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    Lecture7 PDF

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    rashid
    The document summarizes particle settling theory and provides equations to calculate the terminal settling velocity of particles in fluids. It describes how a particle experiences forces of drag, buoyancy, and gravity or centrifugal acceleration depending on whether it is settling under normal gravitational or centrifugal conditions. Formulas are provided to calculate the terminal settling velocity based on particle properties like size and shape, as well as fluid properties. The effects of laminar versus turbulent flow on drag coefficient are also discussed. An example problem is worked out to calculate the terminal settling velocity of a sand particle in water.

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    Lecture7 PDF

    Uploaded by

    rashid
    53 views5 pages
    The document summarizes particle settling theory and provides equations to calculate the terminal settling velocity of particles in fluids. It describes how a particle experiences forces of drag, buoyancy, and gravity or centrifugal acceleration depending on whether it is settling under normal gravitational or centrifugal conditions. Formulas are provided to calculate the terminal settling velocity based on particle properties like size and shape, as well as fluid properties. The effects of laminar versus turbulent flow on drag coefficient are also discussed. An example problem is worked out to calculate the terminal settling velocity of a sand particle in water.

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    The document summarizes particle settling theory and provides equations to calculate the terminal settling velocity of particles in fluids. It describes how a particle experiences forces of drag, buoyancy, and gravity or centrifugal acceleration depending on whether it is settling under normal gravitational or centrifugal conditions. Formulas are provided to calculate the terminal settling velocity based on particle properties like size and shape, as well as fluid properties. The effects of laminar versus turbulent flow on drag coefficient are also discussed. An example problem is worked out to calculate the terminal settling velocity of a sand particle in water.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views5 pages

    Lecture7 PDF

    Uploaded by

    rashid
    The document summarizes particle settling theory and provides equations to calculate the terminal settling velocity of particles in fluids. It describes how a particle experiences forces of drag, buoyancy, and gravity or centrifugal acceleration depending on whether it is settling under normal gravitational or centrifugal conditions. Formulas are provided to calculate the terminal settling velocity based on particle properties like size and shape, as well as fluid properties. The effects of laminar versus turbulent flow on drag coefficient are also discussed. An example problem is worked out to calculate the terminal settling velocity of a sand particle in water.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Lecture 7

    Setting and sedimentation: Part 1


    PA
    ARTICLE SETTLING
    S THEORY

    owing force balance:


    A particle settling in a fluid expeeriences follo

    du
    m  Fe  FD  Fb
    dt

    Where, m is the mass


    m of the particle, u is the settliing

    velocity of the parrticle in thee fluid, Fe   mae  is the

    accelerattion force, ae =g for Grravitational settling andd ae

    =rw2 for settling und


    der Centrifu
    ugal action. FD is the drrag

    d Fb is the bu
    force and uoyancy forcce and they are
    a given as::

    f u2
    FD  CD Ap (3.7.1)
    2

    f
    Fb  m ae (3.7.2)
    p

    Where,
    W CD is
    i the drag coefficient,, ρf and ρp are the deensity of fluuid and parrticle,

    respectiv
    vely. AP is projected
    p areea of the paarticle and m is the maass of particcle. For spheerical

    particles having diam


    meter (DP), value
    v of AP and
    a m is giveen as:

     D 2P D P 3

    AP  ,m  p (3.7.3)
    4 6

    For particles settling with


    h terminal velocity
    v (ut) uunder the foorce of graviitational forcce (ae

    =g), (du//dt)=0. Puttiing the valu


    ues of differrent forces, the terminaal velocity ((ut) by New
    wton’s

    method is
    i given as:

    2 m g  P   f  (3.7.4)
    ut 
    A pC D  Pf
    4  ρ P -ρ f  gD p
    ut = (for Spherical particle) (3.7.5)
    3 ρf CD

    Variation of CD (Drag-coefficient)

    In laminar zone, Stoke’s law is applicable

    24   u D 
    CD  ; 0.01  Re   f t P   0 .1 (3.7.6)
    Re  f 

    g( p   f )D 2P
    ut  (3.7.7)
    18 f

    For transition zone, 0.1 Re 1000

    a 18.5
    CD  n
     0.6 (3.7.8)
    Re Re
    For turbulent zone, CD is independent of Re and CD=0.4

    For non-spherical particles, formula for Reynold number and settling velocity calculation are

    modified using the shape factor (  ) [1]:

    f ut DP
    Re   (3.7.9)
    f

    4  ρ P -ρ f  gD p
    ut = (3.7.10)
    3 ρf C D

    Problem 3.7.1: A sand particle has an average diameter of 1 mm and a shape factor of 0.90 and a
    specific gravity of 2.1, determine the terminal velocity of the particle settling in water at 20 oC
    (kinematic viscosity of water=1.003×10-6 m2/s and specific gravity=1). Drag coefficient can be
    computed using the following equation:
    24 3
    CD    0.34
    Re Re

    Solution: Kinematic viscosity    μf f 1.00310


    6
    μf =1.003×10-6×103 =1.003×10-3 kg m s
    Settling velocity using stokes law is:

    9.81×   2.1-1 ×1000  × 1×10-3 


    2
    g(p  f )D 2P
    ut    0.597 m/sec
    18 f 18×1.003×10-3

    f u t D P 10 3  0.597  1  10  3 
    Re    0.90 =536.32
    f 1.003  10  3

    Since Re>1, therefore, Newton’s law should be used for finding terminal velocity in
    transition zone. For initial assumption of settling velocity, stoke’s law is used. This initially
    assumed velocity is used to determine the Reynold number which is further used to find settling
    velocity. This iterative procedure is repeated till initial assumed velocity is approximately equal
    to settling velocity calculated from Newton’s equation.
    Initial drag coefficient is calculated as:
    24 3
    CD    0.34=0.5142
    Re Re

    4  ρ P -ρ f  gD p
    ut = =0.1763 m s
    3 ρf C D

    Now, iterative procedure is continued:


    ut (previous calculated) Re CD ut Difference
    0.5977 536.3272 0.5143 0.1763 0.4214
    0.1763 158.2037 0.7302 0.1480 0.0283
    0.1480 132.7684 0.7811 0.1431 0.0049
    0.1431 128.3690 0.7917 0.1421 0.0010
    0.1421 127.5052 0.7939 0.1419 0.0002
    0.1419 127.3315 0.7943 0.1419 0.0000
    Final settling velocity=0.1419 m/s.

    REFERENCES
    Metcalf & Eddy, Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., Stensel, H. D. “Wastewater engineering:
    treatment and reuse/Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2003.
     

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