EE-211 Circuit Analysis

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
hadeed@giki.edu.pk

September 17, 2017

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Overview

1 Theory
Resistance and Ohms law
Linearity of circuit elements
Kirchhoffs laws
Some general observations
Simple resistive circuits
Voltage divider rule (VDR)
Current divider rule (CDR)
Multiple source and resistor network

2 Numerical

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Resistance and Ohms law
It is a physical property of an element or device that impedes the flow of
current.
Electrons collides with other atomic particles and this collision is not
elastic. The loss in energy is termed as potential drop.
Conductors have low values of resistance and insulators have high values
of resistance.
George Simon Ohm determined the relationship between voltage and
current in a resistance in 1827. At constant temperature.
v = iR (1)
It is symbolized as ohm .
1V
1 = (2)
A

Figure: Symbols of resistance

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Resistance (continued)

A resistance with R=0 is a short circuit.

A resistance with R= is an open circuit.
An ideal resistance
I is constant i.e independent of the voltage across or current through it.
I is bilateral i.e polarity of the voltage reverses the direction of current
and vice versa.
I is a lumped element i.e it carries no information about spatial
dimensions.
I An ideal resistor is a linear time-invariant resistor.

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Ohms law (continued)

Ohms law expresses the voltage as a function of current. v=iR

In terms of current expression as a function of voltage i= Rv
Resistance cannot store energy. It is a lossy element and therefore
dissipates energy.
P = vi (3)
P = i 2R (4)
v2
P= (5)
R

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Ohms law (continued)

Reciprocal of resistance is conductance.

It is symbolized as mho f. The unit is siemens (S)

1
G= (6)
R
1A
1S = (7)
V
Resistance of 8 has conductance of 0.125 S.

P = v 2G (8)

i2
P= (9)
G

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Example 1

Calculate the values of v,i and power dissipated in each resistor.

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Example 2

Construct the circuit model of device with characteristics shown in figure

below.

The voltage is related to current by a factor of 4.

The device inside the box behaves like a 4 ohm resistor.

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Linearity of circuit elements
Any element in engineering is linear if it satisfies two properties
Superposition
I Suppose if the excitation is i1 and response is v1 . If the element is
given i2 the response is v2 . Moreover, the sum of i1 and i2 produces the
sum of v1 and v2 . This is called principle of superposition.
I Consider slide 17 where the excitation is v and the response is i. Here
-20V(v1 ) produce -5A(i1 ) and 20V(v2 ) produce 5A(i2 ). The sum of v1
and v2 produces the sum of i1 and i2 .
Homogeneity
I Multiplying the input results in multiplying the output by the same
constant. If i results in v then i produces v .
I Consider slide 17 where the excitation is v and the response is i. Here
20V produce 5A, if 20V is multiplied by 2 then the resultant current is
also increased by a factor of 2.
In slide 17 the device satisfies both the above properties and hence it is a
linear device.

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Example 1

The figure shows the I-V response of four two terminal elements.
Determine which among these is linear.

The voltage is related to current by a factor of 4.

The device inside the box behaves like a 4 ohm resistor.

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Example 2.2-1 (Dorf)
An element is represented by relationship between current and voltage as
v=Ri. Determine if the device is linear.

v1 = Ri1 (10)

v2 = Ri2 (11)
v1 + v2 = Ri1 + Ri2 = R(i1 + i2 ) (12)
(12) proves that superposition property is satisfied

v1 = Ri1 (13)

i2 = ki1 (14)
v2 = Ri2 = Rki1 (15)
v2 = kv1 (16)
(22) proves the homogeneity property. Therefore, the device is linear
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Self Assessment

An element is represented by relationship between current and voltage as

v=i 2 . Determine if the device is linear.

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Kirchhoffs laws

Gustav Kirchhoff proposed two laws in a paper published in 1848.

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL)

Algebraic sum of the current at any node in a circuit equals zero.

Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed patha in a circuit
equals zero. In other words voltage rise in a circuit is equal to voltage drop
in a circuit
a
Starting from any node we trace a closed path in a circuit through basic
elements and return to starting node without passing through an intermediate
node more than once

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KCL Example

Write equations using KCL. Current entering a node is assigned negative.

Current leaving a node is assigned positive.

At node a is i1 =0
At node b i1 + ic =0
At node c ic iL =0
At node d iL is =0

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KCL Assessment Example

Write equations using KCL. Current entering a node is assigned negative.

Current leaving a node is assigned positive.

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KCL Assessment Example 2.7
Find Ix and I1 using KCL. Current entering a node is assigned negative.
Current leaving a node is assigned positive.

Two simultaneous equations are solved to find the unknown.

6mA = I1 + Ix (17)

I1 = 1mA + 1.5Ix (18)

Using (17) and (18), Ix =2mA and I1 =4mA

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KVL Example

Write equations using KVL. Assign voltage drop as positive and voltage
rise a negative value.

vL vc v1 vs =0

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KVL Assessment Example
Write equations using KVL. Assign voltage drop as positive and voltage
rise a negative value.

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KVL Assessment Example 2
Using KVL, find Vae and Vec .

In this example Vae =Va -Ve . This can be computed by applying KVL
around aefa.
24 + Vae + 10 = 0 (19)
Vae =10V Same method can be applied to find Vec . So KVL is applied
around cdec.
Vec + 4 + 6 = 0 (20)
Vec =-10V
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Some general observations

Ohms law
If you know the current in the resistor, you can find the voltage across the
resistor and vice versa.[Ohms Law]

Kirchhoffs laws
When only two elements connect to a node, if you know the current in one
element you can find it in other element.[Kirchhoffs laws]

Application of laws
Most of the time Ohms law and Kirchhoffs laws are applied simultaneously
to solve a circuit.

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Using Kirchoffs and ohm laws together
Find io using Ohms law and Kirchhoffs law.

At node b we apply KCL

io + i1 6 = 0 (21)

We apply KVL in the loop containing a voltage source

120 + io 10 + i1 50 = 0 (22)

Solving (21) and (22) io =-3A

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Using Kirchoffs and ohm laws together

Find io using Ohms law and Kirchhoffs law.

Once we know io we can compute vo .

Once we know i we can find the current from dependent source.
The current in 500V source is i .
The unknown parameters are io and i .

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Using Kirchoffs and ohm laws together (continued)

Apply KCL at node b.

i 5i + io = 0 (23)
Apply KVL in the loop containing the voltage source

5i + 20io 500 = 0 (24)

using (28) and (24) the i =4A.

The current io =24V
The voltage vo =480V.
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Simple resistive circuits

Small number of resistance will be discussed.

Ohms law and Kirchhoffs law can be used to solve the circuit.
Series and parallel combinations of resistors.

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Resistance in series
All resistors carry same current [Hint: KCL].
Resistors in series add with each other [Hint: KVL and KCL].

Equivalent resistance is given by

k
X
Req = Ri = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 + ..... + Rk (25)
i=1

Req largest resistance in the network.

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Resistance in series
The voltage across each resistance is a mere application of KVL and
Ohms law.

vs = v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 + v5 + ..... + vk (26)
Using Ohms law the voltage across resistors can be computed.Vx = iRx
Current is calculated as
vs
i= (27)
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 + ..... + Rk
Voltage across resistors is divided into individual resistors.
This principle is called voltage division and the circuit is called voltage
divider.

Rn vs
vn = (28)
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 + ..... + Rn

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Example of voltage divider rule
Apply voltage divider rule on the circuit shown below

VDR is given by

R2 Vs
VR2 = (29)
R1 + R2
20 50
VR2 = = 33.33V (30)
20 + 10
10 50
VR1 = = 16.67V (31)
20 + 10
or VR1 = Vs VR2 = 16.67V
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Resistance in parallel
When two elements connect at a single node they are said to be in parallel.
The two elements are in parallel if the voltage across them is same.
The two elements are in parallel if the current into the node divides.

Equivalent resistance is given by [Hint: Basic laws]

k
X 1 1 1 1 1
Req = Ri = + + + ..... + (32)
R1 R2 R3 R4 Rk
i=1

Note that Req is smaller than the smallest resistance in a parallel network.

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Resistance in parallel
R1 and R3 are not parallel. Why ?

For two resistors connected in parallel.

1 1 R1 + R2
Req = + = (33)
R1 R2 R1 R2
R1 R2
Req = (34)
R1 + R2
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Current divider rule
Resistors in parallel form a current divider circuit.

CDR is given by

R1 is
i2 = (35)
R1 + R2
10 20
i2 = = 6.66A (36)
20 + 10
20 20
i1 = = 13.33A (37)
20 + 10
or iR1 = is iR2 = 13.33A
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Multiple voltage source and resistor network
Step 1 : Define the current flow direction (clockwise direction)
Step 2 : Apply KVL (voltage drop a positive value and voltage rise a
negative value)
Step 3 : Calculate the equivalent value of the sources and simplify the
circuit.

Applying KVL

VR1 + V2 V3 + VR2 + V4 + V5 V1 = 0 (38)

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Multiple voltage source and resistor network

(R1 + R2 )i = V1 V2 + V3 V4 V5 (39)
(R1 + R2 )i = Vt (40)
where
Vt = V1 V2 + V3 V4 V5 (41)

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Multiple current source and resistor network

Step 1 : Define the voltage polarity (+ve for the direction of current)
Step 2 : Apply KCL (Current entering a node is considered negative)
Step 3 : Calculate the equivalent value of the sources and simplify the
circuit.

Applying KCL

i1 + i2 + i3 i4 + i5 + i6 = 0 (42)

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Multiple voltage source and resistor network

v
= i1 i3 + i4 i6 (43)
R1 + R2
v
= it (44)
R1 + R2
where
it = i1 i3 + i4 i6 (45)

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Example 1

Find i1 , i2 and is .

Answer : i1 =4, i2 =8 and is =i1 +i2 =12

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Example 2

Find v, power delivered to the circuit and the power dissipated in 10

resistor.

Answer : v=60V, P=300W and P10 =57.6W

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Example 3

Find Vbd in the circuit shown [E2.9 Textbook].

Hint : Vbd =12V-VR1 Answer : Vbd =11V

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Practice problems

Students are advised to solve end problems of chapter 2 of the textbook.

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References

Figures used in this presentation are taken from the following sources.
Irwin, J.D. and Nelms, R.M., 2007. Basic engineering circuit analysis.
John Wiley & Sons.
Nilsson, J.W. and Riedel, S., 2014. Electric Circuits. Prentice Hall.

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 The End

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