Solid Waste Management

Dr. Zuhaib Siddiqui

1
Solid waste Management

All waste arising from human, and animal activities that

are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or

unwanted .

Heterogeneous mass of throwaways from the urban

community as well the more homogeneous accumulation of

agricultural, industrial and mineral wastes

2
Why solid waste management?

Bubonic plague during medieval towns cause black death

(epidemic plague) killed half of the fourteenth century

Europeans

Until the nineteenth century, vital considerations were

realised by the government athoritie to collect the food wastes

and diposed in a sanitary landfill manner to control the

rodents and flies, vector of the disease.

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Solid waste management?

Disciplined associated the disciplined associated with control

of:

Generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,

processing and disposal of solid waste with the best

principles of public health economics, engineering,

conservation, aesthetics and other environmental

considerations
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Functional elements of waste management

Waste generation

Waste handling, separation, storage

and processing at the source

Collection

Transfer &
Transport Separation & processing &
transformation of SW

Disposal

5
Solid waste management?

Disciplined associated the disciplined associated with control

of:

Generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,

processing and disposal of solid waste with the best

principles of public health economics, engineering,

conservation, aesthetics and other environmental

considerations
6
Generation

The Ministry of Environment and Urban Affairs Division, Government

of Pakistan undertook a study during 1996 on Data Collection for

Preparation of National Study on Privatization of Solid Waste

Management in Eight Selected Cities of Pakistan. The study revealed

that the rate of waste generation on average from all type of municipal

controlled areas varies from 0.283 kg/capita/day to 0.613 kg/capita/day

or from 1.896 kg/house/day to 4.29 kg/house/day in all the selected

cities from Sibi to Karachi

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Generation

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Composition of waste

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Composition of waste in Pak cities

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Waste generation

Waste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified

as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered

together for disposal

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Polluter pay principle

The principle that

those who are responsible for the generation of a
pollutant should pay for the cost of protecting the
environment from that pollutant

In a solid waste management context,

those who manufacture, distribute or sell products are
increasingly being considered responsible for the costs
of managing their products once they are discarded and
for this purpose are identified as "the polluter

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Polluter pay principle

The principle that

those who are responsible for the generation of a
pollutant should pay for the cost of protecting the
environment from that pollutant

In a solid waste management context,

those who manufacture, distribute or sell products are
increasingly being considered responsible for the costs
of managing their products once they are discarded and
for this purpose are identified as "the polluter

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User pay principle

The principle that

those who use a waste management system should
pay for the use of the system in proportion to the
extent to which they use the system

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 Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Agricultural
Industrial Waste
Waste Waste

General Non- Hazardous

Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste
Waste Waste
Same as General
Refus
Garbage Waste
e
Paper Vegetable Dry Cells Toxic Waste
Residue
Plastic Food Waste Batterie Ignitable Waste
s
Bottles Etc. Fluorescent Lamp Corrosive Waste

Glass Reactive Waste

Paints and Its Container
Clothes Radioactive Waste
Metals Chemicals Residue and Its Container
Leathers
Rubber Etc.
Wood and Leaf
Etc.
Vegetable Residue
Food Waste
Etc. 15
Properties of MSW

Physical
Specific weight
Moisture content
Particle size and size distribution
Field capacity
Compacted waste porosity (permeability)

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Properties of MSW

Chemical
Important in evaluating alternative processes
and recovery options
Proximate analysis
Fusing point of ash
Ultimate analysis (major elements)
Trace elements to consider composting
Energy content

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Properties of MSW

Biological
Important in considering organic fractions
gases + inert organic and inorganic solids
Organic fraction
Water-soluble constituents
Hemi-cellulose
Cellulose
Fats, oil, and waxes
Lignin
Lignocellulose
Proteins

Corresponding to
Biodegradability
Production of odor

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Properties of MSW

Specific weight
Weight of material per unit volume
kg/m3, lb/yd3, etc.
Sometime, referred as density
Often reported as
As loose, compacted, uncompacted, as found in containers
Depend on
geographic location
Season of the year
Length of time in storage
For example, waste in compaction vehicle
Typical range = 178 415 kg/m3
Average = 297 kg/m3

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Physical properties

Moisture content
2 ways of expressions:
Wet-weight
percentage of wet weight of material

M = moisture content, %
w = initial weight of sample as delivered, kg
d = weight of sample after 105oC drying, kg

Dry-weight
percentage of wet weight of material

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Moisture content of MSW

Moisture content, %
Component
Range Typical
Residential
Aluminum cans 2-4 3
Cardboard 4-8 5
Fines (dirt, etc.) 6-12 8
Food waste 50-80 70
Glass 1-4 2
Grass 40-80 60
Leather 8-12 10
Leaves 20-40 30
Paper 4-10 6
Plastics 1-4 2
Rubber 1-4 2
Steel cans 2-4 3
Textiles 6-15 10
Wood 15-40 20
Yard waste 30-80 60 21
Moisture content of MSW

Moisture content, %
Component
Range Typical
Commercial
Food waste 50-80 70
Mixed commercial 10-25 15
Wood crates and pallets 10-30 20
Construction (mixed) 2-15 8

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 Specific weight of MSW
Components Condition Specific weight (lb/yd3)*

Aluminum cans Loose 50-74

Flattened 250
Corrugated cardboard Loose 350
Fines (dirt, etc.) Loose 540-1,600
Food waste Loose 220-810
Baled 1,000-1,200
Glass bottles Whole bottles 500-700
Crushed 1,800-2,700
Magazines Loose 800
Newsprint Loose 20-55
Baled 720-1,000
Office paper Loose 400
Baled 700-750 23
 Specific weight of MSW
Components Condition Specific weight (lb/yd3)*

Plastics Mixed 70-220

PETE, whole 30-40
Baled 400-500
HDPE, loose 24
Flattened 65
Plastic film and bags Baled 500-800
Granulated 700-750
Steel cans Unflattened 150
Baled 850
Textiles Loose 70-170
Yard waste Mixed, loose 250-500
Leaves, loose 50-250
Grass, loose 350-500 24
 Physical Properties
Particle size and size
distribution
Important consideration
in recovery of materials
Especially mechanical
means

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 Physical Properties
Compone Range and modal value

Food nt
waste

Paper

Cardboard

Plastics

Textiles

Rubber

Leather

Yard wastes

Wood

Glass

Tin cans

Aluminum

Other metal

Dirt, ash, etc.

Typical component size,

26
in
 Physical Properties
Field capacity
Total amount of moisture that can retained in a
waste sample subject to downward pull of gravity
Determining the formation of landfill leachate
Depend on
Applied pressure
State of decomposition of waste
Expressed as
Percentage in volume e.g. 30%

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 Physical Properties
Permeability of compacted wastes
Or hydraulic conductivity
Important in governing the movement of gases
and liquid in landfill site

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Chemical Properties
Used for
Determining alternative processing +
recovery options
For example
Combustion, composting, etc.
To use MSW as fuel, it is to consider
Proximate analysis
Fusing point of ash
Ultimate analysis (major elements)
(Trace elements are important if MSW is
recovered as feedstock)
Energy content
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 Chemical Properties
Proximate analysis
Analysis for combustible components
Moisture content
Loss of moisture at 105oC for 1 hr
Volatile combustible matter
Loss of weight on ignition at 950oC in a covered crucible
Fixed carbon
Combustible residue left after removal of volatile matter
Ash
Weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible
Combustible

Non-
Ash Fixed Volatile H2O combustible
carbon combustible

Solid Wastes 30
 Chemical Properties
Proximate analysis
Proximate analysis,
Energy content, Btu/lb
% by weight
Type of waste Non-
Moistu Volatile Fixed As Dry ash-
combusti Dry
re matter carbon collected free
ble
Food and food products
-Fats 2.0 95.3 2.5 0.2 16,135 16,466 16,836
-Food wastes (mixed) 70.0 21.4 3.6 5.0 1,797 5,983 7,180
-Fruit wastes 78.7 16.6 4.0 0.7 1,707 8,013 8,285
-Meat wastes 38.8 56.4 1.8 3.1 7,623 12,455 13,120
Paper products
-Cardboard 5.2 77.5 12.3 5.0 7,042 7,428 7,842
-Magazines 4.1 66.4 7.0 22.5 5,254 5,478 7,157
-Newsprint 6.0 81.1 11.5 1.4 7,975 8,484 8,612
-Paper (mixed) 10.2 75.9 8.4 5.4 6,799 7,571 31 8,056
-Waxed cartons 3.4 90.9 4.5 1.2 11,326 11,724 11,872
 Chemical Properties
Proximate analysis
Proximate analysis,
Energy content, Btu/lb
% by weight
Type of waste Non-
Moistu Volatile Fixed As Dry ash-
combustib Dry
re matter carbon collected free
le
Plastics
-Plastics (mixed) 0.2 95.8 2.0 2.0 14,101 14,390 16,024
-Polyethylene 0.2 98.5 <0.1 1.2 18,687 18,724 18,952
-Polystyrene 0.2 98.7 0.7 0.5 16,419 16,451 16,430
-Polyurethane 0.2 87.1 8.3 4.4 11,204 11,226 11,744
-Polyvinyl chloride 0.2 86.9 10.8 2.1 9,755 9,774 9,985
Textiles, rubber, leather
-Textiles 10.0 66.0 17.5 6.5 7,960 8,844 9,827
-Rubber 1.2 83.9 4.9 9.9 10,890 11,022 12,250
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-Leather 10.0 68.5 12.5 9.0 7,500 8,040 8,982
 Chemical Properties
Proximate analysis
Proximate analysis,
Energy content, Btu/lb
% by weight
Type of waste
Volatile Fixed Non- As Dry ash-
Moisture Dry
matter carbon combustible collected free
Wood, trees, etc.
-Yard wastes 60.0 30.0 9.5 0.5 2,601 6,503 6,585
-Wood (green timber) 50.0 42.3 7.3 0.4 2,100 4,200 4,234
-Hardwood 12.0 75.1 12.4 0.5 7,352 8,354 8,402
-Wood (mixed) 20.0 68.1 11.3 0.6 6,640 8,316 8,383
Glass, Metals, etc.
-Glass and mineral 2.0 - - 96-99+ 84 b 86 60
-Metal, tin cans 5.0 - - 94-99+ 301 b 319 317
-Metal, ferrous 2.0 - - 96-99+ - - -
-Metal, nonferrous 2.0 - - 94-99+ - - 33 -
 Chemical Properties
Proximate analysis,
Energy content, Btu/lb
% by weight
Type of waste Non-
Volatile Fixed As Dry ash-
Moisture combusti Dry
matter carbon collected free
ble
Miscellaneous
- Office sweepings 3.2 20.5 6.3 70.0 3,669 3,791 13,692
Residential MSW 21.0 52.0 7.0 20.0 5,000 6,250 8,333
(15-40) (40-60) (4-15) (10-30)
Commercial MSW 15.0 - - 5,500 6,470
(10-30)
MSW 20.0 - - 4,600 5,750
(10-30)

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 Chemical Properties
Fusing Point of Ash
Temperature that cause ash (from burning
wastes) form a solid (clinker) by fusion
and agglomeration

Typical range = 1,100 1,200oC

May cause operational problems in

incineration processes
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 Chemical Properties
Ultimate analysis
To determine chemical composition
C, H, O, N, S and ash
Halogen group
Cl, Br,

Data is used for

Determine C/N ratio for composting or
biological conversion processes
Awareness of chlorinated compounds
Dioxin, Furan, etc. 36
 Chemical Properties
Ultimate analysis of MSW
Percent by weight (dry basis)
Component
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Ash
Organic
- Food wastes 48.0 6.4 37.6 2.6 0.4 5.0
- Paper 43.5 6.0 44.0 0.3 0.2 6.0
- Cardboard 44.0 5.9 44.6 0.3 0.2 5.0
- Plastics 60.0 7.2 22.8 - - 10.0
- Textiles 55.0 6.6 31.2 4.6 0.15 2.5
- Rubber 78.0 10.0 - 2.0 - 10.0
- Leather 60.0 8.0 11.6 10.0 0.4 10.0
- Yard wastes 47.8 6.0 38.0 3.4 0.3 4.5
- Wood 49.5 6.0 42.7 0.2 0.1 1.5
Inorganic
- Glass b 0.5 0.1 0.4 <0.1 - 98.9
- Metals b 4.5 0.6 4.3 <0.1 - 90.5
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- Dirt, ash, etc. 26.3 3.0 2.0 0.5 0.2 68.0
 Chemical Properties
Energy content
Determined by
Full-scale boiler as a calorimeter
Laboratory bomb calorimeter
Calculation of elemental composition
Btu/lb = 145C + 610(H2 1/8O2) + 40S + 10N
element percent by weight

Trace elements
NO3, K, Ca Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, etc.
Important for the production of biological
conversion products
Composts, methane, ethanol, etc.
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 Biological Properties
Organic fractions of However, the important
MSW biological properties are
Water-soluble to determine
constituents Biodegradability of
Sugars, starches, amino organic fractions
acid, etc. Production of odors
Hemicellulose Breeding of flies
Cellulose
Fats, oil, and waxes
Lignin
Lignocellulose
Protein

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 Biological Properties
Biodegradability of organic fractions
Determined by volatile solid (VS) content
Ignition at 550oC
But, may misinterpret for some components
Newsprint high VS but low biodegradability
Food wastes low VS but high biodegradability
Consider percent of lignin in the VS
BF = 0.83 0.028LC
BF = biodegradable fraction
LC = lignin content of VS (% dry weight)
Often, express in rapidly or slowly
decomposable
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 Biological Properties
Production of odors
Resultant of anaerobic decomposition
readily decomposable organic component
SO4-2 reduced to sulfide (S2-) + combine with H
H2 S
Biochemical reduction of an organic compound
containing with S radical
Produce methyl mercaptan + aminobutyric acid
malodorous
Methyl mercaptan reduced + form H2S
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 Biological Properties
Breeding of flies
Flies can develop after < 2week of egg laid
Very important consideration but very
difficult to control, especially in the tropical
areas

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 Applications of MSW Properties &
Composition
To determine
Appropriate transformation processes
Separation, reduction, combustion, composting, etc.
Improving efficiencies transformation processes
E.g. moisture content + C/N composting reactions

Design recovery methods

Reuse + recycling materials
Conversion products + energy

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Functional elements of waste management

Waste generation

Waste handling, separation, storage

and processing at the source

Collection

Transfer &
Transport Separation & processing &
transformation of SW

Disposal

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Waste generation, separation, storage and
processing at source
It involves activities associated with management of

wastes until they are placed in storage containers for

collection

Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded

containers to the point of collection

Separation of waste component is an important step in

the handling and storage of solid waste at source

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Waste generation, separation, storage and
processing at source
The best place for
segregation/separation of
reusable material is at the
source of generation
On-site storage is aesthetically
avoided because of public
health concerns, cost of
provided storage facility is borne
by user
Processing at the source
involves activities such as
compaction and yard waste
composting
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Collection
This functional elements
includes not only
gathering of solid
wastes and recyclable
material, but also the
transport of these
material after collection
to the location where
vehicle is emptied.
The location may be a materials processing facility, a
transfer station or landfill disposal site.

In large cities, the hauling distance is greater than 15

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miles to the final disposal point
Collection

Weighing bridge 48
Separation, processing and transformation of SW

Separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a

material recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion

facility and disposal sites.

Processing includes, separation of bulky items,

separation using screens, manual separation, size

reducing by shredding , separation of metals using

magnets, volume reduction by compaction and

combustion
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Separation, processing and transformation of SW

Transformation process (chemical/biological) is used to

reduce the volume and weight of the waste requiring

disposal and to recover conversion products and energy

Chemical transformation: combustion or incineration

(recovery of heat energy)

Biological transformation: aerobic composting,

anaerobic digestion
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Separation, processing and transformation of SW

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Transfer and transport

Transfer and transport involves two steps:

1. Transfer of wastes from smaller collection vehicle to

larger transport vehicle

2. Subsequent transport of wastes over longer distance

to processing or disposal site

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Disposal

It includes landfilling or land spreading or modern

sanitary landfilling

The disposal of SW should not create nuisance or

hazard to public health or safety, such as breeding of

rats and insects and the contamination of ground water

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Waste compostion

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A typical solid waste
management system
in developing
countries
Storage
Collection and
transport
Recycling
Intermediate storage
Disposal

But, less
Transformation
Recovery
Minimization
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Conversion to energy
Landfill

Landfills are physical facilities used for the disposal of

residual solid wastes in the surface soil of the earth

Sanitary Landfill: Engineered facility for the disposal of

MSW designed and operated to minimize public health

and environmental impacts

Secure Landfill: Landfill available to dispose off the

hazardous waste
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Landfill

Landfills includes monitoring of the incoming waste

stream, placement and compaction of the waste and

installation of landfill environmental monitoring and

control facilities

57
Landfill

Natural attenuation of landfill

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Landfill

Sanitary landfill

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Environmental concerns of Landfill

60
Planning and design operation of Landfill

Layout and design

Operation and management

Biochemical reactions

Management of landfill gases

Management of leachate

Environmental monitoring

Landfill closure and post-closure

61
Layout and design of Landfill

Sectional view through a sanitary

landfill 62
Operation and management

Definition sketch for landfill

operations and processes 63
Development and completion of Landfill

64
Physical Reactions

Lateral diffusion of gases in landfill

Emission of landfill gases to surrounding environment
Movement of leachate within the landfill and into
underlying soil
Settlement caused by consolidation and decomposition of
landfill materials

65
Biochemical Reactions

Biotransformation of organics into landfill gases and

Liquids
Starting with aerobic, then followed by anaerobic
processes.
Aerobic process produces CO2 and H2O
Anaerobic process produces CO2, CH4 and trace
amounts of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide

66
Chemical Reactions

Dissolution and suspension of materials and biological

conversion products in liquid percolating through the water
Evaporation and vaporization of chemical compounds and
water into evolving landfill gas
Sorption of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds
into the landfilled material,
Decomposition of organic compounds
Oxidation-reduction of metals
Solubility of metal salts
Dissolution of bioconversion products and other
compounds esp. organic compounds, into leachate of special
importance because these materials can be transported out
landfill with the leachate
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Landfill Classification

68
Landfilling Methods

69
Landfilling Methods

Excavated cell/trench
70
Landfilling Methods

Area
71
Landfilling Methods

Canyon/Depression
72
Factors/considerations in Landfill

73
Composition and characteristics, generation, movement and
control of gases

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