Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals

Sample Questions

Module 4
Electronic Fundamentals

1. What gives the color of an LED?

a) The plastic it is encased in
b) The active element
c) The type of gas used inside it

2. A germanium diode is used for

a) rectification
b) voltage stabilization
c) modulation

3. Why is a diode put in parallel with an LED?

a) to protect it from AC
b) So it will work only above a certain voltage
c) So it will work only below a certain voltage

4. When testing the forward bias of a diode with a multimeter

a) the positive lead of the ohmmeter is placed on the cathode
b) the positive lead of the ohmmeter is placed on the anode
c) it does not matter which terminal the positive lead of the ohmeter is
placed

5. In an NPN transistor the P is the

a) collector
b) base
c) emitter

6. The output of a tachogenerator is

a) proportional to speed of rotation
b) proportional to position
c) proportional to acceleration

7. AC power is supplied to
a) torque receiver only
b) torque transmitter only
c) both the torque receiver and torque transmitter

8. How is a PCB protected after manufacture?

a) With non-conductive varnish
b) With wax
c) By conformal coating

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Sample Questions
9. This is a diagram of

a) a TRIAC
b) an SCR
c) a Schottky diode

10. A differential synchro

a) can only be used as a transmitter
b) can only be used as a receiver
c) can be used as either a transmitter or a receiver

11. Which of the following describes the characteristics of a Thyristor?

a) High voltage handling
b) High current handling
c) High power handling

12. A semiconductor doped with an element having a valency of 5 will

produce
a) an N type material
b) a P type material
c) either an N type or a P type depending on what type of semiconductor
material is used

13. What are the ideal characteristics of an Op Amp?

a) Infinite gain, infinite input Impedance and infinite output impedance
b) Low gain, infinite input Impedance and zero output impedance
c) Infinite gain, infinite input Impedance and zero output impedance

14. How is the amplifier in the diagram shown wired?

a) Common base
b) Common emitter
c) Common collector

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Sample Questions
15. What gate does the following Boolean expression represent
F = A.B.C
a) AND
b) OR
c) NOT

16. What gate does the following Boolean expression represent

F = A+B+C
a) NOT
b) NOR
c) OR

17. To decrease the voltage gain of a common emitter amplifier you would
decrease the resistance in the
a) base circuit
b) collector circuit
c) emitter circuit

18. A resolver has

a) 2 coils on the rotor and 2 coils on the stator
b) 3 coils on the rotor and 2 coils on the stator
c) 2 coils on the rotor and 3 coils on the stator

19. The 'null' point on a control synchro is when the two rotors are
a) at 90o to each other
b) parallel to each other
c) wired in series

20. A FET when compared to a junction transistor is

a) low impedance
b) high impedance
c) current operated

21. What type of diode would be used to stop voltage spikes across a coil
of a relay?
a) Gunn diode
b) Schottky diode
c) Double acting diode

22. A silicon diode, when compared to a germanium diode has

a) a higher forward bias voltage
b) less forward bias voltage
c) the same forward bias voltage

23. A zener diode is used for

a) rectification
b) voltage stabilization
c) modulation

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Sample Questions
24. A multi-layer PCB has
a) one layer on either side
b) two or more layers on one or both sides
c) two or more layers connected in series

25. When a servomotor overshoots after a step input and oscillates it is

a) over damped
b) under damped
c) critically damped

26. The rotor of a desynn indicator is

a) an electromagnet
b) a permanent magnet
c) an AC magnet

27. The position feedback from a potentiometer is

a) anti-phase
b) in phase
c) 90 degrees out of phase

28. A differential synchro has

a) 3 phase stator, 3 phase rotor
b) single phase stator, 2 phase rotor
c) 3 phase stator, single phase rotor

29. When a servomotor has stopped, the rate feedback from a

tachogenerator is
a) zero
b) maximum and in phase
c) maximum and anti-phase

30. A tachogenerator is usually used for

a) rate feedback
b) angular feedback
c) position feedback

31. What is this circuit?

a) Half wave rectifier

b) Full wave rectifier
c) Flywheel diode

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Sample Questions
32. Differential synchros have
a) a transmitter only
b) a receiver only
c) a transmitter and a receiver

33. In an integrated circuit, the components are mounted

a) by means of wires connecting them
b) by metal oxide film
c) by metal screws

34. This symbol is

a) a diode
b) a triac
c) a transistor

35. One characteristic of the emitter follower is

a) low resistance output
b) low current amplification
c) high voltage amplification

36. A reduction from the optimum setting of the velocity feedback in a

servo loop could cause
a) low servo gain
b) instability
c) slow response

37. In a torque synchro system, the power supply is connected to

a) the rotor windings of the transmitter only
b) the rotor windings of both the transmitter and receiver
c) the stator windings of the transmitter

38. The phase difference between the supplies of a two phase induction
motor is
a) 180o
b) 90o
c) 0o

39. To reduce overshoot errors in a synchro

a) the system will have position feedback
b) the system will have velocity feedback
c) the gain of the amplifier is increased

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Sample Questions
40. A synchro transformer is used to
a) derive an error voltage from a synchro transmitter signal and a shaft
position
b) obtain a 26 volt AC reference
c) add the output of two synchro transmitters

41. This is a diagram of a

a) differentiator
b) integrator
c) adder

42. Reversal of the complete power to a torque synchro system will

a) have no effect
b) cause reverse rotation of the receiver rotor
c) displace the receiver rotor by 180o

43. The power supply to a torque synchro system is

a) AC
b) DC
c) AC or DC

44. This symbol is

a) an LED
b) a laser diode
c) a photodiode

45. When a positive voltage is applied to the base of a normally biased N-

P-N common emitter amplifier
a) the emitter current decreases
b) the collector voltage goes less positive
c) the base current decreases

46. An open loop system is one which has

a) no direct feedback loop
b) rate feedback loop
c) position feedback only

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Sample Questions
47. An amplifier current gain will be slightly less than 1, but its voltage gain
will be high, if it is connected in the
a) common base configuration
b) common emitter configuration
c) common collector configuration

48. Mechanical friction in a servo results in

a) reduced gain
b) increased damping
c) increased inertia

49. The position feedback signal is

a) in phase with the input demand signal
b) in anti-phase with the demand signal
c) phase advanced by 90o with respect to the input signal

50. A servo system that overshoots and oscillates is

a) under damped
b) over damped
c) critically damped

51. The power supply to a torque synchro system is connected to

a) the transmitter stator
b) the transmitter rotor only
c) the transmitter and receiver rotors

52. If the rotor of the receiver in a torque synchro system was prevented
from aligning with the transmitter rotor, then
a) the transmitter rotor will turn to align with the receiver rotor
b) the receiver will overheat
c) a high current will flow in the stator windings

53. This is a diagram of a

a) differentiator
b) integrator
c) adder

54. A zener diode

a) stabilizes voltage at a predetermined level
b) allows current to flow in one direction
c) acts like a switch

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Sample Questions
55. The common collector amplifier is sometimes called the emitter
follower circuit because
a) the emitter current follows the collector current
b) the emitter voltage follows the base voltage
c) the emitter voltage follows the collector voltage

56. In a toroidal resistance transmitter indicator system, the power supply

is connected to
a) the brushes
b) the resistor slab
c) the rotor

57. When a servo has reached its null and stopped, the velocity feedback
is
a) zero
b) maximum and anti-phase
c) maximum and in phase

58. The primary purpose of rate feedback in a positional servo system is to

a) ensure minimum response time
b) prevent excessive overshoot
c) ensure system linearity

59. In an AC rate servo, a steady input will result in the servomotor

a) oscillating about a new datum
b) rotating at a constant speed
c) rotating to a new datum position

60. An E&I bar output at datum has

a) no induced voltage in the secondary windings
b) an imbalance of voltages in the secondary windings
c) equal and opposite voltages induced in the secondary

61. A non-inverting op-amp

a) has a non-inverting input and an inverting output
b) has an inverting input and a non-inverting output
c) a non-inverting input connection only

62. Amplifiers may be classified as

a) common emitter or common collector amplifiers
b) voltage amplifiers or impedance amplifiers
c) voltage amplifiers or power amplifiers

63. What is a Schottky diode used for?

a) Very high frequency applications
b) Stabilsation
c) Rectification

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Sample Questions
64. The result of cross connecting two of the transmission leads in a torque
synchro system and the turning the rotor of the transmitter 60 o clockwise
would be
a) the receiver would move 60o clockwise
b) the receiver would move 120o anti-clockwise
c) the receiver would move 60o anticlockwise

65. The control windings of a two phase servomotor is supplied with AC

voltage of
a) constant amplitude
b) variable phase
c) variable amplitude, variable phase

66. In a torque synchro that includes a differential synchro the power

supply is connected to
a) the transmitter rotor only
b) the transmitter and receiver rotors only
c) all three rotors

67. A differential synchro rotor has

a) three windings
b) two windings
c) one winding

68. If the rotor of a control synchro sticks

a) the system hunts
b) high current will flow
c) the position feedback will oscillate

69. With the reversal of the connections to the rotor of the transmitter of a
torque synchro, the position of the receiver rotor will be
a) unchanged
b) changed by 120o
c) changed by 180o

70. The application of a 'stick-off' voltage to a control synchro servo system

is
a) to overcome the effect of static friction
b) to overcome the effect of viscous friction
c) to prevent alignment to a false null

71. When removing a microprocessor

a) no damage is done by static discharge
b) considerable damage can be done by static discharge
c) ensure the power is OFF to avoid static discharge

73. How do you increase voltage gain of an amplifier?

a) decrease base circuit bias
b) decrease input resistance
c) increase input resistance

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Sample Questions
72. An amplifier can provide both voltage gain and current gain when it is
connected in the
a) common base configuration
b) common emitter configuration
c) common collector configuration

74. In a resolver synchro the stator windings are electrically displaced by

a) 90o
b) 120o
c) 180o

75. A servo system may include a brake, an automatic trim system is one
example where a brake is used. The brake is
a) applied during trimming to prevent oscillations about the demand
position
b) applied when trimming is complete to prevent stabilizer creep
c) applied during trimming to prevent servo runaway

76. A resolver synchro output is obtained from a rotor with

a) one single coil
b) three coils at 120o
c) two coils at 90o

77. In a control synchro the stator current ceases to flow when

a) the CT rotor is at null
b) when the two rotors are aligned
c) when power is removed

78. In a speed control servo system (rate control), the purpose of the
tachogenerator is
a) to make the velocity proportional to servo demand
b) to make the deflection proportional to servo demand
c) to make it run at constant speed

79. The result of reversing the rotor connections to the receiver of a torque
synchro system is that the rotor position
a) is unchanged
b) is changed by 120o
c) is changed by 180o

80. The rotor of a torque synchro indicator is

a) supplied with an excitation voltage
b) short circuited
c) connected in series with the transmitter stator coil

81. When a hole diffuses from a p-region to the n-region it

a) becomes a minority carrier in the n-region
b) lowers the potential barrier
c) raises the potential barrier

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Sample Questions
82. How are the pins numbered on an op-amp IC?
a) counter clockwise from the dot
b) clockwise from the dot
c) from left to right from the dot

83. To increase the output of a servo amplifier, it is necessary to

a) reduce the tacho feedback
b) increase the tacho feedback
c) increase the position feedback

84. Angular displacement of the control coils with respect to the reference
coils in a two phase induction motor are
a) 0o, 180o
b) 90o, 270o
c) 90o, 120o

85. a two phase induction motor used in a servomechanism

a) will always require a starter
b) is self starting under light loads
c) runs with no slip

86. A servomotor having only a tachogenerator as a feedback device will

a) vary its speed with input error voltage
b) have a constant speed for any given input voltage
c) null out at a position dependant upon input error voltage

87. A hysteresis servo motor is used in a servomechanism because

a) it has good starting characteristics
b) good speed/voltage relationship
c) low inertia

88. The null position of a torque synchro system is when

a) the TX and TR rotors are parallel to each other
b) the TX and TR rotors are 90o to each other
c) the TX and TR rotors are 120o to each other

89. Reversal of two of the stator connections on a torque synchro receiver

would cause
a) the transmitter to become the receiver
b) the output to move the same direction as the input
c) the output to move the reverse direction to the input

90. An AC tachogenerator stator has

a) two windings 180o apart
b) three windings 120o apart
c) two windings 90o apart

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Sample Questions
91. A junction diode
a) has one p-n junction
b) is similar to a vacuum diode but cannot rectify
c) can handle only very small currents

92. When the rotor of an AC tachogenerator is stationary, the rotor has

a) no circulating currents
b) low circulating currents
c) no magnetic fields

93. The output of a tachogenerator should be

a) sinusoidal
b) exponential
c) linear

94. With a constant input to a speed control servo, the servo motor
a) moves to a certain position
b) moves at a constant speed
c) oscillates, but otherwise does not move

95. A closed loop servomechanism

a) must only have position feedback
b) must have both position and velocity feedback
c) can have either position or velocity feedback

96. Critical damping in a servomechanism is

a) the point which allows just one overshoot before the load comes to rest
b) the amount of damping that results in the load just not oscillating
c) the critical damping required for the optimum damping of the
servomechanism

97. In a control synchro system the power supply is connected to the

a) transmitter rotor and amplifier
b) receiver rotor and amplifier
c) transmitter and receiver rotors

98. Reverse rotation of a control transformer rotor can be caused by

a) connections between the transformer rotor and the amplifier reversed
b) connections to the transmitter rotor reversed
c) short circuit between two transmission lines

99. Velocity feedback

a) opposes the demand input
b) assists the demand input
c) prevents dead space errors

100. Velocity lag can be decreased by

a) introduction of an integrator
b) keeping the error detector (summing point) output as low as possible
c) decreasing the coulomb friction in the system

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Sample Questions
101. The junction barrier offers opposition to only
a) holes in the p-region
b) free electrons in the n-region
c) majority carriers in both regions

102. An increase in velocity feedback will

a) decrease the speed the load moves
b) increase the speed the load moves
c) have no effect on speed

103. A two phase motor will stop when

a) the reference phase is reversed
b) the control phase is reversed
c) the control phase is zero

104. A tachogenerator output is

a) variable frequency, constant voltage
b) variable voltage, constant frequency
c) variable frequency, variable voltage

105. Rate feedback can be obtained from a

a) synchro
b) tachogenerator
c) potentiometer

106. Positional feedback can be obtained from a

a) synchro
b) tachogenerator
c) potentiometer

107. The frictional force in a servomechanism that is proportional to speed is

called
a) stiction
b) coulomb friction
c) viscous friction

108. The 'null' point in a control synchro is when the two rotors are
a) at 90o to each other
b) parallel to each other
c) wired in series

109. If two of the stator leads are cross connected in a control synchro
system, a 25o clockwise rotation of the input rotor would result in the output
rotor
a) moving 25o clockwise
b) moving 25o anticlockwise
c) moving 180o to rectify the defect

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Sample Questions
110. Damping in a servomechanism is easier to apply if
a) the mechanism is light and has low inertia
b) the mechanism is heavy and has high inertia
c) the mechanism is light and has high inertia

111. Reverse bias

a) lowers the potential barrier
b) raises the potential barrier
c) greatly increases the majority carrier current

112. If the electrical connections to the feedback generator in a control

synchro system were disconnected, the
a) motor would run in the wrong direction
b) input signal to the amplifier would reduce
c) system would tend to oscillate

113. An increase in servo amplifier gain

a) reduces the speed of the system
b) increases system response
c) reduces tendency to hunt

114. In a control synchro the stator current ceases to flow when the
a) CT rotor is at null
b) two rotors are aligned
c) power is removed

115. The term 'velocity lag' refers to a

a) speed error
b) position error
c) acceleration error

116. The rotor of an AC tachogenerator

a) has skewed slots
b) has a copper, brass or aluminium cylinder
c) rotates at constant speed

117. A servo system with transient negative velocity feedback

a) is damped with little velocity lag
b) is damped with high velocity lag
c) is under damped with high velocity lag

118. To reverse the direction of rotation of a two phase induction motor

a) reverse the polarity of the control phase
b) reverse the polarity of both the control phase and reference phase
c) shift the reference by 90o

119. In a rate servo (speed control) the signal into the servo amplifier is
a) input voltage plus tachogenerator output
b) input voltage minus tachogenerator output
c) input voltage plus position feedback voltage

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Sample Questions
120. Loss of DC to a servo amplifier causes the motor to
a) run continuously
b) stop
c) reverse

121. Avalanche breakdown occurs when

a) forward current becomes excessive
b) forward bias exceeds a certain value
c) reverse bias exceeds a certain value

122. An AC servo demand can be converted to drive a DC motor by the

introduction of a
a) rectifier
b) modulator
c) demodulator

123. Synchro indicator systems are used when the indication is required to
move
a) a fraction of the input distance
b) slower than the input rate
c) at the same rate as the input

124. A linear variable differential transformer is used to measure position

feedback where
a) 360o of rotation and high angular accuracy is required
b) accuracy is of limited importance but robust construction and reliability
is important
c) an output whose phase is related to direction of movement and
amplitude linear over a wide range

125. A low frequency sinusoidal input will cause a closed loop

servomechanism load to
a) move to a demand position with no overshoot
b) move backwards and forwards at the input frequency
c) move to the demand position and then return to the datum position
without any overshoot

126. To reduce oscillations about a demand position

a) the amount of velocity feedback would be decreased
b) the amount of velocity feedback would be increased
c) the amount of position feedback would be increased

127. If a servo amplifier is suffering from drift

a) the load would move to a new position, proportional to the drift and
stay there
b) the load would move to a new position, proportional to the drift and
then return back to the datum position
c) the load would oscillate about the datum position

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Sample Questions
128. In a transient velocity feedback circuit, the tachogenerator output is
summated with the demand voltage
a) only when the load is slowing down
b) at all times when the load is moving
c) only when the load is speeding up or slowing down

129. Positive feedback applied to a servomechanism

a) decreases the response of the system
b) opposes the demand signal
c) increases the response of the system

130. A differential synchro rotor consists of

a) one winding parallel to the transmitter rotor
b) two windings at 90o apart
c) three windings at 120o apart

131. A differential synchro transmitter used for addition has

a) the TDX S1 and S3 connections cross connected to the TX
b) the TDX S1 and S3 connections cross connected to the TR
c) the TDX R1, R3 and S1, S3 connections cross connected to the TX

132. If forward bias is increased from zero on a p-n junction, a rapid

increase in current flow for a relatively small increase in voltage occurs
a) only after the forward bias exceeds the potential barrier
b) when the flow of minority carriers is sufficient to cause an avalanche
breakdown
c) when the depletion layer becomes larger than the space charge area

133. An LVDT has

a) an output winding which is wound in series opposition
b) an input winding whose voltage will change with load movement
c) an output winding whose voltage and frequency is linear to load
angular movement

134. A diode connected across a relay coil is used to

a) allow the coil to energize with only one polarity
b) cause a delay in switching on
c) dissipate coil spikes on switch off

135. Differential transmitters are used to

a) add or subtract two electrical signals
b) add or subtract a mechanical signal to an electrical synchro signal
c) increase the operating speed of the synchro receiver

136. To convert a differential synchro from subtraction to addition you would

a) reverse the reference phase supply
b) change over two rotor and stator connections
c) change over all three stator windings

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Sample Questions
137. What is resistor R used for?

a) Amplification
b) Bias
c) Stabilisation

138. When resolving a Cartesian input to a Polar output

a) the inputs are a shaft angle and a voltage
b) the outputs are two voltages
c) the inputs are two voltages

139. To check the forward resistance of a diode with a multimeter, the lead
connected to the positive terminal is put to the
a) anode
b) cathode
c) either anode or cathode

140. A resolver synchro output is obtained from a rotor with

a) one single coil
b) two coils at 90o to each other
c) three coils at 120o to each other

141. The input and output signals of a common emitter amplifier are
a) equal
b) out of phase
c) in phase

142. The output of a resolver synchro is

a) dependant upon the position of the rotor only
b) proportional to the speed of input rotation
c) a function of the rotor position and excitation voltage

143. The rotor of an autosyn position indicating system is

a) a permanent magnet
b) an electromagnet
c) spring controlled

144. A band pass filter excludes frequencies

a) above the frequency required only
b) below the frequency required only
c) above and below the frequency required

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Sample Questions
145. The rotor of a magnesyn transmitter is
a) a dc electromagnet
b) a permanent magnet
c) an ac electromagnet

146. In general the accuracy of a synchro system increases if the

a) stator current is high
b) stator current is low
c) rotor current is high

147. Torque synchro systems are normally used when the

a) mechanical load is low
b) mechanical load is high
c) system accuracy is of extreme importance

148. In a resolver synchro the stator windings are electrically disposed by

a) 90o
b) 120o
c) 180o

149. The induced signal in the output coils of the magnesyn system
a) de-saturates the soft iron core
b) damps the pointer oscillations
c) is of a value of 800 Hz

150. The direction of the induced (secondary) magnetic field in a synchro

transmitter
a) is 90o to the primary magnetic field
b) in the same direction as the primary field
c) is in the opposite direction to the primary field

151. The cogging effect in synchros is rectified by

a) using carbon brushes
b) using an elliptical cog
c) skewing the rotor

152. A transistor is said to be in the quiescent state when

a) no signal is applied to the input
b) it is unbiased
c) no currents are flowing

153. In an unbiased p-n junction, current flow is

a) due to the diffusion of minority carriers only
b) zero, because no charges are crossing the junction
c) zero, because equal but opposite currents are crossing the junction

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Sample Questions
154. Reversal of the power supply to either the transmitter or the receiver of
a torque synchro system would
a) cause a 180o displacement between the transmitter and the receiver
b) have no effect on the indication, but would cause a heavy current to
flow
c) make the receiver rotor rotate in the opposite direction

155. Torque synchro systems are normally used when the

a) mechanical load is low
b) mechanical load is high
c) system accuracy is of extreme importance

156. A common base transistor circuit is so called because

a) the base region is located between the emitter and collector region
b) the base is n-type material
c) the base is common to the emitter and collector circuits

157. What device transfers one energy type to another?

a) Transmitter
b) Transducer
c) Transponder

158. Which way does conventional current flow in a PNP junction?

a) Collector to emitter
b) Emitter to base
c) Collector to base

159. Electrical power is supplied to a synchro rotor

a) directly
b) through slip rings
c) through a commutator

160. The purpose of a flywheel incorporated in a synchro is to

a) increase the driving force
b) prevent oscillations
c) prevent insect ingress

161. In an operational amplifier, the two input waves are the same
amplitude, same frequency, but exactly anti-phase. What would the output
be?
a) Double
b) Zero
c) Half

162. A thyristor has which of the following?

a) High resistance when switched on
b) High resistance when switched off
c) A positive temperature coefficient

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Sample Questions
163. On an integrated circuit the hole in the top left corner is pin 1. The pins
are counted
a) clockwise
b) anticlockwise
c) from left to right

164. With reference to the circuit shown below, how is the transformer
configured?

a) Common emitter
b) Common collector
c) Common base

165. In the circuit diagram above, R1 and R2 are used to

a) set the transistor gain
b) set the DC bias level
c) increase the base voltage

166. In a synchro system, if two stator lines are crossed the receiver will
a) not be affected
b) be 180o out
c) reverse direction

167. In the following Boolean algebra statement, which gate is described?

F=A+B+C
a) Or
b) Not
c) And

168. In an E and I signal generator at datum, the voltage on the secondary

windings
a) are equal and opposite
b) is maximum
c) is zero

169. In a synchro resolver, the stator coils are at what angle in relation to
one another?
a) 45 degrees
b) 80 degrees
c) 90 degrees

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Sample Questions
170. In a synchrotel, the
a) rotor is fixed and the stator moves
b) rotor coil and stator coil is fixed
c) stator is fixed and the rotor moves

171. On a PCB, a decoupling capacitor is used to get rid of transient

currents between which points?
a) The electronic circuit and the aircraft ground
b) Interspaced along the circuit
c) The negative rail and the rest of the circuit

172. What does the circuit shown below do?

a) Full wave rectifier

b) Voltage doubler
c) Half wave rectifier

173. In an LED, what is used to make the colour?

a) the doping material
b) The electrons
c) The plastic lens cover

174. An atom with 5 electrons in its outer shell is part of

a) an N type material
b) a P type material
c) a C type material

175. In a FET, the junction connections are called

a) drain, source and gate
b) base, collector and emitter
c) drain, collector and junctions

176. In the Boolean algebra statement below, the gate described is

F = A.B.C
a) Nand
b) Nor
c) And

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Sample Questions
177. With a small amplitude voltage, what type of diode would you use to
produce the output waveform?

a) Schottky
b) Gunn
c) Zener

178. An increase in negative feedback to the servo amplifier

a) increases amplifier stability
b) decreases amplifier stability
c) has no effect

179. How is a push-pull transistor arrangement connected?

a) emitter to emitter
b) collector to collector
c) base to base

180. Thermal runaway in a transistor is caused by

a) excessive heat causing maximum current flow
b) excessive heat causing minimum current flow
c) low heat causing minimum current flow

181. What is the output of the amplifier shown below?

a) 0V
b) 3V
c) 5V

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Sample Questions
182. A single integrated circuit Op Amp has how many pins?
a) 4
b) 7
c) 8

183. A thyristor is commonly used for

a) voltage regulation
b) overvolts regulation
c) rectification

184. A diode which emits photons when conducting is a

a) zener
b) varactor
c) light emitting

185. Avalanche breakdown occurs when

a) forward bias becomes excessive
b) forward bias exceeds a certain value
c) reverse bias exceeds a certain value

186. The electrodes of an SCR are

a) anode, cathode, source
b) source, drain, gate
c) gate, cathode, anode

187. What gives an LED its colour?

a) A gas
b) The cover
c) Composition and impurity of the compound

188. For conduction of a transistor the emitter junction is

a) fwd biased
b) reverse biased
c) fwd or reverse as appropriate to the input signal

189. In a PNP transistor which way does conventional current flow

a) base to emitter
b) collector to emitter
c) emitter to collector

190. Infinite gain, infinite input impedance & zero output impedance is
characteristic of a
a) Class A amp
b) Class B amp
c) Op amp

191. Forward voltage of a silicon diode is

a) 0.6V
b) 0.2V
c) 1.6V

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Sample Questions
192. An advantage of a common emitter is
a) it is a voltage follower
b) it has high power gain
c) it has high voltage gain

193. What amplifier is biased at cut off

a) A
b) B
c) C

194. When testing a transistor with an ohmmeter, what is the resistance of

the emitter/collector?
a) High resistance one way
b) High resistance both ways
c) Low resistance both ways

195. What is the typical volts drop across a LED

a) 1.6V
b) 0.2V
c) 0.4V

196. What diode gives off light photons when forward biased
a) LED
b) Schottky diode
c) Gunn diode

197. A logic circuit with more than one gate will have
a) one of 2 states of logic output
b) 2 or more outputs
c) an analogue output

198. This is a diagram of

a) an SCR
b) a transistor
c) a photo diode

199. In a synchro, what is used to convert signals from one form to another?
a) Transmitter
b) Transducer
c) Transformer

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Sample Questions
200. Components on an integrated circuit are
a) in the solid
b) don't need them
c) on the surface

201. What diode is used to stop power spikes in a coil?

a) Two directional zener diode
b) Shottky diode
c) Gunn diode

202. The anode of a diode is connected to a +4v DC supply and the cathode
is connected to a +2v DC supply. The diode is
a) forward biased not conducting
b) reverse biased not conducting
c) forward biased conducting

203. Using electron flow in a diode the current flows from

a) Anode to Cathode
b) Cathode to Anode
c) Cathode to Base

204. A control surface position feedback signal is

a) proportional to surface position
b) inversely proportional to surface position
c) non-linear

205. In a PNP transistor, conventional current will flow when

a) the emitter is more positive than the base
b) the base is more positive than the emitter
c) the collector is more positive than the emitter

206. An E&I transformer out of datum has

a) equal and opposite voltages in each windings
b) unequal and opposite voltages in both windings
c) no voltage in either winding

207. A gyro will provide

a) rate feedback
b) velocity feedback
c) positional feedback

208. In a common collector circuit the output and input are

a) out of phase by 90o
b) in phase
c) out of phase by 60o

209. In velocity feedback the signal is

a) in phase
b) out of phase
c) equal to the error signal

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Sample Questions
210. When a hole diffuses from the p region to the n region
a) it becomes a minority carrier in the n region
b) lowers the potential barrier
c) raises the potential barrier

211. A junction diode

a) has one p-n junction
b) b) is similar to a vacuum diode but cannot rectify
c) can handle only small currents

212. A germanium diode is used for

a) voltage stabilisation
b) rectification
c) signal detection

213. A germanium diode

a) has a lower forward bias voltage than a silicon diode
b) has a higher forward bias voltage than a silicon diode
c) has the same forward bias voltage as a silicon diode

214. A VLSIC has

a) less than 1000 gates
b) more than 1000 gates
c) more than 10,000 gates

215. A momentary input at the reset input of a flip flop will

a) reset the true output to 0
b) reset the true output to 1
c) clock in new data from the data inputs

216. Which type of flip flop has only 1 data input?

a) RS
b) JK
c) D

217. A low pass filter has

a) a capacitor in series and an inductor in parallel
b) a capacitor in parallel and an inductor in series
c) both capacitor and inductor in parallel

218. When you use an op amp as a buffer it has

a) high input impedance and low output impedance
b) low input impedance and high output impedance
c) the same input an output impedance

219. What switches off a thyristor?

a) Remove the gate voltage
b) Remove supply voltage
c) Reverse bias gate

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Sample Questions
220. When an SCR is switched on it has
a) high resistance
b) low resistance
c) no change in resistance

221. What is required for the switching of a monostable multivibrator

a) one trigger pulse to switch on and another to switch off
b) one trigger pulse to both switch on and off
c) one trigger pulse to switch on and two trigger pulses to switch off

222. A transistor at saturation has

a) high resistance
b) low resistance
c) zero resistance

223. A capacitor resistor coupled multistage amp lets

a) AC and DC pass to the next stage
b) AC pass only
c) DC pass only

224. An oscillator operating at its natural frequency has feedback which is

a) in phase
b) 90 degrees out of phase
c) 180 degrees out of phase

225. What type of diode when forward biased holes and electrons
recombine producing photons?
a) gunn
b) LED
c) photodiode

226. What type of pulse is required to switch on a SCR

a) positive
b) negative
c) positive and negative

227. Which mathematical operation is performed by a modulator amplifier?

a) Addition
b) Subtraction
c) Multiplication

228. What is meant by a bistable circuit?

a) The circuit has 2 stable states and will stay in which one it is put
b) The circuit has 2 stable states and will stay in both at the same time
c) The circuit has 1 stable state and it can be negative or positive

229. A zener diode is designed to operate

a) above its breakdown voltage
b) below its breakdown voltage
c) either above or below its breakdown voltage

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Sample Questions
230. A JFET is
a) voltage sensitive
b) current sensitive
c) either of the above depending on resistance in the circuit

231. A triac is a type of

a) thyristor
b) thermistor
c) transistor

232. A piece of pure Germanium

a) has a deficit of electrons
b) is electrically stable
c) has an excess of electrons

233. If a junction diode is reverse biased too far, the output current would
a) cease to flow
b) increase
c) reverse direction

234. An RC connected amp has

a) no AC across
b) no DC across
c) even amounts of d.c and a.c across

235. When a PN junction is forward biased, it conducts via

a) majority carrier
b) b) minority carrier
c) intrinsic carrier

236. Thermal runaway in a transistor refers to

a) high current flow when temperature increases
b) b) low current flow when temperature increases
c) high current flow when temperature decreases

237. When is maximum voltage induced into the rotor of a control synchro
transformer?
a) 90 degrees (null position)
b) 0 degrees
c) When spinning fast

238. Resistors and capacitors are used to couple stages of amplifiers so

that
a) only d.c can be applied
b) equal amounts of a.c and d.c can be applied
c) only a.c can be applied

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
239. An a stable multivibrator is a
a) free running vibrator
b) one which requires an input to switch on and off
c) one which requires no input whatsoever

240. Op amps use what power supply?

a) 26v a.c
b) 5v - 15v d.c
c) 26v d.c

241. To check the output of a synchro stator it would be preferable to use

a) an Avometer
b) a Valve Voltmeter
c) a Cambridge Bridge

242. Synchro capacitors are connected into synchro systems to

a) minimize the torque synchro stator current at null
b) increase the accuracy of the control synchro
c) act as spark suppression due to wear of the slip rings

243. The purpose of the fly wheel incorporated in a synchro

a) is to increase the driving force
b) to prevent oscillations
c) to prevent insect ingress

244. In a slab desynn transmitter the

a) pick-offs form part of the circuit resistance
b) pick-offs rotate on the slab resister
c) pick-offs are connected to a spark suppressor

245. If, in a servo system, the amplitude from the feedback system is below
normal, the servo will
a) oscillate
b) be sluggish in operation
c) be overdamped

246. A desynn instrument has a positive irregular increasing error, you

would adjust
a) lever length
b) lever angle
c) lever angle and lever length

247. Torque synchro receiver bearing friction will cause

a) hunting
b) misalignment
c) improved accuracy

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Sample Questions
248. A control synchro system pointer is
a) actuated by a permanent magnet
b) displaced by the torque of the stator
c) motor driven

249. A D.C. signal converted to a phase sensitive A.C. is

a) demodulation
b) phase conversion
c) modulation

250. If velocity feedback in a servo system is above optimum, this will cause
a) sluggish operation
b) hunting
c) has no effect

251. A device which has a high input impedance, low output impedance and
high voltage gain is a
a) Class A amp
b) Class B amp
c) Op-Amp

252. In an integrated circuit, the components are mounted by

a) wires connecting them using conformal coating
b) a three dimensional process with no connections between them
required
c) metal oxide film etched onto surface

253. For a NPN transistor to conduct the collector circuit has to be

a) more positive than the emitter
b) more positive than the base
c) less positive than the emitter

254. The amount of rate feedback from a tachogenerator is

a) proportional to speed
b) inversely proportional to speed
c) constant for all servo speeds

255. When forward biased, current flow is mainly due to the

a) majority carriers
b) minority carriers
c) germanium bias junction

256. When forward biased the

a) positive lead is connected to the N type and negative to the P type
b) positive lead is connected to the P type and negative to the N type
c) positive lead is connected to both N and P type

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Sample Questions
257. In a PNP transistor, which way does conventional current flow?
a) Base to emitter
b) Collector to emitter
c) Emitter to Collector

258. In the Zener Diode suppressor shown, point X in respect to point Y

should be

a) more negative
b) more Positive
c) either positive or negative

259. In an integrated circuit, the components are inserted

a) manually
b) automatically
c) by doping in successive layers

260. The typical voltage drop across an L.E.D is

a) 2V
b) b) 4V
c) 6V

261. In an electronic circuit with an operational amplifier connected in the

push-pull configuration, the circuit
a) decreases impedance
b) utilizes both sides of the input signal
c) blocks half of the input signal

262. Pin 3 on an op-amp has a + symbol. This designates

a) positive offset null
b) positive input DC pin
c) non-inverting input

263. An advantage of a FET when compared to a bi-polar transistor is

a) the input resistance is lower
b) the switching time is quicker
c) the input resistance is higher

264. The semiconductor substrate used in 'chips' is most commonly

a) germanium
b) silicon
c) phiidide

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Sample Questions
265. Point X compared to point

a) Z is more positive
b) Y is more negative
c) Z is more negative

266. The typical bandwidth for an audio frequency amplifier is shown by line

a) X
b) Y
c) Z

267. What control system is used on an input that gives a controlled

predetermined output?
a) Open Loop
b) Closed Loop
c) Control Servo

268. Increasing velocity feedback from optimum will give

a) sluggish performance
b) faster performance
c) no change on the output

269. A rate control servo system with a steady input voltage will give
a) constant speed
b) increasing speed
c) decreasing speed

270. Where are decoupling capacitors used in digital circuits?

a) Between pins 1 & 8
b) Close to the +ve pin
c) Close to the ve pin

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
271. What are the majority carriers for a forward biased PN junction device?
a) Electrons
b) Holes
c) Electrons and holes

272. The resistance measured using an AVO between the Collector and
Emitter of a transistor is
a) same both ways
b) smaller Collector to Emitter
c) higher Collector to Emitter

273. Germanium in its pure state is

a) neutral
b) positively charged
c) negatively charged

274. Common Collector has the following characteristics

a) Medium Voltage Gain, High Current Gain, Non-Inverted Output
b) Low Voltage Gain, High Current Gain, Inverted Output
c) Medium Voltage Gain, Low Current Gain, Inverted Output

275. Two push-pull transistors have what commoned?

a) Bases
b) Collectors
c) Emitters

276. In a Common Emitter Amplifier RE is used for

a) biasing
b) stabilisation
c) load control

277. If the reverse bias voltage across a diode is too high

a) load current increases rapidly
b) load current reverses
c) load current reduces to zero

278. The rotor coil of a synchrotel

a) is stationary
b) rotates
c) rotates only when a current flows in it

279. An increase in amplitude of a rate feedback signal will cause

a) sluggish servo operation
b) reduced hunting
c) instable operation

280. An increase in negative feedback

a) increases system sensitivity
b) decreases system sensitivity
c) will make the driven device continuously rotate

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
281. An integrated circuit is manufactured by
a) computer hardware, which use individual circuits on ribbon
b) doping impurities into layers of intrinsic material
c) etching copper tracks onto an insulating board

282. A de-coupling capacitor in a PCB is used to

a) minimise transient currents
b) pass a.c only
c) pass d.c only

283. A monostable vibrator

a) is switched on by a trigger pulse then within a pre-set time will
eventually return to its original state
b) uses a trigger pulse to turn on and the same pulse to turn off
c) uses one pulse to turn on and another to turn off

284. Position feedback is used to

a) ensure control surface moves to the demanded position by the controls
b) to prevent control surface oscillations while the surface is being moved
c) indicate to the pilot the position of the load

285. The output from a control transformer is

a) torque
b) AC voltage
c) DC voltage

286. The stator output voltages from a synchro resolver are

a) DC
b) AC single phase
c) 3 phase

287. The purpose of synchro capacitors in a differential synchro

transmission system
a) to reduce stator current
b) reduce rotor current
c) reduce stator circuit impedance

288. A typical use for resolver synchros is

a) in compass comparitor units
b) engine power instrumentation
c) fly by wire system

289. The purpose of a flywheel in a synchro receiver indicator is to

a) prevent spinning or oscillation
b) encourage spinning
c) increase driving torque

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
290. A linear variometer is
a) a special synchro giving ac output proportional to shaft angle
b) a special auto transformer for synchro system power supplies
c) an alternative term for a desynn system

291. In a synchrotel the rotating winding is

a) the stator
b) rotor
c) neither

292. The receiver rotor in a torque synchro system oscillates over an arc of
approx 75 degrees. The probable cause is
a) short circuit between two stator lines
b) two stator lines reversed
c) one stator line open circuit

293. Synchro capacitors are fitted

a) to provide critical damping
b) to make additional damping features unnecessary
c) to improve sensitivity and accuracy

294. The output of a control transformer is made

a) phase and amplitude sensitive by direction and magnitude of the
transmitter rotor movement respectively
b) phase and amplitude sensitive by magnitude and direction of the
transmitter rotor movement respectively
c) phase sensitive by transmitter rotor excitation and amplitude sensitive
by direction of transmitter rotor movement

295. A transistor is used in

a) current amplifier
b) voltage amplifier
c) both

296. An LED which emits green light uses

a) gallium arsenide phosphide
b) gallium phosphide
c) gallium arsenide

297. An LED which emits red light uses

a) gallium arsenide phosphide
b) gallium phosphide
c) gallium arsenide

298. A photodiode is operated under

a) reverse bias conditions
b) forward bias conditions
c) reverse or forward bias conditions

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
299. To increase capacitance of a varactor diode
a) reverse bias voltage is increased
b) forward bias voltage is decreased
c) reverse bias voltage is decreased

300. Which diode has a lower forward bias voltage?

a) silicon
b) germanium
c) both the same

301. A Zener diode is used for

a) rectification
b) voltage stabilisation
c) voltage regulation

302. In the above diagram the phase of the input to the output is

a) in phase
b) 180 degrees out of phase
c) 90 degrees out of phase

303. A thyristor SCR is a

a) unidirectional device
b) bi-directional device
c) multidirectional device

304. A bi-directional TRIAC has two SCRs connected in

a) series parallel
b) parallel series
c) inverse parallel

305. A thyristor can be forward biased by

a) positive pulse
b) negative pulse
c) positive or negative pulse

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
306. The above diagram shows a

a) voltage doubler
b) half wave rectifier
c) full wave rectifier

307. 'N' type materials are doped with

a) acceptors
b) donors
c) acceptors and donors

308. A junction diode if reverse biased too far, the output will
increase
stop
reverse

309. The input of this circuit will be

a) integrated
b) differentiated
c) logarithmic

310. The most suitable class of amplifier for a radio transmitter is

a) A
b) B
c) C

311. What is the base material of a PCB?

a) Insulator
b) Conductor
c) Semiconductor

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
312. Under normal operating conditions X will be

a) negative with respect to Z

b) positive with respect to Z
c) negative with respect to Y

313. What does the output voltage of an op-amp depend upon?

a) The resistors in the circuit
b) The op amp bandwidth
c) The gain of the op-amp

314. In which direction does the current flow on a PNP transistor when
forward biased?
a) Emitter to collector
b) Collector to emitter
c) Emitter to base

315. What does a resolver do?

a) Resolves a position into sine and cosine components
b) Adds two signals
c) Resolves a movement into sine and cosine components

316. What component is used to turn AC to DC?

a) Diode
b) Transistor
c) Thyristor

317. What is an intrinsic material?

a) One with removed elements
b) One with added elements
c) A pure material

318. What does the colour of an LED depend upon?

a) Material
b) Voltage
c) Current

319. In an electronic circuit, if the anode of a diode is clamped to ground

what is this called?
a) A high level clamp
b) A low level clamping circuit
c) A negative limiting circuit

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
320. If the feedback is ideal damped, the signal will
a) overshoots once and return back
b) oscillate
c) not overshoot

321. The voltage drop of a silicon diode is

a) 0.3 V
b) 0.7 V
c) 1V

322. The negative feedback for an integrator is connected across a

a) resistor
b) capacitor
c) inductor

323. To decrease the capacitance of a varactor

a) forward bias should be increased
b) reverse bias should be decreased
c) reverse bias should be increased

324. In a printed circuit board , the surface resistance testing is

a) the resistance between the tow inductors
b) insulation resistance between adjacent printed conductor
c) between the board and the conductor.

325. A Zener diode is used across the output for a power supply circuit to
a) give a full wave rectification
b) provide a steady DC voltage output without falling
c) prevent thermal runway

326. If a diode has gone open circuit in a full wave bridge rectifier, the output
frequency ripple is
a) the same as the input frequency
b) twice the input frequency
c) half the input frequency

327. In a tachogenerator the output voltage is

a) inversely proportional to the speed
b) directly proportional to the speed
c) zero

328. Resistance - capacitance coupling between amplifiers gives

a) DC
b) AC
c) both

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
329. Which curve is from a Broadband amplifier?

a) A
b) B
c) C

330. To test a diode with a multimeter, the anode lead is placed on the
a) cathode and the positive lead to the anode
b) anode and the negative lead to the cathode
c) cathode and the negative lead to the anode

331. A diode is parallel to an LED in an AC circuit to

a) provide correct amount of current for LED when circuit is switched on
b) protect LED from AC current when switched on
c) prevent back EMF in the circuit when LED is switched off

332. What type of gate has both inverted inputs and inverted outputs
a) AND gate
b) NAND gate
c) NOR gate

333. A transistor in Common Emitter mode gives

a) high voltage gain only
b) high current Gain only
c) high power Gain

334. The input resistance to an inverting op-amp is 100 Ohms. The

feedback resistance is 100 kilohms. What is the amplifier gain?
a) -1000
b) 1000
c) 1/1000

335. For a transistor in common emitter mode, the term Hfe indicates
a) the current gain Ic/Ib at Vce constant
b) the Voltage gain Vce/Vbe at Ib constant
c) the Power gain Pin/Pout

336. In a full wave bridge rectifier

a) the output is pure DC. Frequency is 0 Hz
b) the output voltage is twice the input voltage
c) the output frequency is twice the input frequency

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
337. The letter "B" following the identification code on the case of a synchro
denotes
a) the modification status
b) that the stator is rotatable
c) that the synchro is second hand

338. In a differential amplifier the term 'common mode voltage' means

a) output voltage when both inputs have equal voltages
b) output voltage with non-inverting input at 0 volts
c) output voltage with one input connected to common ground

339. In an ideal current amplifier

a) input impedance must be low and output high
b) input impedance must be high and output low
c) both input and output impedances must be low

340. In an ideal voltage amplifier

a) input impedance must be low and output impedance low
b) input impedance must be low and output impedance high
c) input impedance must be high and output impedance low

341. The term Ice related to transistor in common emitter mode means
a) leakage current flowing between Collector and Emitter with Base open
circuited
b) forward current between Collector and Emitter with Base connected to
ground
c) leakage current between Collector and Emitter with Base connected to
ground

342. In a forward biased diode, current is carried by

a) majority carriers
b) minority carriers
c) both

343. When checking a diode for resistance the positive lead goes to
a) anode and negative lead to cathode
b) cathode and negative lead to anode
c) anode and negative lead to earth

344. In an integrated circuit, active, passive and connecting components are

a) mounted on the outside of the solid block
b) embedded within the solid block
c) connected by fine gold wires

345. Using Electron flow in a diode the current flows from

a) anode to cathode
b) cathode to Anode
c) cathode to base

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
346. The primary purpose of rate feedback in a positional servo system is to
a) ensure minimum response time
b) prevent excessive overshoot
c) ensure system linearity

347. In a control surface position indicating system the feedback signal is

a) proportional to the control surface position
b) indirectly proportional to the control surface position
c) in phase with the control surface position

348. After passing through a rectifier, alternating current becomes

a) direct current
b) pulsating direct current
c) square wave form current

349. Zener diodes are used for

a) Current control
b) Voltage control
c) Temperature control

350. TX is the abbreviation for a

a) torque transmitter
b) torque receiver
c) control transformer

351. Once started conducting an SCR switches off

a) automatically after a specific time
b) only when the anode goes positive to the cathode
c) only when the anode goes negative to the cathode

352. A Zener diode usually works

a) only in forward bias
b) only in reverse bias
c) at variable voltages

353. In a forward biased diode, electrons leave the

a) the anode
b) the cathode
c) the doped area

354. Diodes are

a) conductors
b) semi-conductors
c) Insulators

355. 'P' type materials are

a) acceptors
b) donors
c) conductors

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
356. To function, i.e. conduct, a junction diode made of silicon requires a
forward bias of at least
a) 1V
b) 1.41V
c) 0.2V

357. Diodes connected in parallel would act like an

a) an OR gate
b) an NAND gate
c) an AND gate

358. With a transistor electrons leave the

a) Collector
b) Base
c) Emitter

359. A common base amplifier has

a) Low i/p and high o/p impedance
b) High i/p and high o/p impedance
c) Low i/p and medium o/p impedance

360. TR is the abbreviation for a

a) torque synchro
b) transmitter Resolver
c) torque receiver

361. When a synchro system is in correspondence, its transmitter and

receiver
a) are in phase
b) are anti-phase
c) at 90 degrees to each other

362. Synchro systems depend on the principles of

a) mutual Inductance
b) electromagnetic induction
c) capacitive reaction

363. A piezoelectric crystal is an example of

a) an analogue transducer
b) a Electro Acoustic Transducer
c) a Pneumatic Transducer

364. The difference between an open and closed loop is

a) correspondence
b) feedback
c) error signal

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
365. In a transistor, the arrow always points in the direction of
a) conventional current
b) electron flow
c) emitter

366. The emitter, base and collector currents follow ohm's and Kirchhoff's
law which is
a) Ib = Ie + Ic
b) Ie = Ic - Ib
c) Ie = Ib + Ic

367. Which of the following explains how the photodiode works?

a) Photodiodes are forward biased to conduct when light falls upon them
b) Photodiodes are back biased to conduct when light falls upon them
c) Photodiodes are back biased not to conduct when light falls upon them

368. The output will be

a) +15 V
b) 0 V
c) -15 V

369. What are printed circuit boards made of?

a) Matrix board with components soldered on
b) Fibreglass board coated with copper in which circuits are etched
c) Synthetic resin board etched with copper

370. In a Desynn indicator system, where is power supplied to?

a) Transmitter and indicator
b) Transmitter only
c) Indicator only

371. What type of power supply is a Desynn indicator system connected to?
a) AC 50 Hz
b) AC 400 Hz
c) DC

372. What does the Desynn indicator rotor consist of?

a) Permanent Magnet
b) Electro magnet
c) Aluminium cored coil

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 Module 4 Electronic Fundamentals
Sample Questions
373. In an NPN transistor the
a) collector is more positive than the emitter
b) emitter is more positive than the collector
c) emitter is more positive than the base

374. In an NPN transistor the

a) emitter is more positive than the base
b) collector is more positive than the base
c) collector is the same as the base

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