appendix B, Sections B6.1 B6.5)
Article B6.2 defines the applicability of the Appendix B provisions. Specifically the sections must be
straight continuous span I-sections that are not skewed more than 10 degrees and do not have staggered
cross-frames. The specified minimum yield strength of the section must not exceed 70 ksi. In addition, the
section must satisfy web proportions (Article B6.2.1), compression flange proportions (Article B6.2.2),
section transition (Article B6.2.3), lateral bracing (Article B6.2.4), and shear (Article B6.2.5)
requirements, which are discussed below.
Web Proportions
Equations B6.2.1-1, B6.2.1-2, and B6.2.1-3 specify the web proportion limits that must be satisfied.
D
150 Eq. (B6.2.1-1)
tw
D 42.0
= = 84.0 150 (satisfied)
tw 0.5
2 Dc E
6 6.8 Eq. (B6.2.1-2)
tw Fyc
2(22.79) 29,000
=91.166.8 =163.8 (satisfied)
0.50 50
Dcp 0.75D Eq. (B6.2.1-3)
Dcp =25.90 0.75(42.0)=31.50 (satisfied)
Compression Flange Proportions

Section B6.2.2 requires that the following two compression flange proportion limits must be satisfied.
b fc E
0.38 Eq. (B6.2.2-1)
2t fc Fyc
16 29,000
=6.40 00.38 =9.15 (satisfied)
2(1.25) 50
D
b fc Eq. (B6.2.2-2)
4.25
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
42
bfc =16.0 =9.88 (satisfied)
4.25
Lateral Bracing Distance
The lateral bracing distance must satisfy the following:
M r E
Lb 0.1- 0.06 1 t Eq. (B6.2.4-1)
M 2 Fyc
2,999 (4.234)(29,000)
L b =120.0 0.1-0.06 =163.2 (satisfied)
5,365 50
Shear
Additionally, the applied shear under the Strength I loading must be less than the shear buckling
resistance of the girder as specified by the following:
V vVcr Eq. (B6.2.5-1)
where: Vcr = shear buckling resistance (kip)
Vcr = CVp (for unstiffened webs) Eq.(6.10.9.2-1)
Vp = plastic shear force (kip)

Vp = 0.58 FywDtw Eq. (6.10.9.2-2)
C = ratio of the shear buckling resistance to the
shear yield strength determined as specified in
Article 6.10.9.3.2, with the shear buckling
coefficient, k, taken equal to 5.0
Alternative equations are provided for computing the value of C based on the web slenderness of the
girder. First the web slenderness is evaluated using the following equation.
D Ek
1.12
tw Fyw
42.0 (29,000)(5)
=84.0>1.12 =60.31 (not satisfied)
0.50 50
The web slenderness is next evaluated using the following equation.
Ek D Ek
1.12 1.40
Fyw t w Fyw
Ek D Ek
1.12 = 60.31 < = 84.0 > 1.40 = 75.4 (not satisfied)
Fyw tw Fyw
Thus, the governing equation for computing the ratio C is given by Eq. 6.10.9.3.2-6, which is applicable
when:
D Ek
= 84.0 > 1.40 = 75.4 (satisfied)
tw Fyw
1.57 Ek
C= 2 Eq. (6.10.9.3.2-6)
D Fyc

tw
1.57
2 (
C= 2,900 ) = 0.645
(84.0 )
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The shear buckling resistance is then computed as follows.

Vcr =CVp =(0.645)(0.58)(50)(42)(0.5)=392.8 kips
The shear requirement for Appendix B can then be evaluated.
V=337 kips Vcr =(1.0)(392.8)=392.8 kips (satisfied)
The provisions of Article B6.2.1 through B6.2.6 are satisfied for this section. Therefore, moments may be
redistributed in accordance with Appendix B
The effective plastic moment, determined from Article B6.5, is a function of the geometry and material
properties of the section. Furthermore, alternative equations are provided for girders that satisfy the
requirements for enhanced moment rotation characteristics, i.e., classification as ultracompact sections.
To be classified as ultracompact, the girder must either (1) contain transverse stiffeners at a location less
than or equal to one-half the web depth from the pier or (2) satisfy the web compactness limit given by
Eq. B6.5.1-1.
2 Dcp E
2.3 Eq. (B6.5.1-1)
tw Fyc
2(25.90) 29,000
=103.6>2.3 =55.4 (not satisfied)
0.5 50
Therefore, the section does not satisfy the web compactness limit and because the section uses an
unstiffened web, the girder does not satisfy the transverse stiffener requirement. Thus, the girder is not
considered to be ultracompact and the applicable Mpe equation at the strength limit state is thus Eq.
B6.5.2-2.
b fc Fyc D b fc Fyc D
M pe = 2.63 - 2.3 - 0.35 + 0.39 Mn Mn Eq. (B6.5.2-2)
t fc E b fc t fc E b fc
16 50 42 16 50 42
M pe = 2.63-2.3 -0.35 +0.39 4,429 4,429
1.25 29,000 16 1.25 29,000 16
M pe = 4,575 4, 429 = 4, 429 k-ft
The redistribution moment, Mrd, for the strength limit state is taken as the larger of the values calculated
from Eqs. B6.4.2.1-1 and B6.4.2.1-2.
1
M rd = M e + f l S xc - f M pe Eq. (B6.4.2.1-1)
3
1
M rd = M e + f l S xt - f M pe Eq. (B6.4.2.1-2)
3
where: Me = critical elastic moment envelope value at the interior-pier section due to the factored
loads
Since the lateral bending stresses are negligible for this example, the previous equations reduce to the
following equation.
M rd = M e - f M pe
In addition, the redistribution moment is limited to 20 percent of the elastic moment by Eq. B6.4.2.1-3.
0 M rd 0.2 M e Eq. (B6.4.2.1-3)
Therefore, the redistribution moment is computed as follows, which is shown to satisfy the 20% limit.
M rd = M e -f M pe =5,365-(1.0)(4,429)
M rd =936 k-ft=17.4% M e 20% M e
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Therefore, the negative bending region of the girder satisfies strength requirements when the effective
plastic moment equations given in Appendix B are used to evaluate girder capacity.
8.2.1.3 Moment Redistribution - Refined Method (Appendix B, Section B6.6)
Article B6.6 of Appendix B contains specifications for computing redistribution moments using a direct
method of analysis. Using this analysis procedure, the effective plastic moments are computed based on
the rotation at which the continuity curve intersects the moment-rotation curve, as opposed to assuming
that this intersection occurs at a plastic rotation of 30 mrads, as assumed in the effective plastic moment
equations utilized above.
In cases such as this example, where the effective plastic moment is equal to the nominal moment
capacity of the negative bending section, there is no advantage to be gained by using the refined method.
This is because the peak value of the moment-rotation curve is equal to Mn , the maximum value of Mpe
possible, irrespective of using the effective plastic moment equations from Article B6.5 or the refined
method of Article B6.6. However, in other cases the use of the refined method may lead to higher values
of Mpe, further increasing the economic benefits of using the moment redistribution procedures. For this
reason, use of the refined method for the present design is demonstrated below.
M The first step in using the refined method for
Mn M
= 1 16 ( p RL) + 100 ( p RL) 2 moment redistribution is to determine the moment-
Mn rotation curve for the negative bending section.
1.0 This is done using Figure B6.6.2-1 from the
AASHTO Specifications, which is reproduced in
M
Figure 12. From Figure 12 it is observed that the
= 0.7 + 60 p moment-rotation relationship is a function of the
Mn
single parameter, RL, which is the rotation at
which the moment begins to decrease below the
nominal moment capacity. Similar to the equations
RL p
0.005 for Mpe given for the simplified method introduced
Figure 12. AASHTO Moment-Rotation Model above, alternative equations for RL are given based
on whether the negative bending section satisfies
the criteria for enhanced moment rotation characteristics given by Section B6.5. It has been shown above
that the negative bending section does not satisfy either of the requirements for sections with enhanced
moment-rotation performance. Thus, RL is given in radians by Eq. B6.6.2-2.
b Fyc D b D Fyc
RL = 0.128 0.143 fc 0.0216 + 0.0241 fc Eq. (B6.6.2-2)
t fc E bfc t fc bfc E
Substituting the applicable values into Eq. B6.6.2-2 gives the following.
16 50 42 16(42) 50
RL = 0.128 0.143 0.0216 + 0.0241 = 0.079
1.25 29000 16 0.5(16) 29000
Thus, RL is equal to 0.079 radians or 79 mrads. Recalling that the nominal moment capacity of the
negative moment section of this girder is 4429 ft-kips, the predicted moment-rotation relationship of the
example girder is as illustrated in Figure 13.
In addition to the moment-rotation relationship, the continuity relationship must also be determined. The
continuity relationship is a linear relationship between the elastic moment at the pier (where no plastic
rotation occurs) and the rotation assuming no continuity at the pier. The elastic moment at the pier has
previously been determined to equal 5365 ft-kips, which is the y-intercept for the continuity relationship.
To determine the x-intercept of the continuity relationship, the beam is analyzed assuming that a hinge
exists at each pier, and rotations due to applied moments equal to the elastic moment are computed as
shown in Figure 14. In this analysis, the AASHTO Specifications stipulate that the section properties of
the short-term composite section shall be used. Thus, the applicable moment of inertia of the positive
bending section is 47,818 in4 and the moment of inertia value used for the negative bending section is
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
49,038 in4. From basic structural

analysis, or the use of structural
analysis software, the rotation at the
pier for the situation depicted in
Figure 14 is then 32.88 mrads, which
is the x-intercept for the continuity
relationship. Based on the x- and y-
intercepts of the continuity
relationship, the continuity equation is
thus expressed as
M = 5365 ft-kips 163.17 ft-kips * p
The moment at the intersection of the
continuity relationship and the
Figure 13. Determination of Mpe Using Refined Method moment-rotation relationship is the
effective plastic moment. From Figure
13 it is illustrated that this moment is
equal to the nominal moment capacity
of 4429 ft-kips. The effective plastic
moment can also be determined
mathematically by iteratively selecting
p values to be substituted into both
the moment-rotation and continuity
Figure 14. Determination of Rotation at Pier Assuming No curves until the moment converges.
Continuity Alternatively, for the present girder it
is known that the moment is equal to
Mn for p values between 5 and 79 mrads. Solving the continuity equation for the value of p at Mn gives
a rotation of:
p = (5365 4429) / 163.17 = 5.7 mrads.
Since this value is between 5 and 79 mrads, it is mathematically determined that the effective plastic
moment is equal to Mn. Once Mpe is determined, the moment redistribution analysis proceeds in the same
manner used in the simplified method outlined above, where the redistribution moments are computed as
the difference between the elastic and the effective plastic moments as specified in Sections B6.3 and
B6.4 and the girder is determined to satisfy strength requirements if the redistribution moment is less than
20% of the elastic moment.
8.2.1.4 Shear (6.10.6.3)
As computed above the shear resistance of the negative bending region is governed by Article 6.10.9.2
because the girder is comprised of an unstiffened web, i.e., no transverse stiffeners are provided. The
shear resistance of the section was previously calculated to be:
Vn = V = CVp = 392.8kips Eq. (6.10.9.2-1)
The applied shear at the pier at the strength limit state is 337 kips, thus the shear requirements are
satisfied.
V = 337 kips V Vcr = (1.0)(392.8) = 392.8kips (satisfied)
8.2.2 Constructibility (Article 6.10.3)
Article 2.5. requires the engineer to design bridge systems such that the construction is not difficult or
results in unacceptable locked-in forces. In addition, Article 6.10.3 states the main load-carrying members
are not permitted to experience nominal yielding, or reliance on post-buckling resistance during the
construction phases. The sections must satisfy the requirements of Article 6.10.3 at each construction
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
stage. The applied loads to be considered are specified in Table 3.4.1-1 and the applicable load factors are
provided in Article 3.4.2.
The girders are considered to be non-composite during the initial construction phase. The influence of
various segments of the girder becoming composite at various stages of the deck casting sequence is then
considered. The effects of forces from deck overhang brackets acting on the fascia girders are to be
included in the constructibility check.
8.2.2.1 Deck Placement Analysis
Temporary moments the noncomposite girders experience during the casting of the deck can be
significantly higher than those which may be calculated based on the final conditions of the system. An
analysis of the moments during each casting sequence must be conducted to determine the maximum
moments in the structure. The potential for uplift should also be investigated if the casting of the two end
pours does not occur simultaneously.
Figure 15 depicts the casting sequence
assumed in this design example. As
required in Article 6.10.3.4, the loads
are applied to the appropriate
composite sections during each
casting sequence. For example, it is
assumed during Cast One that all
sections of the girder are non-
composite. Similarly, the dead load
moments due to the steel components
Figure 15: Casting Sequence are also based on the non-composite
section properties. However, to
determine the distribution of moments due to Cast Two, the short-term composite section properties are
used in the regions of the girders that were previously cast in Cast One, while the non-composite section
properties are used in the region of the girder where concrete is cast in Cast Two. The moments used in
the evaluation of the constructability requirements are then taken as the maximum moments that occur
during any stage of construction, i.e., the sum of the moments due to the steel dead load and the first
casting phase or the sum of the moments due to the steel dead load and both casting phases. Additionally,
while not required, the dead load moment resulting from applying all dead load to the short-term
composite section (DC1) is also considered.
The results of the deck placement analysis are shown in Table 10 where the maximum dead load
moments in the positive and negative bending regions are indicated by bold text. Note that the maximum
positive bending moment during construction occurs during Cast 2, and that the maximum negative
bending moment occurs when it is assumed that the loads are simultaneously applied to the composite
section.
Table 10: Moments from Deck Placement Analysis (k-ft)
x/L 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Dist. (ft.) 0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
Steel Wt. 0 49 82 101 106 96 71 31 -22 -90 -173
SIP Forms 0 27 46 56 58 53 39 16 -13 -50 -94
Cast 1 0 260 437 532 544 474 321 86 -181 -447 -714
Cast 2 0 301 518 654 707 677 565 370 105 -238 -656
Cast 1 0 335 565 689 708 622 430 133 -216 -587 -981
Cast 2 0 376 646 811 871 825 674 417 70 -377 -923
DC1 0 343 581 712 738 657 471 178 -220 -724 -1334
Article 6.10.1.6 states that when checking the flexural resistance based on lateral torsional buckling fbu is
the largest compressive stress in the flange under consideration, without consideration of flange lateral
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
bending, throughout the unbraced length. When checking the flexural resistance based on yielding, flange
local buckling or web bend buckling, fbu is the stress at the section under consideration. The maximum
factored flexural stresses due to the deck casting sequence are calculated below. The controlling section
during the constructibility check for Section 2 is at the pier.
Strength I
Top Flange
1.0(1.25)(1,334)(12)
f bu = =24.24 ksi
825.6
Bottom Flange
1.0(1.25)(-1,334)(12)
f bu = =-20.87 ksi
958.6
Strength IV
Top Flange
1.0(1.50)(1,334)(12)
f bu = =29.08 ksi
825.6
Bottom Flange
1.0(1.50)(-1,334)(12)
f bu = =-25.05 ksi
958.6
8.2.2.2 Deck Overhang Loads
The deck overhang bracket configuration assumed in this example is shown in Figure 16. Typically the
brackets are spaced between 3 and 4 feet, but the assumption is made here that the loads are uniformly
distributed, except for the finishing machine. Half of the overhang weight is assume to be carried by the
exterior girder, and the remaining half is carried by the overhang brackets.
The following calculation determines the weight of deck overhang acting on the overhang bracket.
8.5 1 2.0 14 / 2 1.25 14 / 2
P = 0.5(150) (3.5) + 3.5 + = 208.7 lbs/ft
12 12 2 12 12 12
The following is a list of typical construction loads assumed to
act on the system before the concrete slab gains strength. The
magnitudes of load listed are those that are applied to only the
overhang brackets.
Overhang deck forms: P = 40 lbs/ft.
Screed rail: P = 85 lbs/ft.
Railing: P = 25 lbs/ft.
Walkway: P = 125 lbs/ft.
Finishing machine: P = 3,000 lbs.
The weight of the finishing machine is estimated as one-half of
the total finishing machine truss weight. The lateral force
acting on the girder section due to the vertical loading is
computed as follows.
F = Ptan
Figure 16: Deck Overhang
Brackets 42in.
where: = tan -1 = 45
42in.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The equations provided in Article C6.10.3.4 to determine the lateral bending moment can be employed in
the absence of a more refined method. From the article, the following equation determines the lateral
bending moment for a uniformly distributed lateral bracket force:
FL 2
Ml = l b
12
where: Ml = lateral bending moment in the top flange due to the eccentric loadings from the
form brackets
Fl = statically equivalent uniformly distributed lateral force due to the factored loads
The equation which estimates the lateral bending moment due to a concentrated lateral force at the middle
of the unbraced length is as follows.
PL
Ml = l b
8
where: Pl = statically equivalent concentrated force placed at the middle of the unbraced length
For simplicity, the largest value of fl within the unbraced length is conservatively used in the design
checks, i.e., the maximum value of fl within the unbraced length is the assumed stress level throughout
the unbraced length. The unbraced length for the section under consideration is 10 feet.
Article 6.10.1.6 specifies the process for determining the lateral bending stress. The first-order lateral
bending stress may be used if the following limit is satisfied.
Cb Rb
Lb 1.2 L p Eq. (6.10.1.6-2)
f bm
Fyc
where: Lp = limiting unbraced length from Article 6.10.8.2.3 of the Specifications

Cb = moment gradient modifier
Rb = web load-shedding factor
Fyc = yield strength of the compression flange
The moment gradient modifier is discussed in Article A6.3.3 and is calculated in the following manner.
2
M M
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3 Eq. (A6.3.3-7)
M2 M2
where: M1 = 2Mmid M2 M0 Eq. (A6.3.3-12)
Mmid = major-axis bending moment at the middle of the unbraced
length
M0 = moment at the brace point opposite to the one
corresponding to M2
M2 = largest major-axis bending moment at either end of the
unbraced length causing compression in the flange under
consideration
The following values correspond to the results of the deck placement analysis.
M2 = 1,334 k-ft. M1 = 2Mmid M2 M0
M0 = 668 k-ft. M1 = 2(995) (1,334) = 656 668
Mmid = 995 k-ft. M1 = 668 k-ft.
Thus, Cb is calculated as follows.

2
668 668
Cb =1.75 1.05 + 0.3 = 1.30 2.3
1,334 1,334
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
According to Article 6.10.1.10.2, the web load-shedding factor, Rb, is 1.0 when checking constructibility.
Thus, Eq. 6.10.1.6-2 is evaluated as follows.
(1.30)(1.0)
L b =120 in. 1.2(103.2) =185.1 in.
29.08
50
Hence, it is shown that the first-order elastic analysis is applicable.
According to Article 3.4.2, a load factor of 1.5 is applied to construction loads for all strength limit states.
For other dead loads, a load factor of 1.25 is used for the Strength I load combination, while a load factor
of 1.5 is used for dead load under the Strength IV load combination. Additionally, live load is not
considered under the Strength IV load combinations.
Strength I
The lateral bending forces at the Strength I limit state are computed as follows.
Dead loads:
P = [1.25(209) + 1.5(40 + 85 + 25 + 125)] = 673.8 lbs/ft.
F = Fl = P tan = 673.8 tan (45) = 673.8 lbs/ft.
F L 2 (0.6738)(10) 2
Ml = l b = = 5.62 k-ft
12 12
Ml 5.62(12)
Top flange: fl = = = 1.84 ksi
Sl 1.125(14) 2 / 6
Ml 5.62(12)
Bot. flange: fl = = = 1.26 ksi
Sl 1.25(16) 2 / 6
Live loads:
P = [1.5(3,000)] = 4,500 lbs.
F = Pl = P tan a = 4,500 tan (45) = 4,500 lbs.
P L (4.5)(10)
Ml = l b = = 5.63k-ft
8 8
ML 5.63(12)
Top flange: f L = = = 1.84 ksi
S L 1.125(14) 2 / 6
ML 5.63(12)
Bot. flange: f L = = = 1.26 ksi
S L 1.25(16) 2 / 6
Total:
Top flange:fl = 1.84 + 1.84 = 3.68 ksi
Bot. flange:fl = 1.26 + 1.26 = 2.52 ksi
Strength IV
The computation of the lateral bending forces at the Strength IV limit state is demonstrated below.
Dead loads:
P = [1.5(209 + 40 + 85 + 25 + 125)] = 726.0 lbs/ft.
F = Fl = P tan = 726.0 tan (45) = 726.0 lbs/ft.
Fl Lb 2 (0.7260)(10) 2
Ml = = = 6.05k-ft
12 12
Ml 6.05(12)
Sl 1.125(14) 2 / 6
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Ml 6.05(12)
Sl 1.25(14) 2 / 6
Live loads:
Not applicable
Total:
Top flange:fl = 1.98 ksi
Bot. flange:fl = 1.36 ksi
According to Article 6.10.1.6, the lateral bending stresses must be less than 60 percent of the yield stress
of the flange under consideration. It is shown above that the lateral bending stresses are highest at the pier
under the Strength I load combination. Thus, evaluation of Eq. 6.10.1.6-1 at the Strength I limit state is
shown below.
fl 0.6 Fy (6.10.1.6-1)
Top flange: fl = 3.68 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30 ksi (satisfied)
Bot. flange: fl = 2.52 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30 ksi (satisfied)
8.2.2.3 Flexure (Article 6.10.3.2)
During construction, both the compression and tension flanges are discretely braced. Therefore, Article
6.10.3.2 requires the noncomposite section to satisfy Eqs. 6.10.3.2.1-1, 6.10.3.2.1-2, and 6.10.3.2.1-3,
which ensure the flange stress is limited to the yield stress, the section has sufficient strength under the
lateral torsional and flange local buckling limit states, and web bend buckling does not occur during
construction, respectively.
Compression Flange:
Flange nominal yielding: The allowable stress in the compression flange is limited to the nominal
yield strength of the flange multiplied by the hybrid factor.
Fbu + fl fRhFyc (6.10.3.2.1-1)
Since the section under considerations has a homogeneous material configuration, the hybrid factor is 1.0,
as stated in Article 6.10.1.10.1. Thus, Eq. 6.10.3.2.1-1 is evaluated as follows.
25.05 + 1.36 (1.0)(1.0)(50)
26.41 ksi 50 ksi (satisfied)
Flexural Resistance: The flexural resistance of the noncomposite section is required to be greater
than the maximum bending moment as a result of the deck casting sequence
plus one third of the lateral bending stresses, as expressed by:
1
fbu + f l f Fnc Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2)
3
According to Article 6.10.3.2.1, the flexural resistance, Fnc, is determined as specified in Article 6.10.8.2
or Article A6.3.3, if applicable. Two requirements provided in Article A6.1 must be satisfied for Article
A6.3.3 to be applicable.
Fyf = 50ksi 70ksi (satisfied)
2 Dc E
< 5.7 Eq. (A6.1-1)
tw Fyc
Dc = 20.62 1.25 = 19.37 in.
2(19.37) (29,000)
< 5.7
(0.5) (50)
77.48 < 137.27 (satisfied)
Therefore, Appendix A is applicable.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The sections for which Appendix A is applicable have either compact or noncompact web sections where
the web classification dictates the equations used to determine the moment capacity. The section qualifies
as a compact web section if Eq. A6.2.1-1 is satisfied.
2 Dcp
< pw( DCP ) Eq. (A6.2.1-1)
tw
where: Dcp = depth of web in compression at the plastic moment
Rh = hybrid factor
pw(Dcp) = limiting slenderness ratio for a compact web corresponding to 2Dcp/tw
E
Fyc
= 2
Eq. (A6.2.1-2)
Mp
0.54 0.1
Rh M y

The location of the plastic neutral axis of the steel section must be determined to calculate the depth of
web in compression. The equations from Appendix D are employed for this purpose.
Pc = (16)(1.25)(50) = 1,000 kips
Pt = (14)(1.125)(50) = 788 kips
Pw = (42)(0.5)(50) = 1,050 kips
Pc + Pw = 1,000 + 1,050 kips = 2,050 Pt =788 kips
Therefore, the location of the plastic neutral axis is in the web (Table D6.1-2, Case I) and the precise
location is computed as follows.
D P Pt 42 1,000 788
y = c + 1 = + 1 = 25.24in.
2 Pw 2 1,050
The plastic neutral axis is located 25.24 inches below the bottom of the top flange. The plastic moment
can be determined from the following equation:
P
M p = w y + D y + Pd( )
2 2
+ Pc d c
2 D t t
1,050
(25.24) 2 + ( 42 25.24 ) + (788)(25.24 + 1.125 / 2) + (1,000)(42 25.24 + 1.25 / 2)
2
Mp =
2(42)
M p = 49,192 k-in.= 4,099 k-ft.
From the above calculations, the depth of web in compression can be calculated.
Dcp = 42.0 25.24 = 16.76 in.
Furthermore, the web slenderness is now evaluated.
29,000
pw( D ) = 50 = 81.53
2

cp
49,192
0.54 0.1
(1.0)(50)(825.6)
2 Dcp 2(16.76)
= = 67.04 < pw( Dcp ) = 81.53 (satisfied)
tw 0.5
Therefore, the section qualifies as a compact web section, and the web plastification factors are
determined from Eqs. A6.2.1-4 and A6.2.1-5, where Myc and Myt are the yield moments with respect to
the compression and tension flanges, respectively.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Mp 49,192
R pc = = = 1.026 Eq. (A6.2.1-4)
M yc (50)(958.6)
Mp 49,192
R pt = = = 1.192 Eq. (A6.2.1-5)
M yt (50)(825.6)
As previously discussed, the lateral torsional buckling resistance is provided in Article A6.3.3. If the
following equation is satisfied the lateral brace spacing is classified as compact.
Lb L p
where: Lb = unbraced length (in.)
Lp = limiting unbraced length to achieve the nominal flexural resistance RpcMyc under
uniform bending (in.)
E
= rt Eq. (A6.3.3-4)
Fyc
rt = effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling (in.)
b fc 16
rt = = = 4.286in. Eq. (A6.3.3-10)
1 Dc tw 1 (19.37)(0.5)
12 1 + 12 1 +
3 b fc t fc 3 (16)(1.25)

E
Lb = (10.0)(12) = 120 in. > L p = rt = 103.2 in.
Fyc
Therefore, the unbraced spacing is not compact, and the following inequality is evaluated to determine if
the unbraced distance is classified as non-compact.
Lb L r
where: Lr = limiting unbraced length to achieve the nominal onset of yielding in either flange under
uniform bending (in.) with consideration of compression flange residual stresses
2
E J Fyr S xc h
= 1.95rt 1 + 1 + 6.76 Eq. (A6.3.3-5)
Fyr S xc h EJ
2
29,000 17.96 35 (958.6)(43.19)
= 1.95(4.286) 1 + 1 + 6.76 = 407.4in.
35 (958.6)(43.19) 29,000 18.81
Fyr = smaller of the compression flange stress at the nominal onset of yielding of either
flange, with consideration of compression flange residual stress effects but without
consideration of flange lateral bending, or the specified minimum yield strength of the
web.
S xt
= min 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt , Fyw
S xc
825.6
= min 0.7(50),(1.0)(50) ,50 = 35.0 ksi
958.6
J = St. Venant torsional constant
1 tf 3 tf
Dt w + b fc t fc 1 0.63 + b ft t ft 1 0.63
3
= Eq.(A6.3.3-9)
3 bf bb
1
=
3
( (42)(0.50)3 + (16)(1.25)3 ( 0.95) + (14)(1.125)3 ( 0.95) ) = 17.96in.3
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
h = depth between the centerline of the flanges = 43.19 in.

L b = 120 in. L r = 407.4 in.
Therefore, the section has a noncompact unbraced length, and the lateral torsional buckling resistance is
controlled by equation A6.3.3-2 of the specifications.
Fyr S xc Lb L p
M nc = Cb 1 1 R pc M yc R pc M yc Eq.(A6.3.3-2)
R pc M yc Lr L p
(35)(958.6) 120 103.2
M nc = (1.30) 1 1 (1.026)(50)(958.6) R pc M yc
(1.026)(50)(958.6) 416.9 103.2
Mnc = 62,841 49,176 = 49,176 k-in = 4,098 k-ft
Article 6.10.3.2.1 prescribes that the nominal flexural resistance, Fnc, can be taken as the Mnc determined
from Article A6.3.3 divided by Sxc.
4,098(12)
Fnc = = 51.3 ksi
958.6
Equation 6.10.3.2.1-2 may now be evaluated as follows.
1 1
fbu + f l f Fnc = 25.05 + (1.36) (1.0)(51.3) Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2)
3 3
25.50 ksi 51.3 ksi (satisfied)
Thus, the moment capacity of the non-composite section is sufficient to resist the applicable construction
loading.
Web Bend Buckling: The flange stresses due to the construction loads are limited to a maximum
of the web bend buckling stress by:
fbu f Fcrw Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-3)
The nominal elastic bend-buckling resistance for web, Fcrw, is determined according to Article 6.10.1.9 of
the Specifications.
0.9 Ek
Fcrw = 2
Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-1)
D
t
w
where: k = bend buckling coefficient
9
= Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-2)
( Dc D )
2
From previous calculations: Dc = 19.37 in.

9
Therefore, k = = 42.31
(19.37 / 42.0 )
2
0.9(29,000)(42.31)
Fcrw = 2
= 156.5ksi Rn Fyc = 50 ksi
42

0.50
fbu = 25.05 ksi f Fcrw = (1.0)(50) = 50 ksi (satisfied)
Tension Flange:
Flange Nominal Yielding: For a discretely braced tension flange, the allowable stress in the
tension flange due to the factored loading must be less than the
nominal yield strength multiplied by the hybrid factor.
fbu + f l f Rh Fyt Eq. (6.10.3.2.2-1)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
29.08 + 1.98 (1.0)(1.0)(50)

31.06 50 (satisfied)
8.2.2.4 Shear (Article 6.10.3.3)
The required shear capacity during construction is specified by Eq. 6.10.3.3-1. Later in this design
example, the unstiffened shear strength of the girder is demonstrated to be sufficient to resist the applied
shear under the strength load combination. Therefore, the section will have sufficient strength for the
constuctibility check.
Vu vVcr Eq. (6.10.3.3-1)
8.2.3 Service Limit State (Article 6.10.4)

Plastic deformations are controlled under the service limit state, which is specified in Article 6.10.4.
8.2.3.1 Permanent Deformations (Article 6.10.4.2)
The Service II limit state is intended to prevent permanent deformations that may negatively impact the
rideability of the structure by limiting the stresses in the section under expected severe traffic loadings.
Specifically, under the Service II load combination, the top flange of composite sections must satisfy:
ff 0.95RhFyf Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-1)
Because the bottom flange is discretely braced (as opposed to the top flange), Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-2 must be
satisfied for the bottom flange of composite sections.
f
f f + l 0.95 Rh Fyf Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-2)
2
Under the service limit state, the lateral force effects due to wind-load and deck overhang are not
considered. Therefore, for bridges with straight, non-skewed girders such as the present design example
the lateral bending forces are zero and Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-2 reduces to Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-1.
Appendix B permits the redistribution of moment at the service load level before evaluating the above
equations. Article B6.5.2 specifies the effective plastic moment for the service limit state is as follows.
b fc Fyc D b fc Fyc D
M pe = 2.90 2.3 0.35 + 0.39 Mn Mn Eq. (B6.5.2-1)
t fc E b fc t fc E b fc
16 50 42 16 50 42
M pe = 2.90 2.3 0.35 + 0.39 4, 429 4, 429
1.25 29,000 16 1.25 29,000 16
M pe = 5,771 4, 429
Mpe = 4,429 k-ft. > Mu = 4,075 k-ft. No redistribution at Service II.
Because the effective plastic moment is greater than the maximum factored load for the Service II load
combination, it is assumed that there is no moment redistribution at this limit state. The stresses under
Service II are computed using the following equation.
M M + M DW 1.3M LL + IM
f f = DC1 + DC 2 +
S nc Slt S st
As permitted by Article 6.10.4.2.1, since shear connectors are provided throughout the span length, the
stresses in the member as a result of the Service II load combination are computed assuming the concrete
slab is fully effective in both the positive and negative bending region. The stress in the compression
flange is thus computed as follows.
(1,334)(12) (265 217)(12) 1.3( 1,737)(12)
ff = + + = 42.84 ksi
958.6 1,179 1, 276
Comparing this stress to the allowable stress shows that Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-1 is satisfied.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
f f = 42.84 ksi 0.95Rh Fyf = 0.95(1.0)(50) = 47.50 ksi (satisfied)

Similarly, the computation of the stress in the tension flange is computed as follows.
(1,334)(12) (265 + 217)(12) 1.3(1,737)(12)
ff = + + = 24.84 ksi
825.6 2,665 8, 256
Thus, it is also demonstated that Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-2 is satisfied for the tension flange.
f f = 24.84 ksi 0.95Rh Fyf = 47.50 ksi (satisfied)
The compression flange stress at service loads is also limited to the elastic bend-buckling resistance of the
section by Eq. 6.10.4.2.2 -4.
f c Fcrw Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-4)
where: fc = compression flange stress at the section under consideration due to the Service II
loads calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending
Fcrw = nominal elastic bend buckling resistance for webs with or without longitudinal
stiffeners, as applicable, determined as specified in Article 6.10.1.9
From Article 6.10.1.9, the bend-buckling resistance for the web is determined using the following
equation.
0.9 Ek
Fcrw = 2
Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-1)
D

tw
9
where: k = bend-buckling coefficient = Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-2)
( Dc / D )
2
The depth of web in compression is calculated using the method described in Article D6.3.1, which states
Eq. D6.3.1-1 is to be used when checking composite sections in negative flexure at the service limit state.
fc
Dc = d t fc 0 Eq. (D6.3.1-1)
f c + f t
where: ft = the sum of the various tension-flange stresses caused by the different loads (ksi)
d = depth of steel section (in.)
42.84
Dc = 44.375 1.25 0
42.84 + 24.84
Dc = 26.84 0 = 26.84in.
Therefore, k and Fcrw are computed as follows.
9
k= = 22.04
( 26.84 / 42.0 )
2
0.9(29,000)(22.04)
Fcrw = 2
= 81.53ksi
42

0.50
It can then be demonstrated that Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-4 is satisfied as shown below.
f c = 42.84 ksi Fcrw = 81.53 ksi (satisfied)
8.2.4 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State (Article 6.10.5)

The fatigue and fracture limit state incorporates three distinctive checks: fatigue resistance of details
(Article 6.10.5.1), fracture toughness (Article 6.10.5.2), and a special fatigue requirement for webs
(Article 6.10.5.3). The first requirement involves the assessment of the fatigue resistance of details as
specified in Article 6.6.1 using the Fatigue load combination specified in Table 3.4.1-1 and the fatigue
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
live load specified in Article 3.6.1.4. The fracture toughness requirements in Article 6.10.5.2 specify that
the fracture toughness must satisfy the requirements of Article 6.6.2. The special fatigue requirement for
the web controls the elastic flexing of the web to prevent fatigue cracking. The factored fatigue load for
this check is taken as twice the result of the Fatigue load combination.
8.2.4.1 Load Induced Fatigue (Article 6.6.1.2)
Article 6.10.5.1 requires that fatigue be investigated in accordance with Article 6.6.1. Article 6.6.1
requires that the live load stress range be less than the fatigue resistance. The fatigue resistance (F)n
varies based on the fatigue category to which a particular member or detail belongs and is computed using
Eq. 6.6.1.2.5-1.
1
A 3 1
( F )n = ( F )TH
Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-1)
N 2
where: N = (365)(75)n(ADTT)SL Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-2)
A = constant from Table 6.6.1.2.5-1
n = number of stress range cycles per truck
passage taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2
(ADTT)SL = single-lane ADTT as specified in Article
3.6.1.4
(F)TH = constant-amplitude fatigue threshold taken
from Table 6.6.1.2.5-3
For this example a single lane AADT of 1600 is assumed based on Article 3.6.1.4. Furthermore, from
Table 6.6.1.2.5-1, it is determined that A is equal to 44.0 x 108 and Table 6.6.1.2.5-2 gives the number of
stress range cycles per truck passage to be 1.5 for spans greater than 40 feet.
The fatigue resistance of the base metal at the weld joining the lateral bracing connection plate located 10'
from the pier to the flanges is evaluated below. From Table 6.6.1.2.3-1, it is determined that this detail is
classified as fatigue category C'. The constant-amplitude fatigue threshold for a category C' detail is 12
ksi (see Table 6.6.1.2.5-3).
Substituting the values into Eq. 6.6.1.2.5-1, the allowable stress range (F)n is determined to be 6.00 ksi.
It is noted that this is the minimum allowable stress range throughout the structure.
1
44.0 108 3 1
( F ) n = (12.0)
(365)(75)(1.5)(1600) 2
( F ) n = 4.06 6.00 = 6.00 ksi
The applied stress range is taken as the result of the fatigue loading with a dynamic load allowance of 15
percent applied and distributed laterally by the previously calculated distribution factor for fatigue. It is
demonstrated below that the applied stress range in the top and bottom flange is acceptable.
Bottom of Top Flange:
(104)(12)(4.82) (285)(12)(4.82)
( f ) =
49, 038 49, 038
( f ) = 0.46 ksi (F ) n = 6.00 ksi (satisfied)
Top of Bottom Flange:
(104)(12)(37.19) (285)(12)(37.19)
( f ) =
49, 038 49, 038
( f ) = 3.54 ksi (F ) n = 6.00 ksi (satisfied)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
8.2.4.2 Distortion Induced Fatigue (Article 6.6.1.3)

A positive connection is to be provided for all transverse connection-plate details to both the top and
bottom flanges to prevent distortion induced fatigue.
8.2.4.3 Fracture (Article 6.6.2)
The appropriate Charpy V-notch fracture toughness, found in Table 6.6.2-2, must be specified for main
load-carrying components subjected to tensile stress under Strength I load combination.
8.2.4.4 Special Fatigue Requirement for Webs (Article 6.10.5.3)
Article 6.10.5.3 requires that the shear force applied due to the fatigue loading must be less than the
shear-buckling resistance of interior panels of stiffened webs.
Vu Vcr Eq. (6.10.5.3-1)
However designs utilizing unstiffened webs at the strength limit state, as is the case here, automatically
satisfy this criterion. Thus, Eq. 6.10.5.3-1 is not explicitly evaluated herein.
8.3 Exterior Girder Check: Section 1-1
8.3.1 Constructibility (Article 6.10.3)
The constructibility of the system in the positive bending region will be evaluated in a similar manner to
the constructibility check in the negative bending region.
8.3.1.1 Deck Placement Analysis
The results from the deck casting sequence analysis, previously presented in Table 10, are referenced for
the following calculations of fbu.
Strength I:
1.0(1.25)(871)(12)
Top Flange: fbu = = 21.28ksi
614.0
1.0(1.25)(871)(12)
Bottom Flange: fbu = = 14.72 ksi
887.7
Strength IV:
1.0(1.5)(871)(12)
Top Flange: fbu = = 25.53ksi
614.0
1.0(1.5)(871)(12)
Bottom Flange: fbu = = 17.66 ksi
887.7
8.3.1.2 Deck Overhang Loads
The deck overhang loads are the same for the positive bending region as the negative bending region;
however the lateral bending stresses may differ due to potentially varying amplification factors, which are
a function of the vertical bending stresses (fbm) and the unbraced length. To compute the amplification
factor in the positive bending region, the following equation is first evaluated to determine if first-order
elastic analysis is applicable.
CbR b
L b 1.2L p Eq. (6.10.1.6-2)
f bm / Fyc
Lp is determined using Eq. 6.10.8.2.3-4.
E
L p = rt Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-4)
Fyc
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
b fc
where: rt = Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-10)
1 Dc tw
12 1 +
3 b fc t fc

14
rt = = 3.477in.
1 (25.26) (0.4375)
12 1 +
3 (14)(0.75)
Therefore, Lp is computed as follows.
29,000
L p = 3.477 = 83.74in.
50
As previously described, the moment gradient modifier is determined from the following equation.
2
M M
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3 Eq. (A6.3.3-7)
M2 M2
The maximum positive bending stresses due to the deck casting occur at 36' from the pier. Thus, the
critical lateral bracing segment is the lateral bracing panel that begins at 20' from the pier and ends at 40'
from the pier. The applicable moment values for this lateral bracing segment are given below.
M2 = 850 k-ft. M1 = 2Mmid M2 M0
Mmid = 831 k-ft. M1 = 2(831) (850) = 812 683
M0 = 683 k-ft. M1 = 812 k-ft.
Cb is then computed as follows.
2
812 812
Cb = 1.75 1.05 + 0.3 = 1.02 2.3 = 1.02
850 850
According to Article 6.10.1.10.2, the web load-shedding factor, Rb, is 1.0 for constructability evaluations.
The maximum vertical bending stress occurs in the top flange under the Strength IV load combination and
was computed above to equal 25.53 ksi. Lastly, Fyc is equal to 50 ksi. The information required for
evaluation of Eq. 6.10.1.6-2 is now known.
(1.02)(1.0)
Lb = 240 in. > 1.2(83.74) = 142.0 (not satisfied)
25.53
50
Therefore, the first-order elastic analysis is not applicable, and the second-order compression flange
lateral bending stresses are calculated below.

0.85
fl = f l1 f l1 Eq. (6.10.1.6-4)
1 f bm
Fcr

To calculate the amplification factor (the term in bracket in Eq. 6.10.1.6-4), the elastic lateral torsional
buckling stress, Fcr, must be determined, which can be calculated from Appendix A or Section 6.10.8. As
discussed above, Appendix A is applicable if the flange nominal yield strength is less than or equal to 70
ksi and the web is classified as either compact or non-compact. The following calculations demonstate
that Appendix A is applicable.
Fyf = 50 ksi 70 ksi (satisfied)
2 Dc E
< 5.7
tw Fyc
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Dc = 26.01 0.75 = 25.26 in.

2(25.26) 29,000
< 5.7 = 115.47 < 137.27 (satisfied)
(0.4375) 50
Since Appendix A is applicable, the elastic lateral torsional buckling stress is determined from Article
A6.3.3.
Cb 2 E J
( Lb rt )
2
Fcr = 1 + 0.0779 Eq. (A6.3.3-8)
( Lb rt )
2
S xc h
With the exception of the variable J, the variables in Eq. A6.3.3-8 have been previously computed above.
1 t fc t ft
3 b fc bbt

1
3
( 3 3 3
)
J = ( 42 )( 0.4375 ) + (14 )( 0.75 ) ( 0.966 ) + (16 )(1.25 ) ( 0.95 ) = 12.97in.
Therefore,
(1.02 ) 2 ( 29,000 ) 13.56
( 240/3.477 ) = 66.77 ksi
2
Fcr = 1 + 0.0779
( 240/3.477 )
2
( 610.0 )( )
44.0
The amplification factor for Strength I is then equal to 1.248.
0.85
AF = = 1.248 > 1.0 = 1.248
21.28
1
66.74
Similarly, the amplification factor for Strength IV is equal to 1.377.
0.85
AF = = 1.377 > 1.0 = 1.377
25.53
1
66.74
Since the construction load magnitudes are the same for both the positive and negative bending regions,
the previously computed lateral forces on the flanges due to the vertical load on the overhang brackets is
applicable; however, the lateral moment is not the same due to the different lateral bracing distance.
Strength I:
Dead loads:
F = Fl = 673.8 lbs/ft.
Fl Lb 2 (0.6738)(20) 2
Ml = = = 22.46 k-ft
12 12
Ml 22.46(12)
Sl 0.75(14) 2 / 6
Ml 22.46(12)
Sl 1.25(16) 2 / 6
Live loads:
F = Pl = 4,500 lbs.
Pl Lb (4.5)(20)
Ml = = = 11.25k-ft
8 8
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Ml 11.25(12)
Sl 0.75(14) 2 / 6
M 11.25(12)
Bot. flange: fl = l = = 2.53 ksi
Sl 1.25(14) 2 / 6
Total (w/ Amplification):
Top: fl = 11.00 + 5.51 = 16.51(1.248) = 20.60 ksi
Bot.: fl = 5.05 + 5.51 = 10.56(1.00) = 10.56 ksi
Strength IV:
Dead loads:
F = Fl = 726.0 lbs/ft.
F L 2 (0.7260)(20) 2
Ml = l b = = 24.20 k-ft
12 12
Top flange: M 24.20(12)
fl = l = = 11.85 ksi
Sl 0.75(14) 2 / 6
Bot. flange: M 24.20(12)
fl = l = = 5.45 ksi
Sl 1.25(16) 2 / 6
Finishing Machine:
Not applicable
Total (w/ Amplification):
Top: fl = 11.85(1.377) = 16.32 ksi
Bot.: fl = 5.45(1.00) = 5.45 ksi
Article 6.10.1.6 requires that the lateral bending stresses not exceed 60% of the nominal yield stress of the
flange under consideration. Comparing the lateral stresses at the Strength I and Strength IV, computed
above, it is shown that the lateral stresses at both limit states satisfy this requirement although the stresses
are highest for the Strength I load combination.
fl top = 20.60 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30 ksi
fl bottom =10.56 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30 ksi
8.3.1.3 Flexure (Article 6.10.3.2
Compression Flange
For discretely braced compression flanges, three requirements must be satisfied during construction.
These are related to prevention of yielding, provision for adequate the flexural resistance, and controlling
web bend buckling.
Flange nominal yielding:
The total (vertical and lateral) stress in the compression flange is limited to the product of the nominal
yield strength of the flange, the hybrid girder factor, and the flexural resistance factor by:
fbu + f l f Rh Fyc Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-1)
25.63 + 1.36 (1.0)(1.0)(50) = 26.99 ksi 50 ksi (satisfied)
Flexural Resistance:
The flexural resistance of the section must be evaluated using Eq. 6.10.3.2.1-2, which requires the
calculation of the nominal flexural resistance of the flange while in the noncomposite state.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
1
fbu + f l f Fnc Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2)
3
Article 6.10.3.2 states the nominal flexural resistance of the flange can be determined from computing Fnc
in Article 6.10.8.2 or computing the lateral torsional buckling resistance, Mnc, from Article A6.3.3 divided
by the compression flange section modulus. Since it was demonstrated in the previous section that the
section satisfies the requirements for Appendix A applicability, the lateral torsional buckling resistance
from Article A6.3.3 is now calculated.
Computation of the lateral torsional buckling resistance begins with determining the web plastification
factors. As previously stated, if the section satisfies Eq. A6.2.1-1 the web is considered compact, and the
web plastification factors are determined by dividing the plastic moment by the yield moment.
2 Dcp
< pw( DCP ) Eq. (A6.2.1-1)
tw
The depth of web in compression of the non-composite section at the plastic moment is determined from
the equations in Appendix D. First the girder component forces are determined.
Pc = (14)(0.75)(50) = 525 kips
Pt = (16)(1.25)(50) = 1,000 kips
Pw = (42)(0.4375)(50) = 918.8 kips
Pc + Pw = 525 +918.8 kips = 1,443.8 Pt = 1,000 kips
Plastic neutral axis is in the web.
The neutral axis location is then determined as follows.
D P Pt
y = c + 1
2 Pw
42 525 1,000
y = + 1 = 10.14 in.
2 918.8
The plastic neutral axis is located 10.14 inches above the top of the bottom flange. It is also convenient to
compute the plastic moment capacity of the non-composite girder at this point.
Pw 2
( )
y + D y + Pc d c + Pd
2
Mp =
2 D t t
918.8
Mp = (10.14) 2 + (42 10.14) 2 + (1,000)(10.14 + 1.25 2) + (525)(42 10.14 + 0.75 2)
2(42)
Mp = 39,916 k-in. = 3,326 k-ft.
Subtracting y from the total web depth gives Dcp.
Dcp = 42.0 10.14 = 31.86 in.
pw ( D cp ) is then computed.
E
Fyc
pw( D CP )
= 2
Eq. (A6.2.1-2)
Mp
0.54
R M 0.1

h y
29,000
pw( D = 50 = 66.43
CP ) 2
39,916
0.54 0.1
(1.0)(50)(614.0)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Eq. A6.2.1-1 is then evaluated where it is determined that the requirements for a compact flange are not
satisfied.
2 Dcp2(31.86)
= = 145.65 > pw( DCP ) (not satisfied)
tw 0.4375
The non-compact flange requirements, which are expressed by Eq. A6.2.2-1, are next evaluated.
2 Dc E
w = < rw = 5.7 Eq. (A6.2.2-1)
tw Fyc
w = 115.47 < rw = 137.27 (satisfied)
Therefore, the web plastification factors are governed by equations A6.2.2-4 and A6.2.2-5:
Rh M yc w pw( DC ) M p M p
R pc = 1 1 Eq. (A6.2.2-4)
Mp rw pw( DC )
M yc M yc

D
where: pw( DC ) = pw( DCP ) c Eq. (A6.2.2-6)
D
cp
25.26
pw( DC ) = 66.43 = 52.67
31.86
Thus,
(1.0)(614)(50) 115.47 52.67 39,916 39,916
R pc = 1 1
39,916 137.27 52.67 (614)(50) (614)(50)
Rpc = 1.077 1.3 =1.077
Rh M yt w pw ( D ) M p M p
R pc = 1 1 C
Eq. (A6.2.2-5)
M M yt M yt
p rw pw ( DC )

(1.0)(888)(50) 115.47 52.67 39,916 39,916
R pt = 1 1
39,916 137.27 52.67 (888)(50) (888)(50)
Rpt = 0.974 0.899 =0.899
The series of equations that govern the lateral torsional buckling resistance is based on the classification
of the lateral brace spacing, where compact lateral bracing distances are classified by the following
equation.
Lb Lp
Lb = (20.0)(12) = 240in. > L p = rt E = 83.74in. (not satisfied)
Fyc
Therefore, the lateral brace spacing is not classified as compact and the non-compact lateral bracing
classification is evaluated as follows.
Lb Lr
2
E J Fyr S xc h
Lb = 240 Lr = 1.95rt 1 + 1.6.76 Eq. (A6.3.3-5)
Fyr S xc h EJ
where: S
Fyr min 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt xt , Fyw
=
S xc
887.7
Fyr = min 0.7(50),(1.0)(50) ,50 = min ( 35,72.3,50 ) = 35.0 ksi
614.0
J = 13.56 in.3
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
H = 43.0 in.
2
35(614)(43.0)
Lr = 1.95(3.477) 29,000 13.56
1 + 1.6.76 = 341.4in.
35 (614)(43.0) (29,000)(13.56)
Lb = 240 Lr = 341.4 (satisfied)
Because the lateral bracing distance is non-compact, the lateral torsional buckling resistance is controlled
by Eq. A6.3.3-2 of the specifications.
Fyr S xc Lb - Lp
M nc = Cb 1- 1- R pc M yc R pc M yc Eq. (A6.3.3-2)
Lr - L p
R pc M yc
(35)(614) 240 - 83.74
M nc = (1.02) 1- 1- (1.077)(50)(614) (1.077)(50)(614)
(1.077)(50)(614) 341.4 - 83.74
Mnc = 26,566 33,064 = 26,566 k-in. = 2,214 k-ft.
The lateral torsional buckling capacity is then expressed in terms of allowable stress by dividing the
above moment capacity by the section modulus.
2, 214(12)
Fnc = = 43.27 ksi
614
Equation 6.10.3.2.1-2 can now be evaluated.
1
fbu + fl f Fnc Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2)
3
1
25.53 + (16.32) (1.0)(43.27) = 30.97 ksi 43.27 ksi (satisfied)
3
Web Bend-Buckling Resistance:
The section must satisfy Eq. 6.10.3.2.1-3 of the specifications to ensure the section has adequate web
bend buckling resistance during construction.
fbu = f Fcrw Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-3)
0.9 Ek
where: Fcrw = 2
Rn Fyc Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-1)
D
t
w
9
k= Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-2)
( DcD)
2
The depth of web in compression was previously calculated to be 25.26 in.

9
k= = 24.88
( 25.26 42.0 )
2
0.9(29,000)(24.88)
Fcrw = = 70.46 ksi > Rn Fyc
( )
2
42
0.4375
Fcrw = 50 ksi
fbu = 25.53 ksi f Fcrw = (1.0 )( 50.0 ) = 50.0 ksi (satisfied)
Tension Flange
The section must satisfy the tension flange nominal yielding check under the construction loading.
Tension Flange Nominal Yielding:
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Fbu + fl RhFyt Eq. (6.10.3.2.2-1)

21.28 + 20.60 (1.0)(1.0)(50)
41.88 50.0 ksi (satisfied)
8.3.1.4 Shear (Article 6.10.3.3)
As previously stated, since the design does not require any transverse stiffeners, the shear check under the
construction loading is automatically satisfied.
8.3.2 Service Limit State (Article 6.10.4)
Serviceability requirements of steel I-girder provisions are specified in Article 6.10.4. The evaluation of
the positive bending region based on these requirements follows.
8.3.2.1 Elastic Deformations (Article 6.10.4.1)
Since the design bridge is not designed to permit pedestrian traffic, the live load deflection will be limited
to L/800. It is shown below that the maximum deflection along the span length using the service loads
and a line girder approach is less than the L/800 limit. It is noted, however, that satisfying this
requirement is optional.
= 0.610 in. < L/800 = ( 90 x 12 ) / 800 = 1.35 in.
8.3.2.2 Permanent Deformations (Article 6.10.4.2)
The positive bending section must be evaluated for permanent deformations, which are governed by Eq.
6.10.4.2.2-1.
f f 0.95Rh Fyf Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-1)
M DC1 M DC 2 + M DW 1.3M LL + IM
where: f f = + +
S nc Slt S st
It is noted that the moment values in the above equation represent the moments resulting from elastic
analysis since it has previously been determined that moment redistribution is not applicable at the service
limit state.
The stress in the compression flange is shown below to equal 19.56 ksi, which satisfies the requirements
of Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-1.
(738)(12) (147 + 120)(12) 1.3(2,160)(12)
ff = + + = 19.56 ksi
614 2,509 8,726
ff = 19.56 ksi 0.95RhFyf = 0.95(1.0)(50) = 47.5 ksi (satisfied)
Similarly, the stress in the tension flange is computed to equal 39.91 ksi, also satisfying Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-1.
(738)(12) (147 + 120)(12) 1.3(2,160)(12)
ff = + + = 39.91ksi
887.7 1,152 1, 241
ff = 39.91 ksi 0.95RhFyf = 0.95(1.0)(50) = 47.5 ksi (satisfied)
Thus, all service requirements are satisfied.
8.3.3 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State (Article 6.10.5)
8.3.3.1 Load Induced Fatigue (Article 6.6.1.2)
The fatigue calculation procedures in the positive bending region are similar to those previously presented
for the negative bending region. In this section the fatigue requirements are evaluated for a bolted
connection plate, connecting to the girder flanges for the cross frame located 40 feet from the abutment.
This connection type was selected over a typical welded detail due to the higher fatigue category
classification of the bolted connection, and the difficulty of satisfying fatigue requirements with a welded
connection detail. Specifically, a considerably larger section would be required to satisfy the fatigue
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
requirements if a fatigue category C detail was to be used. Specifically, the bolted connection is
classified as fatigue category B (see Table 6.6.1.2.3-1), which corresponds to a constant-amplitude fatigue
threshold of 16 ksi, compared to a constant-amplitude fatigue threshold of 12 ksi for a C detail.
The allowable stress range is computed using Eq. 6.6.1.2.5-1.
1
( F )n = ( F )TH
A 3 1
Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-1)
N 2
where: N = (365)(75)N(ADTT)SL Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-2)
7
= (365)(75)(1.5)(1600) = 6.57 x 10
n = number of stress range cycles per truck passage taken
from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2 =1.5
(ADTT)SL = single-lane ADTT as specified in Article 3.6.1.4 =
1600
A = constant from Table 6.6.1.2.5-1 = 120 x 108
(F)TH = constant-amplitude fatigue threshold taken from Table
6.6.1.2.5-3 = 16.0 ksi
1
120 108 3 1
( )n
F = 7
= 5.67 (16.0 ) = 8.00 ksi
6.57 10 2
The stress range at the bottom of top flange is computed to be 0.80 ksi.
(528)(12)(4.73) (143)(12)(4.73)
( f ) =
47,818 47,818
( f ) ( F )n Eq. (6.6.1.2.2-1)
( f ) = 0.80 ksi ( F )n = 8.00 ksi (satisfied)
The stress range at the top of the bottom flange is computed to equal 6.28 ksi.
(528)(12)(37.27) ( 143)(12)(37.28)
( f ) =
47,818 47,818
( f ) = 6.28ksi ( F )n = 8.00 ksi (satisfied)
8.3.3.2 Special Fatigue Requirement for Webs (Article 6.10.5.3)

The following shear requirement must be satisfied at the fatigue limit state.
V vVcr Eq. (6.10.5.3-1)
However this is an unstiffened web. Therefore, this limit is not explicitly evaluated.
8.3.4 Strength Limit State (Article 6.10.6)
8.3.4.1 Flexure (Article 6.10.6.2)
For compact sections in positive bending Equation 6.10.7.1.1-1 must be satisfied sections at the strength
limit state.
1
M u + fl S xt f M n Eq. (6.10.7.1.1-1)
3
However, the lateral bending stresses are neglible for the straight, composite girder considered herein.
The following requirements must be satisfied for a section to qualify as compact:
Fy = 50 ksi 70 ksi (satisfied)
D 42.0
= = 96.0 150 (satisfied)
tw 0.4375
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
2 Dcp 2 ( 0)
= = 0 3.76 E (satisfied)
tw 0.4375 Fyc
Therefore, the section is compact, and the nominal flexural resistance is based on Article 6.10.7.1.2.
Additionally, the following requirement must be evaluated.
Dp 0.1Dt
The depth of web in compression at the plastic moment was determined.
Dp = 7.69 in.
Dt = total depth of the composite section
Dt = 8 + 2 + 42 + 1.25 = 53.25 in.
Dp = 7.69 > 0.1Dt = 0.1(53.25) =5.33 (not satisfied)
Therefore, the nominal flexural capacity is determined from.
Dp
M n = M p 1.07 0.7 Eq. (6.10.7.1.2-2)
Dt
7.69
M n = 6,398 1.07 0.7 = 6,199 k-ft.
53.25
From elastic analysis procedures, the maximum positive moment under the Strength I load combination is
4,192 k-ft., which is at a distance of 36 feet from the left support. The redistribution moment must then be
added to this moment to determine the total applied moment. The redistribution moment varies linearly
from zero at the end-supports to a maximum at the interior pier of 936 k-ft. Thus, the redistribution
moment at 36' from the pier is simply computed as follows.
Mrd= 36/90*(936) = 0.4(936) = 374 k-ft.
The total design moment is then the sum of the redistribution moment and the elastic moment.
Mu = 4,192 + 374 = 4,566 k-ft.
The bending strength of the positive bending region is then shown to be sufficient.
Mu f Mn
4,566 k-ft. (1.0)(6,199) = 6,199 k-ft. (satisfied)
8.3.4.2 Ductility Requirements (6.10.7.3)
Sections in positive bending are also required to satisfy Eq. 6.10.7.3-1 , which is a ductility requirement
intended to prevent crushing of the concrete slab.
Dp 0.42Dt Eq. (6.10.7.3-1)
Dp = 7.69 in. 042(53.25) = 22.37 in. (satisfied)
8.3.4.3 Shear (6.10.6.3)
The shear requirements at the strength limit state are expressed by:
Vu vVn Eq. (6.10.9.1-1)
where: Vn = Vcr = CVp Eq. (6.10.9.2-1)
Vp = plastic shear force (kip)
Vp = 0.58FywDtw Eq. (6.10.9.2-2)
C = ratio of the shear buckling resistance to the shear
yield strength determined from Article 6.10.9.3.2
The computation of C is based on the web slenderness classification. Thus, the web slenderness is first
evaluated in terms of the following equation.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
D Ek
1.12
tw Fyw
D 42.0
= = 96.0 > 1.12 Ek = 1.12 (29,000)(5) = 60.31 (not satisfied)
tw 0.4375 Fyw 50
The web slenderness is next evaluated in terms of the following equation.
Ek D Ek
1.12 < = 96.0 1.40
Fyw tw Fyw
Ek D Ek
1.12 = 60.31 < = 96.0 > 1.40 = 75.4 (not satisfied)
Fyw tw Fyw
Lastly, the web slenderness is evaluated as follows.
D Ek
= 96.0 > 1.40 = 75.4 (satisfied)
tw Fyw
Thus, C is calculated according to Eq. 6.10.9.3.2-6.
1.57 Ek 1.57
C= 2 = (2,900) = 0.494 Eq. (6.10.9.3.2-6)

D Fyw (96.0)
2
t
w
Therefore, the shear capacity is equal to:
Vcr = CVp =(0.494)(0.58)(50)(42)((0.4375) = 263.2 kips
Thus, the shear requirements at the strength limit state (and consequently all other limit states as
previously discussed) are satisfied.
V = 257 kips vVcr = (1.0)(263.2) = 263.2 kips (satisfied)
8.4 Cross-frame Design
The cross-frames alone provide restoring forces during construction to enable the girders to deflect
equally. Once the system acts compositely, the concrete slab also contributes to providing restoring forces
and continuously braces the top flanges at the girder. Therefore, the engineer may opt to provide
temporary cross-frames that are only required during the construction phase. However, it is assumed in
this design example that all cross frames are permanent. Although several styles of cross-frames may be
used (refer to Chapter 8 for a more complete discussion), a typical K-shaped cross-frame (as shown in
Figure. 17) is used for this example. The design of the intermediate and end cross-frames is demonstrated
in the sections that follow.
8.4.1 Intermediate Cross-frame Design
This section describes the design process for an
intermediate cross-frame. The cross-frames are most
critical while the system is in the noncomposite stage
under wind loading. The wind load per unit length on
the bottom flange is given by Article 4.6.2.7.
PD d (0.050)( 44.25 12)
w= = = 0.092 k/ft.
2 2
8.4.1.1 Bottom Strut
The bottom strut is in compression under the wind
loading; therefore, the limiting slenderness ratio for
Figure 17: Intermediate Cross Frame
bracing members in compression must be satisfied as
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
specified in Article 6.9.3. For bracing members, the slenderness ratio is limited to 140, which is
applicable for the major as well as the minor axes.
The unbraced length of the bottom strut is assumed to be 4'-9" about the minor principle axis, and 9'-6"
about the major principle axis. Article 4.6.2.5 states that the effective-length factor K for trusses and
frames, with bolted or welded connections at both ends, may be taken as 0.750. Therefore:
0.75(4.75)(12) 0.75(9.5)(12)
( rz )min =
140
= 0.305in. ( ry ) =
min 140
= 0.611in.
The cross-frames will be composed of single-angle members, and the angle capacity will be determined
from the AISC LRFD Specifications for Design of Single-Angle Members from the Third Edition of the
AISC LRFD Manual of Steel Construction. Based on the required slenderness values and the minimum
structural steel thickness of 5/16" specified in Article 6.7.3, an L4 x 4 x 5/16 member will be selected. The
required section properties are calculated below and depicted in Figure 18. In these computations it is
assumed that the connection plate is -inch thick.
A = 2.40 in.2
rz = 0.781 in.
Iz = Arz2 = (2.40)(0.781)2 = 1.46 in.4
Iw = Ix + Iy Iz = 3.67 + 3.67 1.46 = 5.88 in.4
Iw 5.88
rw = = = 1.57in.
A 2.40
rx = ry = 1.24 in.
The horizontal wind force applied to the brace point
can be calculated in the following manner, where Lb is
taken as the maximum cross frame spacing and the
wind load per unit length (w) is 0.092 k/ft. as
previously determined:
Figure 18: Single Angle for Intermediate
Pw = wLb = (0.092)(20.0) = 1.84 kips
Cross frame
The bottom struts in the exterior bays of the system
must carry the entire wind force Pw; therefore, all of the bottom struts will be conservatively designed to
satisfy the requirements of the exterior bay struts.
The Strength III load combination controls the lateral bracing design due to having the largest load factor
for wind, which is specified to be 1.40. The following calculation determines the factored axial wind
force in the bottom strut, including the factor.
Pu = 1.00(1.40)(1.84) = 2.58 kips
Connected through one leg only, the strut is eccentrically loaded. The member then experiences both
flexure and axial compression; therefore the design must satisfy the interaction equation given in Section
16.3 of the LRFD Manual of Steel Construction.
Axial Compression:
The axial compressive resistance of the selected angle is calculated from the following equation from the
AISC SAM Section 4:
Pr = cPn
where: c = resistance factor for axial compression
= 0.90
Pn = AgFcr
Ag = gross area of the member
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Fcr = critical buckling stress

The critical buckling stress based on buckling about the minor principle axis (Z-Z) is determined as
follows.
( 2
Fcr = Q 0.658Qc Fy ) if c Q 1.5
Kl Fy (0.75)(4.75)(12) 50
c = = = 0.723
r E (0.781) 29,000
The appropriate equation to be used for the calculation of Q is selected based on the b/t ratio of the angle.
The aspect ratio is first evaluated in terms of the following equation.
b E
0.446 = 10.7
t Fy
b 4.0
= = 12.80 > 10.70 (not satisfied)
t 0.3125
Since the above equation is not satisfied, the following equation is evaluated.
b E
0.910 = 21.9
t Fy
b
= 12.80 < 21.9 (satisfied)
t
Therefore, the reduction factor for local buckling Q is calculated from the equation below.
b Fy 4.0 50
Q = 1.34 0.761 = 1.34 0.761 = 0.936 Eq. (4-3b)
t E 0.3125 29,000
c Q = 0.723 0.936 = 0.699 1.5 (satisfied)
Therefore, Fcr is equal to the following.
( 2
) ( 2
)
Fcr = Q 0.658Qc Fy = (0.936) 0.658(0.936)(0.723) (50) = 38.13ksi Eq. (4-1)
The critical buckling stress based on buckling about the geometric axis(Y-Y) is computed as:
Kl Fy (0.75)(9.5)(12) 50
c = = = 0.911
r E (1.240) 29,000
Q = 0.936 (same as above)
c Q = 0.911 0.936 = 0.881 1.5 (satisfied)
Therefore, Fcr is again computed using Eq. 4-1.
( 2
)
Fcr = (0.936) 0.658(0.936)(0.911) (50) = 33.81ksi (governs)
Thus, the lower critical stress occurs for buckling about the geometric axis. Consequently, Pn and Pr are
computed as follows.
Pn = (2.40)(33.81) = 81.14 ksi
Pr = 0.90(81.14) = 73.03 ksi
Therefore, the compressive capacity of the bottom strut is shown to well exceed the required capacity.
Pu = 2.58 kips < 73.03 ksi(satisfied)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Flexure: Major-Axis Bending(W-W)

The major-axis (W-W) bending capacity of the angle is based on either the local buckling (Section 5.1.1)
or the lateral-torsional buckling (Section 5.1.3) resistance.
Local Buckling:
The local buckling limit state must be checked when the tip of the angle is in compression. The applicable
equation for calculation of the local buckling capacity is determined based on the b/t ratio of the bracing
member. The b/t ratio is first evaluated in terms of the following equation.
b E
0.54 = 13.0
t Fy
b 4.0
= = 12.8 < 13.0 (satisfied)
t 0.3125
Therefore, the moment resistance is computed according to Eq. 5.1a.
Mnw = 1.5FySc Eq. (5.1a)
Mnw = 1.5(50)(5.88/2.83) = 155.8 k-in.
The applied moment about the major axis is computed using the following procedure.
Muw = B1wMw = B1wPuew
Cm
where: B1w = 1.0 Eq. (6-2)
Pu
1
Pe1w
Cm = 0.6 - 0.4( M 1 / M 2 ) Eq. (C1-3)
The Cm factor accounts for the moment gradient, and is to be taken as 1.0 for equal end moments.
Cm = 1.0
(0.75)(4.75)(12) 50
cw = = 0.360
(1.57) 29,000
Ag Fy (2.4)(50)
Pe1w = = = 925.9 kips
cw 2 (0.36) 2
1.0
B1w = 1.0
1 2.58
925.9
Pu has previously been calculated as 2.58 kips and ew was shown in Figure 17 to be 1.77 inches Thus, Muw
is equal to 4.57 as shown below.
Muw = (1.00)(2.58)(1.77) = 4.57 k-in
Thus, compared to the local buckling resistance of 155.8 k-in., the applied moment is satisfactory.
Muw = 4.57 k-in < Mnw = 155.8 k-in. (satisfied)
Lateral-Torsional Buckling:
The elastic lateral-torsional buckling capacity Mob is determined from Eq. 5-5 of Section 5.3.1 of the
AISC SAM.
0.46 Eb 2t 2
M ob = Cb Eq. (5-5)
l
where: Cb = 1.0 for members (as considered here) with uniform moment throughout their
unbraced length according to the commentary of AISC SAM Section 5.1.3.
0.46(29,000) ( 4.0 ) ( 0.3125 )
2 2
M ob = 1.0 = 182.8k-ft.
(9.5)(12)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The yield moment for the major principal axis bending is determined below:
I 5.88
M y = Fy S w = Fy w = 50 = 103.9 k-ft.
cw 2.83
Therefore, Mob > My and the lateral torsional buckling capacity is thus computed according to Eq. 5-3b.
M nw = 1.92 1.17 M y M ob M y 1.5M y Eq. (5-3b)
M nw = 1.92 1.17 (103.9 ) / (182.8 ) (103.9 ) 1.5 (103.9 )

M nw = 107.8 155.9 = 107.8k-in.
Thus, the lateral torsional buckling capacity about the major axis is sufficient to resist the applied moment
of 4.57 k-in.
M nw = 107.8 k-in. > M uw = 4.57 k-in. (satisfied)
Flexure: Minor-Axis Bending(Z-Z):
The flexural capacity about the minor axis of a member where the corner of the angle is in compression
(which causes the tip of the angle leg to be in tension) is calculated using Eq. 5-2.
I 1.46
M nz = 1.50M y = 1.50 Fy z = 1.50(50) = 69.7 k-ft. Eq. (5-2)
cz 1.57
The applied moment about the minor axis is computed using the following equation.
Muz = B1zMz = B1zPuez
Cm
where: B1z = 1.0
P
1 u
Pe1z
Cm = 1.0
(0.75)(4.75)(12) 50
cz = = 0.723
(0.781) 29,000
Ag Fy (2.4)(50)
Pe1w = = = 229.6 kips
cw 2 (0.723) 2
1.0
B1w = 1.0
1 2.58
229.6
Therefore: Muz = B1zMz = B1zPuez = (1.01)(2.58)(0.51) = 1.33 k-in.
Thus, the flexural capacity about the minor axis is sufficient.
Muz = 1.33 k-in. < Mnz = 69.7 k-in.(satisfied)
Flexure and Axial Compression:
The interaction between flexure and axial compression must also be checked according to Section 6.1.1 of
AISC SAM. This evaluation begins with determining the ratio between the applied axial load and the
axial capacity.
Pu 2.58
= = 0.04 < 0.2
Pn 73.03
Because the ratio between the applied axial force and the axial capacity is less than 0.2, Eq. 6-1b must be
satisfied.
Pu M uw M uz
+ + 1.0 Eq. (6-1b)
2 Pn b M nw b M nZ
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
According to AASHTO Article 6.5.4.2, b and c are to be taken equal to 1.0 and 0.9 respectively. Thus,
it is demonstrated that Eq. 6-1b is satisified.
2.58 4.57 1.33
+ + = 0.081 1.0 (satisfied)
2 ( 0.9 ) (73.03) 1.00(107.8) 1.00(69.7)
8.4.1.2 Diagonals
The diagonals carry a compressive force that is the result of wind loads and reactions from the loads
carried in the top strut. It is assumed that each bay carries a portion of Pw, and the two diagonals carry
equal loads. From statics the following equation can be derived to determine the axial force in the
diagonals.
( Pw )diag . = a 2 + b 2 w
P
2na
where a = one-half the transverse girder spacing
b = vertical distance between working points for the diagonals
Pw = total applied wind-load force
n = number of bays
(10.0 ) (12)
2
1.84
( Pw )diag . = + (30)
2
= 0.34 kips
2 2(3) (10.0(12) 2 )
The axial force in each diagonal due to the wind loading under the Strength III load combination is as
follows:
Pu = 1.00(1.40)(0.34) = 0.48 kips
The unbraced length of the diagonal in compression, taken as the distance between the working points, is
calculated below:
2
10.0(12)
l= + (30.0) = 67.08in.
2
2
A similar analysis was conducted for the diagonals as was conducted for the bottom strut, and the L 4 x 4
x 5/16" member was determined to be adequate for the design wind loading.
8.4.2 End Cross-frame Design
The lateral wind forces are transmitted from the deck to the substructure by the end cross-frames. The
following section describes the design of end
cross-frames (see Figure 19)
8.4.2.1 Top Strut
The top strut of the end cross-frames carries the
compressive forces that are a result of the wind
load on the structure and vehicles, dead load of
the slab, including the haunch, and the wheel
loads, including the dynamic load allowance. The
total wind pressure PD, calculated previously, is
0.050 ksf. The total height of the structure is as
follows:
Barrier 42.00 in.
Deck 8.50 in.
Haunch 2.00 in.
Figure 19: End Cross Frame Girder - top flange 43.25 in.
95.75 in. = 7.98'.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The wind load per unit length on the structure is computed as follows:
ws = (7.98)(0.050) = 0.40 kips/ft
From Article 3.8.1.3, the wind load per unit length acting normal to the vehicles at a distance of 6.0 feet
above the roadway is:
wL = 0.10 kips/ft
The wind loads on the end cross-frames is assumed to be half of the total wind load and is computed
below.
90.0
PWL = 0.40 = 18.0 kips
2
90.0
PWL = 0.10 = 4.5kips
2
Each bay is assumed to carry an equal portion of the wind load; therefore, the axial force in the top strut is
calculated as follows:
(PWS)top strut = 18.00/3 = 6.00 kips
(PWL)top strut = 4.50/3 = 1.50 kips
The dead load from the slab, concrete haunch, and steel girder acting on the top strut is computed below:
Slab = 8.50 (14.00 + 12.00 + 7.50)(1/144)(0.150) = 0.30
Concrete haunch = 7.50 (14.00 + 12.00 + 7.50/2)(1/144)(0.150) = 0.23
Steel Girder = 0.03
= 0.56 k/ft.
As specified in Article 3.6.1.2.4, the design lane is a 0.64 kips/ft. load distributed over a 10.0 foot width.
0.64 7.50
wLL = 14.0 + 12.0 + = 0.16 kips/ft
10.0(12) 2
The design truck wheel load plus the dynamic load allowance is discussed in Article 3.6.1.2.2 and is as
follows.
32.0
PLL = (1.33) = 21.28kips
2
Figure 20 illustrates the position of the above
computed live loads that produce the
maximum moment and shear in the strut. The
maximum moments and reactions in the top
strut are then as follows.
MDC = 1.75 k-ft
MLL+IM = 18.30 k-ft
RDC = 3.50 kips
RLL+IM = 25.1 kips
The Strength I load combination governs the
design of the top strut of the end cross-frame
Figure 20: Live Load on Top Strut design. Thus, the controlling moments and
shears are computed as follows.
Strength I:
Mu = 1.00[1.25(1.75) + 1.75(18.30)] =34.21 k-ft
3.5 25.1
Vu = 1.0 1.25 + 1.75 = 24.15kips
2 2
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
To choose a preliminary member for the top strut, the required section modulus assuming the moment
capacity of the member is Mp is computed.
M r = f M n = f M p = f Fy Z
34.2(12)
Z= = 8.21in.
1.0(50)
In addition to meeting the flexural requirements, the minimum material thickness requirements must also
be considered when selecting the member. Therefore, a W10 x 19 is selected as a trial member.
To determine the flexural capacity of the W10x19 section, the applicability of Appendix A is first
evaluated.
Fy = 50 ksi 70 ksi
2 Dc 2(9.41/ 2)
= = 37.64 5.7 E = 137.3 Eq. (A6.1-1)
tw 0.25 Fyc
Therefore, Appendix A is applicable. The web slenderness is then evaluated based on Eq. A6.2.1-1.
2 Dcp
pw( DCP ) Eq. (A6.2.1-1)
tw
E
Fyc
pw( D CP )
= 2
Eq. (A6.2.1-2)
Mp
0.54
R M 0.1

h y
29,000
pw( D = 50 = 88.92
CP ) 2
(21.6)(50)
0.54 0.1
(1.0)(18.8)(50)
2 Dc 2(9.41/ 2)
= = 37.64 88.92 (satisfied)
tw 0.25
Therefore, the web is compact and the web plastification factors are thus computed as follows.
M p (21.6)(50)
R pc = = = 1.149 Eq. (A6.2.1-3)
M yc (18.8)(50)
Mp
(21.6)(50)
R pt = = = 1.149 Eq. (A6.2.1-4)
M yt (18.8)(50)
The flange slenderness must also be evaluated. The following calculations show that the compression
flange is compact.
pf = 0.38 E F = 9.15
yc
b fc 4.02
f = = = 5.09 9.15 (satisfied)
2t fc 2(0.395)
Therefore, the flexural capacity of the section based on local buckling is equal to the product of the web
plastification factor and the yield moment, as specified in Eq. A6.3.2-1.
M nc ( FLB ) = R pc M yc = 1.149(50)(18.8) /12 = 90.0 k-ft.
The flexural capacity based on lateral torsional buckling must also be investigated. Alternative equations
are used to compute the lateral torsional buckling capacity based on the lateral bracing distance
classification. The lateral bracing distance classifications are based on the value of rt.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
b fc 4.02
rt = = = 1.039in. Eq. (A6.3.3-10)
1 D t 1 (9.41/ 2)(0.25)
12 1 + c w 12
3 b fc t fc 3 (4.02)(0.395)

The lateral bracing distance is classified as compact if Eq. A6.3.3-4 is satisfied.
L p = rt E = 25.03in. Eq. (A6.3.3-4)

Fyc
Lb = (5.0)(12) = 60 in. > 25.03 in. (not satisified)
Therefore, the lateral bracing distance is next evaluated compared to the non-compact lateral bracing
limit.
2
E J Fyr S xc h
Lb = 60 Lr = 1.95rt 1 + 1 + 6.76 Eq. (A6.3.3-5)
Fyr S xc h EJ
S
where: Fyr = min 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt xt , Fyw
S xc
18.8
Fyr = min 0.7(50),(1.0)(50) ,50 = min ( 35,50,50 ) = 35.0 ksi
18.8
1 t fc t ft
3 b fc bbt

1
J = ( (9.41)(0.25)3 + 2(4.02)(.395)3 ( .938 ) ) = 0.204in.3
3
h = 9.81in.
2
29,000 0.204 35 (18.8)(9.81)
Lr = 1.95(1.039) 1 + 1 + 6.76 = 110in.
35 (18.8)(9.81) 29,000 0.204
Lb = 60in. < Lr = 110in.
Therefore, the lateral torsional buckling resistance is controlled by equation A6.3.3-2 of the
specifications.
Fyr S xc Lb - Lp
M nc = Cb 1- 1- R pc M yc R pc M yc
R pc M yc
Lr - L p
R pc M yc = (1.149)(50)(18.8) = 1,080 k-ft.
(35)(18.8) 60 25.03
M nc = 1 = 911.7 k-ft.
(1.149)(50)(18.8) 112.7 25.03
M nc ( LTB ) = 911.7 k-in. = 75.9 k-ft.
Comparing the flange local buckling and lateral torsional buckling capacities, it is determined that the
lateral torsional buckling capacity controls the design of the top strut.
Mnc = min(90.0, 75.9)
fMnc = (1.0)(75.9) = 75.9 k-ft.
Thus, the moment capacity is sufficient.
fMnc = 75.9 k-ft. > Mu = 34.21 k-ft.(satisfied)
In addition to the flexural capacity, the shear capacity must be evaluated to ensure the member is
acceptable. The shear capacity of the member is computed below:
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Vn = Vcr = CV p Eq. (6.10.9.2-1)

where: V p = 0.58Fyw Dtw = 0.58(50)(9.41)(0.25) = 68.22 kips Eq. (6.10.9.2-2)
The formula used to compute C varies depending on the web slenderness as shown below.
Ek (29,000)(5.0)
1.12 = 1.12 = 60.31
Fyw 50
D 9.41
= = 37.64 < 60.31
tw 0.25
Therefore, C = 1.0
vVn = (1.0)(68.22) = 68.22 kips Vu = 24.15kips (satisfied)
Thus, the shear requirements are satisfied.
The member must also be evaluated for combined axial compression and flexure, for which the Strength
III and Strength V load combinations are most likely to govern.
Strength III:
Pu = 1.00[1.25(0.00) + 1.40(6.00)] = 8.40 kips
Mux = 1.00[1.25(1.75) + 1.40(0.00)] = 2.19 k-ft.
Article 6.9.2.1 specifies the axial capacity as follows.
Pr = cPn Eq. (6.9.2.1-1)
where: c = 0.90
The equation used for determining Pn is selected based on the value of the following slenderness
parameter.
2 2
Kl Fy (0.75)(9.5)(12) 50
= = = 1.67 Eq. (6.9.4.1-2)
rs E (0.874) 29,000
Because is less than 2.25, Pn is computed as follows.
Pn = 0.66 Fy As = (0.66)1.67 (50)(5.62) = 140.4 kips Eq. (6.9.4.1-1)
Thus, the factored resistance is equal to 126.4 kips.
Pr = 0.90(140.4) = 126.4 kips
The width-to-thickness ratios of the flange and web are then evaluated to determine the governing
equation for moment resistance.
Flange:
( b 2 ) = (4.02 / 2) = 5.09 0.56 E = 13.49
tf 0.395 Fy
Web:
d 2t f 2k 10.2 2(0.395) 2(0.695) E
= = 32.08 1.49 = 1.49 Eq. (6.9.4.2-1)
t w 0.25 Fy
Thus, the moment resistance is equal to Mp.

Mrx = fMp = (1.00)(50)(21.6) = 1,080 k-in. = 90.0 k-ft.
The combined influence of axial force and moment must then satisfy the following equation.
Pu 8.4
= < 0.2 then,
Pr 126.4
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Pu M ux
+ 1.0 Eq. (6.9.2.2-1)
2 Pr M rx
8.4 2.19
+ = 0.06 1.0 (satisfied)
2(126.4) 90.0
Strength V:
Similarly, the applied axial force and moment due to the Strength V load combination are computed
below.
Pu = 1.00[1.25(0.00) + 1.35(0.00) + 1.40(6.00) + 0.40(1.50)] = 9.00 kips
Mux = 1.00[1.25(1.75) + 1.35(18.30) + 0.40(0.00) + 1.40(0.00)] = 26.89 k-ft.
The axial load and moment interaction equation 6.9.2.2-1 is also shown to be satisfied for this load
combination below.
9.0 26.89
+ = 0.333 1.0 (satisfied)
2(126.4) 90.0
8.4.2.2 Diagonals
The diagonals carry a compressive force that is the result of wind loads and reactions from the loads
carried in the top strut. The geometry of the end cross-frames was previously illustrated in Figure 19. As
previously discussed, the design of the cross-frame is based on the assumption that each bay carries an
equal portion of the total wind forces. The axial force is computed below using the same process used
earlier in this cross-frame design example.
PWS = 18.0 kips
PWL = 4.5kips
P
( PW )diag. = a2 + b2 W
2na
10.0(12)
2
18.0
( PWS )diag. = + 30
2
= 3.35kips
2 2(3) (10.0(12) 2 )
10.0(12)
2
4.5
( PWL )diag. =
+ 30
2
= 0.84 kips
2 2(3) (10.0(12) 2 )
The axial force in the diagonal as a result of the dead-load reaction RDC on the top strut is computed
below.
2
2 3.5
( PDC )diag. =
10.0(12)
+ 30 = 3.91kips
2 2(30)
The axial force in the diagonal as a result of the live-load reaction RLL+IM on the top strut is computed as
follows.
2
10.0(12) 2 25.1
( PLL + IM )diag. =
+ 30 = 28.06 kips
2 2(30)
The following calculations determine the controlling load combination.
Strength I:
Pu = 1.00[1.25(3.91) + 1.75(28.06)] = 54.0 kips (governs)
Strength III:
Pu = 1.00[1.25(3.91) + 1.40(3.35)] = 9.58 kips
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Strength V:
Pu = 1.00[1.25(3.91) + 1.35(28.06) + 0.40(3.35) + 0.40(0.84)] = 44.4 kips
The initial member selection will be based on the compressive strength slenderness requirements of the
member and minimum material thickness requirements. The distance between the working points will be
taken as the unbraced length l.
Kl
140
r
2
10.0(12)
l= + 30 = 67.08in.
2
2
0.75(67.08)
r= = 0.359in.
140
Thus an L4 x 4 x 5/8 is selected as the trial member, assuming a -inch connection plate.The member
must be evaluated for individual and combined influences of flexure and axial compression as detailed
below.
Axial Compression:
The axial compressive resistance of the member is computed from the following equation:
Pr = cPn
where: c = the resistance factor for axial compression
c = 0.90
Pn = gFcr
Alternative equations are given for Fcr based on the value of the slenderness parameter, c.
Kl Fy (0.75)(67.08) 50
c = = = 0.859
r E 0.774 29,000
The value of Q must also be determined, which is based on the b/t ratio of the angle.
b 4.0 E
= = 6.40 0.446 = 10.7
t 0.625 Fy
Q = 1.0
The product of c and Q is then used to determine the controlling equation for Fcr.
c Q = 0.859(1.0) = 0.859 1.50
Because the product of of c and Q is less than 1.5, Fcr is computed according to the following equation.
( 2
) ( 2
)
Fcr = Q 0.658Qc Fy = (1.0) 0.658(1.0)(0.859) (50) = 36.71 Eq. (4-1)
The nominal and factored axial capacities are then as follows.
Pn = (4.61)(36.77) = 169.5 ksi
Pr = 0.90(169.5) = 152.6 ksi
Thus, the member is sufficient to resist the applied axial force of 54.0 kips.
Pu = 54.0 kips < Pr = 152.6 kips (satisfied)
Flexure: Major-Axis Bending (W-W)
The flexural capacity of the majoraxis is based on the minimum of the resistance determined from the
local buckling and lateral torsional buckling equations, which is governed by the AISC SAM Section
5.3.1a. The applied moment about the major axis is computed as follows.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Muw = B1wMw = B1wPuew

Cm
B1w = 1.0 Eq. (6-2)
P
1 u
Pe1w
Cm = 1.0
(0.75)(67.08) 50
cw = = 0.440
1.51 29,000
Ag Fy (4.61)(50)
Pe1w = = = 1,190.6 kips
cw 2 ( 0.441)
2
1.0
B1w = = 1.05
54.0
1
1,190.6
Muw = B1wMw = B1wPuew = (1.05)(54.0)(1.77) = 100.4 k-in
Local Buckling:
The following b/t ratio of the angle is used to determine the governing equation for local buckling
capacity.
b 4.0 E
= = 6.40 0.54 = 13.00
t 0.625 Fy
Therefore, the nominal moment local buckling capacity is 277.74 k-in, which is sufficient.
Mnw = 1.5FySc Eq. (5.1a)
Mnw = 1.5(50)(10.48/2.83) = 277.74 k-in.
Mnw = 277.7 k-in. > Muw = 100.4 k-in.(satisfied)
Lateral-Torsional Buckling:
The following calculations determine the elastic lateral-torsional buckling capacity Mob, in accordance
with Section 5.3.1 of the SAM.
0.46 Eb 2t 2 0.46(29,000)(4.0) 2 (0.625) 2
M ob = Cb = 1.0 = 1, 243k-in. Eq. (5-5)
l 67.08
My is then computed as follows.
I 10.48
M y = Fy S w = Fy w = 50 = 185.2 k-in.
cw 2.83
Since Mob > My, the nominal lateral torsional buckling resistance of the member about the major principal
axis is computed from the following equation:
1.5M y = 1.5(185.2) = 277.8k-in.
M nw = 1.92 1.17 M y M ob M y 1.5M y Eq. (5-3b)
M nw = 1.92 1.17 (185.2 ) / (1, 243) (185.2 ) = 271.9

M nw = 271.9 k-in.
Thus, the lateral torsional buckling capacity is also sufficient to resist the applied loads.
Mnw = 271.9 k-in. > Muw = 100.4 k-in.(satisfied)
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Flexure: Minor-Axis Bending (Z-Z):

The nominal flexural resistance of the section about the minor axis is calculated below:
I 2.76
M nz = 1.5M y = 1.5Fy z = 1.5(50) = 124.0 k-in. Eq. (5-2)
cz 1.67
The applied moment about the minor axis is computed using the following equation.
Muz = B1zMz = B1zPuez
Cm
B1z = 1.0
P
1 u
Pe1z
Cm = 1.0
(0.75)(67.08) 50
cw = = 0.440
1.51 29,000
Ag Fy (4.61)(50)
Pe1z = = = 312.4 kips
cz 2 ( 0.859 )
2
1.0
B1w = = 1.21
54.0
1
312.4
Muz = (1.21)(54.0)(0.61) = 39.9 k-in.
Thus, the moment capacity about the minor axis is sufficient.
Muz = 39.9 k-in. < Mnz = 124.0 k-in.(satisfied)
Flexure and Axial Compression:
The member is checked for the combined flexural and axial compressive forces according to Section 6.1.1
in the AISC SAM, which specifies that the ratio between the ultimate axial force and the axial capacity be
used to determine the governing equation.
Pu 54.0
= = 0.35
Pn 152.3
Because Pu/Pn is greater than 0.2, the following equation must be satisfied.
Pu 8 M uw M uz
+ + 1.0 Eq. (6-1a)
Pn 9 b M nw b M nz
Using b equal to 1.00 and the other values computed above gives the following.
54.0 8 99.4 41.8

+ + = 0.98 (satisfied)
152.3 9 (1.0)(271.9) (1.0)(124.0)
Thus, the diagonal member is acceptable.
8.5 Stiffener Design
8.5.1 Bearing Stiffener Design
Bearing stiffeners must be provided at locations of concentrated loads for the webs of sections that do not
satisfy the provisions of Article D6.5. Specifically, Article D6.5 specifies the web strength of steel I-
girders with respect to the limit states of web local yielding and web crippling. Both of these limit states
are evaluated below for the abutment and pier locations, assuming a 10 in. bearing length at each location.
The requirement to prevent web local yielding is expressed by Eq. D6.5.2-1.
Ru < bRn
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The web local yielding capacity, Rn, is given by Eq. D6.5.2-2 for interior pier reactions and by Eq.
D6.5.2-3 for abutment reactions.
Rn = (5k + N)Fywtw
where: k = distance from the outer face of the flange resisting the bearing force to the web toe
of the fillet
. = 1.25 + 0.3125 = 1.5625 in
N = bearing length = 10 in.
Fyw = 50 ksi
tw = 0.5 in.
Substituting the above values into Eq. D6.5.2-2 gives the following.
Rn = [(5)(1.5625) + 10](50)(0.5)
Rn = 445 kips
Then evaluating Eq. D6.5.2-1, where b is equal to 1.00 and Ru at the pier is equal to 337 kips, shows that
the web yielding requirements are satisfied at the pier.
337 < (1.00)(445) = 445(satisfied)
Equation D6.5.2-3 is now used to evaluate the web yielding capacity at the abutments.
Rn = (2.5k + N)Fywtw(D6.5.2-2)
Rn = [(2.5)(1.5625) + 10](50)(0.4375)
Rn = 304 kips
Again evaluating Eq. D6.5.2-1, where Ru at the pier is equal to 258 kips, shows that the web yielding
requirements are also satisfied at the abutments.
258 < (1.00)(304) = 304(satisfied)
The requirements to prevent web crippling are expressed by Eq. D6.5.3-1.
Ru < wRn
For interior pier reactions, the web crippling capacity, Rn, is given by Eq. D6.5.3-2.
1.5

N tw EFywt f
Rn = 0.8t 1 + 3
2
d t f
w
tw

where: d = depth of the steel section
d = 44.375 in.
tf = thickness of the flange resisting the concentrated load
tf = 1.25 in.
10 0.5 (29,000)(50)(1.25)
1.5
Rn = 0.8(0.5) 1 + 3
2
= 446 kips
44.375 1.25 0.5
Evaluation of Eq. D6.5.3-1 where w is equal to 0.80 then shows that the pier section has sufficient web
crippling resistance.
337 < (0.80)(446) = 356(satisfied)
For abutment reactions, Rn is expressed by either Eq. D6.5.3-3 or D6.5.3-4 depending on the ratio
between the bearing length and the steel section depth. For the present example with N/d = 10/44 = 0.23
at the abutments, Eq. D6.5.3-4 applies.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
1.5

4N tw EFywt f
Rn = 0.4t 1 + 3
2
0.2 Eq. (D6.5.3-4)
t f
w
d tw

(4)(10) 0.4375 (29,000)(50)(1.25)
1.5
Rn = 0.4(0.4375) 2 1 + 3 2 = 179 kips

44 1.25 0.4375
Evaluating Eq. D6.5.3-1 at the abutments thus shows that bearing stiffeners must be provided to prevent
web crippling.
258 > (0.80)(179) = 143 (not satisfied)
The bearing stiffeners are typically plates welded to both sides of the web that extend the full depth of the
web, and are as close to the outer edges of the flanges as practical. The plates are to bear against or to be
welded to the flange that the load is transmitted through. This example illustrates the design of bearing
stiffeners at Abutment 1.
8.5.1.1 Projecting Width (Article 6.10.11.2.2)
The width, bt, of projecting stiffener elements must satisfy the following:
E
bt 0.48t p Eq. (6.10.11.2.2-1)
Fys
It will be assumed that 6 inches wide plates are welded to each side of the web. Eq. 6.10.11.2.2-1 is then
rearranged to determine the minimum allowable thickness of the stiffener.
bt 6.0
(t )
p min . = = = 0.52in.
0.48 E 0.48 29,000
Fys 50
Thus, a 6 inch by 5/8 inch plate will be used to evaluate the bearing stiffener requirements.
8.5.1.2 Bearing Resistance (Article 6.10.11.2.3)
The factored resistance for the bearing stiffeners shall be taken as:
( Rsb )r = b ( Rsb )n Eq. (6.10.11.2.3-1)
where: b = resistance factor for bearing =1.0 (Article 6.5.4.2)
(Rsb)n = nominal bearing resistance for bearing stiffeners
= 1.4ApnFys Eq. (6.10.11.2.3-2)
Apn = area of the projecting elements for the stiffener
outside of the web-to-flange fillet welds but not
beyond the edge of the flange
In this design example, it is assumed the clip provided at the base of the stiffener to clear the web-to-
flange weld is 1.5 inches in length.
Apn = 2(6.0 - 1.5)(0.625) = 5.63 in.2
(Rsb)n = 1.4(5.63)(50) = 394 kips
(Rsb)r = (1.00)(394) = 394 kips > Ru = 257.5 kips(satisfied)
The 6 inch by 5/8 inch bearing stiffeners have adequate bearing resistance.
8.5.1.3 Axial Resistance of Bearing Stiffeners (Article 6.10.11.2.4)
The factored axial resistance is calculated from Article 6.9.2.1 of the specifications, where the radius of
gyration is computed about the mid-thickness of the web, and the effective length is taken as 0.75D. For
stiffeners welded to the web, part of the web is considered in the effective column section. The strip of
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
web included in the effective column is not more than 9tw on each side of the stiffeners. Therefore, the
area of the effective column section is computed below:
As = 2[(6.0)(0.625) + 9(0.4375)(0.4375)] = 10.95 in.2
The moment of inertia of the effective column section is computed as follows:
0.625(6.0 + 0.4375 + 6.0)3
Is = = 100.2in.4
12
The radius of gyration computed about the mid-thickness of the web is computed as:
Is 100.2
rs = = = 3.03in.
As 10.95
The effective length is computed as follows:
Kl = 0.75D = 0.75(42.0) = 31.50 in.
The bearing stiffeners must satisfy the limiting slenderness ratio, stated in Article 6.9.3, which is 120 for
main members in compression.
Kl 31.5
= = 10.40 120 (satisfied)
rs 3.03
As previously mentioned, the factored axial resistance of the effective column section is calculated from
Article 6.9.2.1 using the specified minimum yield strength of the stiffener.
Pr = cPn Eq. (6.9.2.1-1)
where: c = resistance factor for axial compression
= 0.90 (Article 6.9.2.1-1)
Pn = nominal compressive resistance from Article 6.9.4.1,
which is determined based on the value of
2 2
Kl Fys (31.5) 50
= =
= 0.019 Eq. (6.9.4.1-3)
rs E 3.03 29,000
Because is less than 2.25 the following equation applies, which results in adequate compressive
capacity.
Pn = 0.66 Fys As = 0.660.019 (50)(10.95) = 543.2 kips Eq. (6.9.4.1-1)
Pr = 0.90(543.2) = 488.9 kips > Ru = 257.5 kips (satisfied)
8.5.1.4 Bearing Stiffener-to-Web Welds
Adequate shear strength of the welds joining the bearing stiffener to the web must also be verified. First
the weld shear strength, which is the area of the weld multiplied by 60 percent of the yield strength of the
weld metal, is determined.
Rr = 0.6e2FexxEq. (6.13.3.2.4b-1)
where: e2 = resistance factor for shear in the throat of the weld metal
= 0.80 (Article 6.5.4.2)
Fexx = classification strength of the weld metal
= 70 ksi (for this design example)
Rr = 0.6(0.80)(70) = 33.6 ksi
The minimum size fillet weld permissible in this situation is ", according to Table 6.13.3.4-1. Using this
weld size the shear strength per unit length of weld is as follows.
V = 33.6(0.707)(0.25) = 5.94 k/in.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
The length of the weld, allowing 2.5 inches for clips at both the top and bottom of the stiffener, is:
L = 42.0 2(2.5) = 37.0 in.
The total factored resistance of the weld connecting the stiffener to the web of the section is then 879 kips
which is greater than the required shear strength of 257.5 kips.
4(37.0)(5.94) = 879.1 kips > 257.5 kips (satisfied)
8.6 Weld Design
This section outlines the weld design for the web-to-flange junction. The weld design strength is checked
against the shear flow associated with the design loads. The horizontal shear flow at the end bearing is
computed from the following equation:
VQ
s=
I
where: V = shear force
Q = statical moment of the area about the neutral axis
I = moment of inertia
Similar to previous calculations, the shear flow will be computed by considering the cross sectional
properties applicable to various applied forces. Thus, the statical moment of the area about the neutral
axis will be computed for each applicable section.
Steel Section:
Top flange: Q =(10.50)(25.63) = 269.1 in.3
Bottom flange: Q = (20.0)(17.37) = 347.4 in.3
Long-term Section:
Top flange: Q = (10.50)(13.47) = 141.4 in.3
Slab: Q = (31.17)(19.09) = 595.0 in.3
= 736.4 in.3
Short-term Section:
Top flange: Q = (10.5)(5.11) = 53.7 in.3
Slab: Q = (93.5)(10.73) = 1,003 in.3
= 1,057 in.3
The shear flow under each loading is thus computed as follows, where it is determined that the bottom
flange experiences the highest level of shear flow.
Top Flange Bottom Flange
(1.25)(44)(269.1) (1.25)(44)(347.4)
DC1: s= = 0.93 s= = 1.20
15,969 15,969
(1.25)(7)(736.4) (1.25)(7)(590.0)
DC2: s= = 0.19 s= = 0.15
34,731 34,731
(1.50)(9)(736.4) (1.50)(9)(590.0)
DW: s= = 0.29 s= = 0.23
34,731 34,731
(1.75)(103)(1,056.9) (1.75)(103)(1,056.9)
LL+IM: s= = 3.98 s= = 3.98
47,818 47,818
= 5.39 k/in =5.56 k/in.
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2A
Thus, the applied shear flow of 5.56 k/in., must be evaluated in comparison to the shear flow capacity of
both the fillet welds and the base metal. The specifications limit the minimum size of a fillet weld in
which the base metal is thicker than 0.75" to 5/16." Therefore, a 5/16" fillet weld is assumed on each side
of the plate. The factored resistance of the weld metal is determined as follows:
Rr = 0.6e2Fexx Eq. (6.13.3.2.4b-1)
where: e2 = resistance factor for shear on the throat of the weld metal
= 0.80 (Article 6.5.4.2)
Fexx = classification strength of the weld metal= 70 ksi
Rr = 0.6(0.80)(70) = 33.6 ksi
The allowable shear flow for the 5/16 inch welds is:
v = 33.6(0.707)(0.3125)(2) = 14.85 k/in.
From Article 6.13.5.3, the factored shear resistance of the connected material is computed as follows:
R r = vR n Eq. (6.13.5.3-1)
Rn = 0.58gFy Eq. (6.13.5.3-2)
where: Rn = nominal resistance in shear
Rn = 0.58(1.00)(50) = 29.0 ksi
Ag = gross area of the connection element
Fy =minimum yield strength of connection element
v =resistance factor for shear
=1.00 (Article 6.5.4.2)
The allowable shear flow on the connected material is:
v = 29.0(0.4375) = 12.69 k/in. (governs)
Since, v = 12.69 k/in. > vu = 5.56 k/in., the 5/16" fillet weld is adequate for the web-to-flange weld.

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Design Example 2 A

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What design parameters are considered?

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EXAMPLE 2A:

Two-Span Continuous Straight

8.4.2 End Cross-frame Design......................................................................................63

Figure 3: Girder Elevation

4.1 Dead Loads

4.1.2 Wearing Surface Dead Load (DW)

4.2.3 Fatigue Load (Article 3.6.1.4)

5.2.1.1 Interior Girder Strength and Service Limit States

Modified Interior Girder Distribution Factor

0.4 0.3 0.1

5.2.3 Dynamic Load Allowance

Figure 8: Dead and Live Load Moment Envelopes

Figure 9: Dead and Live Load Shear Envelopes

Figure 10: Fatigue Load Moments

Figure 11: Fatigue Load Shear

Table 3: Unfactored/ Undistributed Moments (k-ft)

Table 4: Unfactored/ Distributed Live Load Moments (k-ft)

Table 5: Strength I Load Combination Moments (k-ft)

Table 6: Service II Load Combination Moments (k-ft)

Table 7: Unfactored/ Undistributed Shear (kips)

Span 1 DC1 DC2 DW positive negative positive negative positive negative

Table 8: Unfactored/ Distributed Live Load Shear (kips)

Table 9: Strength I Load Combination Shear (kips)

7.3 Strength Limit State (Articles 1.3.2.4 and 6.5.4)

Long-term (3n) Composite Section

Short-term Composite Section

x = 66.9 ksi > Fyr = 60 ksi

91.16 < 137.27 (satisfied)

(1.0)(3,660)(12) 91.16 49.22 61, 499 61, 499

Compression Flange Proportions

Vp = plastic shear force (kip)

The shear buckling resistance is then computed as follows.

49,038 in4. From basic structural

where: Lp = limiting unbraced length from Article 6.10.8.2.3 of the Specifications

Thus, Cb is calculated as follows.

h = depth between the centerline of the flanges = 43.19 in.

From previous calculations: Dc = 19.37 in.

29.08 + 1.98 (1.0)(1.0)(50)

8.2.3 Service Limit State (Article 6.10.4)

f f = 42.84 ksi 0.95Rh Fyf = 0.95(1.0)(50) = 47.50 ksi (satisfied)

8.2.4 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State (Article 6.10.5)

8.2.4.2 Distortion Induced Fatigue (Article 6.6.1.3)

Dc = 26.01 0.75 = 25.26 in.

The depth of web in compression was previously calculated to be 25.26 in.

Fbu + fl RhFyt Eq. (6.10.3.2.2-1)

8.3.3.2 Special Fatigue Requirement for Webs (Article 6.10.5.3)

Fcr = critical buckling stress

Flexure: Major-Axis Bending(W-W)

M nw = 1.92 1.17 M y M ob M y 1.5M y Eq. (5-3b)

M nw = 1.92 1.17 (103.9 ) / (182.8 ) (103.9 ) 1.5 (103.9 )

L p = rt E = 25.03in. Eq. (A6.3.3-4)

Vn = Vcr = CV p Eq. (6.10.9.2-1)

Thus, the moment resistance is equal to Mp.

Muw = B1wMw = B1wPuew

M nw = 1.92 1.17 M y M ob M y 1.5M y Eq. (5-3b)