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    2049 Ch31a PDF

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    GIngaa
    The document summarizes key topics about RLC circuits: 1) It describes oscillations in an LC circuit and how the charge and current oscillate with time similarly to a mass on a spring. 2) Energy is conserved in an LC circuit and oscillates between the inductor's magnetic field and capacitor's electric field. 3) An RLC circuit exhibits damped oscillations as the resistance causes the amplitude to decrease exponentially with time due to energy loss as heat.

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    2049 Ch31a PDF

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    93 views16 pages
    The document summarizes key topics about RLC circuits: 1) It describes oscillations in an LC circuit and how the charge and current oscillate with time similarly to a mass on a spring. 2) Energy is conserved in an LC circuit and oscillates between the inductor's magnetic field and capacitor's electric field. 3) An RLC circuit exhibits damped oscillations as the resistance causes the amplitude to decrease exponentially with time due to energy loss as heat.

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    The document summarizes key topics about RLC circuits: 1) It describes oscillations in an LC circuit and how the charge and current oscillate with time similarly to a mass on a spring. 2) Energy is conserved in an LC circuit and oscillates between the inductor's magnetic field and capacitor's electric field. 3) An RLC circuit exhibits damped oscillations as the resistance causes the amplitude to decrease exponentially with time due to energy loss as heat.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    93 views16 pages

    2049 Ch31a PDF

    Uploaded by

    GIngaa
    The document summarizes key topics about RLC circuits: 1) It describes oscillations in an LC circuit and how the charge and current oscillate with time similarly to a mass on a spring. 2) Energy is conserved in an LC circuit and oscillates between the inductor's magnetic field and capacitor's electric field. 3) An RLC circuit exhibits damped oscillations as the resistance causes the amplitude to decrease exponentially with time due to energy loss as heat.

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    Chapter 31: RLC Circuits

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 1
    Topics
    LC Oscillations
    Conservation of energy
    Damped oscillations in RLC circuits
    Energy loss
    AC current
    RMS quantities
    Forced oscillations
    Resistance, reactance, impedance
    Phase shift
    Resonant frequency
    Power

    Transformers
    Impedance matching

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 2
    LC Oscillations
    Work out equation for LC circuit (loop rule)
    q di C L
    L =0
    C dt

    Rewrite using i = dq/dt


    d 2q
    q d 2q =
    1
    L 2 + =0 2
    + 2
    q=0
    dt C dt LC
    (angular frequency) has dimensions of 1/t
    Identical to equation of mass on spring
    d 2x d 2x =
    k
    m + kx = 0 + x = 0
    2
    dt 2
    dt 2 m

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 3
    LC Oscillations (2)
    Solution is same as mass on spring oscillations
    q = qmax cos ( t + )
    k
    =
    m
    qmax is the maximum charge on capacitor
    is an unknown phase (depends on initial conditions)

    Calculate current: i = dq/dt

    i = qmax sin ( t + ) = imax sin ( t + )

    Thus both charge and current oscillate


    Angular frequency , frequency f = /2
    Period: T = 2/
    Current and charge differ in phase by 90

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 4
    Plot Charge and Current vs t

    q = qmax cos (t )

    i = imax sin (t )

    t
    PHY2049: Chapter 31 5
    Energy Oscillations in LC Circuits
    Total
    energy in circuit is conserved. Lets see why
    di q
    L + =0 Equation of LC circuit
    dt C

    di q dq
    L i+ =0 Multiply by i = dq/dt
    dt C dt

    Ld 2
    2 dt
    ( )
    i +
    1 d 2
    2C dt
    ( )
    q =0 Use
    dx 2
    dt
    = 2x
    dx
    dt
    2
    d 1 2 1 q2 1 Li 2 + 1 q
    = const
    2 Li + 2 = 0 2 2 C
    dt C
    UL + UC = const
    PHY2049: Chapter 31 6
    Oscillation of Energies
    Energies can be written as (using 2 = 1/LC)
    2
    q 2 qmax
    UC = = cos 2 ( t + )
    2C 2C
    2
    q
    U L = 12 Li 2 = 12 L 2 qmax
    2
    sin 2 ( t + ) = max sin 2 ( t + )
    2C
    2
    qmax
    Conservation of energy: U C + U L = = const
    2C

    Energy oscillates between capacitor and inductor


    Endless oscillation between electrical and magnetic energy
    Just like oscillation between potential energy and kinetic energy
    for mass on spring

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 7
    Plot Energies vs t
    UC (t ) U L (t ) Sum

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 8
    LC Circuit Example
    Parameters
    C = 20F
    L = 200 mH
    Capacitor initially charged to 40V, no current initially

    Calculate , f and T
    = 500 rad/s = 1/ LC = 1/ ( 2 105 ) ( 0.2 ) = 500
    f = /2 = 79.6 Hz
    T = 1/f = 0.0126 sec

    Calculate qmax and imax


    qmax = CV = 800 C = 8 10-4 C
    imax = qmax = 500 8 10-4 = 0.4 A
    Calculate maximum energies
    UC = q2max/2C = 0.016J UL = Li2max/2 = 0.016J
    PHY2049: Chapter 31 9
    LC Circuit Example (2)
    Charge and current
    q = 0.0008cos ( 500t )
    dq
    i= = 0.4sin ( 500t )
    dt
    Energies

    U C = 0.016cos 2 ( 500t ) U L = 0.016sin 2 ( 500t )


    Voltages

    VC = q / C = 40cos ( 500t )
    VL = Ldi / dt = L imax cos ( 500t ) = 40cos ( 500t )
    Note how voltages sum to zero, as they must!

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 10
    Quiz
    Below are shown 3 LC circuits. Which one takes the least
    time to fully discharge the capacitors during the
    oscillations?
    (1) A
    (2) B
    (3) C

    C
    C C C
    C

    A B C

    C has smallest capacitance, therefore highest


    = 1/ LC frequency, therefore shortest period

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 11
    RLC Circuit
    The loop rule tells us
    di q
    L + Ri + = 0
    dt C
    Use i = dq/dt, divide by L
    d 2q R dq q
    2
    + + =0
    dt L dt LC
    Solution slightly more complicated than LC case
    tR / 2 L
    cos ( t + ) = 1/ LC ( R / 2 L )
    2
    q = qmax e

    This is a damped oscillator (similar to mechanical case)


    Amplitude of oscillations falls exponentially
    PHY2049: Chapter 31 12
    Charge and Current vs t in RLC Circuit

    q (t )
    i (t ) e tR / 2 L

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 13
    RLC Circuit Example
    Circuit parameters
    L = 12mL, C = 1.6F, R = 1.5
    Calculate , , f and T
    = 7220 rad/s = 1/ ( 0.012 ) (1.6 106 ) = 7220
    = 7220 rad/s = 72202 (1.5/ 0.024 )
    2

    f = /2 = 1150 Hz
    T = 1/f = 0.00087 sec

    Time for qmax to fall to its initial value etR / 2 L = 1/ 2


    t = (2L/R) * ln2 = 0.0111s = 11.1 ms
    # periods = 0.0111/.00087 13

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 14
    RLC Circuit (Energy)
    di q
    L + Ri + = 0 Basic RLC equation
    dt C

    di q dq
    L i + Ri +
    2
    =0 Multiply by i = dq/dt
    dt C dt

    d 1 2 1 q2 Collect terms
    2 Li + 2 = i 2
    R (similar to LC circuit)
    dt C

    d Total energy in circuit


    (U L + U C ) = i 2 R decreases at rate of i2R
    dt
    (dissipation of energy)
    U tot e tR / L
    PHY2049: Chapter 31 15
    Energy in RLC Circuit

    UC (t )
    U L (t )
    Sum

    tR / L
    e

    PHY2049: Chapter 31 16

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