EE110300 Practice of Electrical and

Computer Engineering
Lecture 2 and Lecture 4.1

Introduction
to
Electric Circuit Analysis
Prof. Klaus Yung-Jane Hsu

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 What Is An Electric Circuit?
Electrical Systems
Information, Power, Control, etc.
Behavioral Model
An electric circuit is a mathematical
model which approximates the behavior
of an actual electrical system.

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 What Is Electric Circuit Theory?
A Special Case of Electromagnetic Field
Theory
The Study of Static and Moving Electric
Charges

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 5 Basic Model Elements in
Electric Circuit Theory
Active Components
Voltage Source
Current Source
Passive Components
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor

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 Atomic Theory
N ucleus
K L M N

Simplified representation of the atom

Nucleus normally consists of neutrons and protons (positively charged)

Electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete orbits called shells (K, L, M, N, etc.)
Atom is electrically neutral since No. of protons = No. of electrons
The outer most shell is called the valence shell and electrons in this shell
are called valence electrons

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 Different Types of Material
Conductors are materials (e.g. copper,
aluminum, gold) that have large
numbers of free electrons.
Insulators do not conduct (e.g. plastic,
rubber, porcelain) because they have
full or nearly full valence shells.
Semiconductors have half-filled
valence shells (e.g. silicon, germanium).
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 What Is Electric Charge?
A body is said to be charged when it
has an excess or deficiency of
electrons.
The unit of electrical charge is the
coulomb (C) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons.
Coulombs Law: F = kQ1Q2 / r2 where k
= 9 x 109, Q1 and Q2 are charges in
coulombs, and r in m.
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 Current

1 A of current is 1 C of charge passing a
given point in 1 s, i.e.

I = Q / t or Q = I x t.

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 Direction of Current
Lamp

+
E - I
Direction of conventional current

Electrons flow from negative terminal to

positive terminal but conventional
current flows in the opposite direction.
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 Voltage

When charges are transferred from one body
to another, a potential difference or voltage
results between them.
The voltage between two points is 1 V if it
requires 1 J of energy to move 1 C of charge
from one point to the other; i.e. V = W / Q.
Symbol for DC Voltage Sources:

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 Practical DC Voltage Source -
Battery
Primary batteries are not rechargeable;
Secondary batteries are rechargeable.
Batteries come in different shapes (e.g
button), sizes (e.g. AAA, AA, C, D),
types ( e.g. alkaline, carbon-zinc,
lithium, NiCad, lead acid) and ratings.
Battery capacity (Ah) =
current drain x expected life.
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 Other DC Voltage Sources
Electronic power supplies rectify ac to
dc for use in equipment or labs.
Solar/photovoltaic cells convert sunlight
to electrical energy for remote areas or
space applications.
DC generators convert mechanical
energy to electrical energy by rotating a
coil of wire through a magnetic field.
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 Practical DC Current Sources
Usually, a combination of DC voltage
sources and other electrical devices
(e.g. transistors, resistors, etc.) is
required.
Symbol of a DC Current Source:

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 Resistor
A resistor is defined as a component whose
terminal voltage is proportional to the current
flowing through. That is, a resistor is a device
that obeys the Ohms Law.
Ohms Law: V=IR
The constant R is called the resistance () of
the resistor.
Symbol:

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 Resistor Color Code
1 2 3 4 5

Band 1, 2 Significant Figures

3 Multiplier
4 Tolerance
5 Reliability

Colour: Bk, Br, R, O, Y, Gn, Bl, V, Gr, W, Gl , S , No Colour

Band 1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Band 2: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Band 3: 1 10 102 103 104 105 106 107 .1 .01
Band 4: 5% 10% 20%

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 Capacitance
Lead
Metal
Plates
E C E
C
Lead Dielectric

Parallel-plate capacitor Circuit symbol Electric field

of capacitor
n A capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by an insulator
(dielectric) which may be air, oil, mica, plastic, ceramic, etc.
n When a dc source is applied across the capacitor, one of the plates
becomes positive and the other negative.
n The amount of charge stored by a capacitor is: Q = CV (C)

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 Capacitance (contd)
n Capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is:
C = A / d (F), where is the permittivity of the
dielectric, A is the area of each plate and d is the
separation of the plates. Further,
= r o where r is the relative permittivity or dielectric
constant of the dielectric and o = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m is
the permittivity of air.
n Energy stored between the plates is given by W = 1/2
CV2 (J)

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 Induced Voltage & Induction
8Faraday s Law: voltage is induced in a circuit
whenever the flux linking the circuit is changing
and the magnitude of the voltage is proportional
to the rate of change of flux linkages:
d
e=N (volts)
dt
8Lenzs Law: the polarity of the induced voltage
(known as the counter emf or back emf) is
such as to oppose the cause producing it.

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 Self-Inductance
4Induced voltage across I +
the coil is: L v L= L d i
dt
di -

v L =L (V)
dt Voltage across
inductor
4Approximate inductance
of coil (when l /d > 10) is: l
N 2 A r o N 2 A A
L=
d
or (H)
l l
: = permeability Inductor Coil

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 Power
The Rate of Doing Work:
W (watts, W)
P =
t
where W is the work (or energy) in joules
and t is in seconds.
P=V I

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 Series Circuits & KVL
E
2
+ V
1 - - +
R
1
+ +
E R V
2
-
1
R
I -2
3

- V
3
+

n Kirchhoffs Voltage Lawstates that for a closed loop:

V = 0, or Vrises = Vdrops
n The total resistanceof n resistors in series is:
RT = R1 + R2 + . . . + Rn
n The total poweris: PT = P1 + P2 + . . . + Pn

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 Voltage Divider Rule
+ V
1 -
R
1
+ +
E R V
2
- R
I -2
3

- V
3
+

The voltage applied to a series circuit will be

dropped across all the resistors in proportion
to the magnitude of the individual resistors.
Vx = (Rx / RT) E

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 Parallel Circuit
IT

+ RT
E R1 R2 R3
I1 I2 I3

Ix = E / Rx; KCL: IT = I1 + I2 + I3 = E / RT

n Elements/branches are said to beparallel when they have only

2 nodes in common. The voltage across all parallel elements in
a circuit will be the same.
n Voltage sources of different potentials should never be
connected in parallel.

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 Parallel Circuits & KCL
n Kirchhoffs Current Law: I = 0, or Iin = Iout
n Overall conductance:GT=G1 + G2 + . . + Gn =1/RT
i.e. Total resistance,RT = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + . . . + 1/Rn)
n For 2 resistors in parallel:RT= R1R2 / (R1 + R2)
n For n equal resistors in parallel:RT = R/n where R is the
resistance of each resistor.
n Current divider rule: Ix = (RT/Rx)IT
n Total power dissipated: PT = P1 + P2 + . . . + Pn
where P1 = E2/R1 or EI1; . . . . ; Pn = E2/Rn or EIn

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 Capacitor Charging
vc

E
vR = Ee-t/
a R
t
b i + 0
Transient Steady
E C v Interval
- c State
i
E
R
vc= E(1-e-t/)
i = (E/R)e-t/
= RC 0
t

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 Current Buildup Transient in Inductor
vL

E
vR = E(1-e-t/)
R

t
i + 0
Transient Steady
E L v Interval
- L State
i

E
vL = Ee-t/ R

i = (E/R)(1-e-t/)
= L/R
t
0

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 What Will You Get in Learning
Electric Circuit Theory?
Being equipped with basic common
sense, language, and analysis skill for
studying the hardware of any electrical
systems
Extensive examples will be encountered
in the courses of Microelectronics,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems

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 Bon Voyage!

2003/2/20 Advanced Silicon Device and Material Laboratory

NTHU, HsinChu, Taiwan, 30013