The document discusses different types of binary systems including suspensions, emulsions, and foams. It also describes the concepts of settling velocity and sedimentation in gravity settling processes. Formulas are provided for calculating settling velocity based on factors like particle size, fluid properties, and drag coefficients.
The document discusses different types of binary systems including suspensions, emulsions, and foams. It also describes the concepts of settling velocity and sedimentation in gravity settling processes. Formulas are provided for calculating settling velocity based on factors like particle size, fluid properties, and drag coefficients.
The document discusses different types of binary systems including suspensions, emulsions, and foams. It also describes the concepts of settling velocity and sedimentation in gravity settling processes. Formulas are provided for calculating settling velocity based on factors like particle size, fluid properties, and drag coefficients.
The document discusses different types of binary systems including suspensions, emulsions, and foams. It also describes the concepts of settling velocity and sedimentation in gravity settling processes. Formulas are provided for calculating settling velocity based on factors like particle size, fluid properties, and drag coefficients.
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Binary systems of dispersed and continuous phases:
● Suspension ● Emulsion ● Foam ● Dusty aerosol ● Fog Definition of Settling : the particles are separated from the fluid by gravitational forces acting the particles Sedimentation (Gravity settling processes) 1. Settling Velocity Vs V s= √ 4 d g ¿ ¿) ; m/s (terminal velocity) 3 p
d p g: Drag coefficient 2. Ardhimesdes number From V s = 3 √ 4 3 d . g(ρ p − ρ) ρf . g 2 4 d p g ¿ ¿) and ℜ . Cr = Ar 3
So Ar= 2 μ If 24 Re < 0.2 ⇒ Ar < 3.6 ⇒ C r= ℜ ( Stokes) 2 g d p ρ −ρ ⇒ V sg stokes = ( p f) 18 μ f 18.5 0.2 < Re < 500 ⇒ Ar < 84000 ⇒ C r= 0.6 (Alen) ℜ 1.14 d p ⇒ V sg alen =0.152 0.43 0.28 [g(ρ p − ρf )¿ ¿ 0.71 μ . ρf
500 < Re < 150000 ⇒ Ar > 84000 ⇒ C r=¿ 0.44 (Newton-Rittinger)
⇒ V sg =1.74 √ dg ρf (ρ ¿ ¿ p − ρ f )¿
Sedimentation device structure:
Surface Area: F=L .W Resident patℎ L The resident time: t R = = (s) flow velocity v flow settling patℎ H The settling time: t S= = (s) settling velocity v s Requirements for effective settling: t R > t S Vsg H < L. Vm Mass balance calculation for settling processes: We have mass balance :G ℎ =Go +GI =G b +G ;kg For dispersed phase: G ℎ . y ℎ=G b . y b +G y For continuous phase: G ℎ (1 − yℎ )=G b (1 − yℎ)+G(1 − y )
Centrifugal settling process:
1. The centrifugal force acting on a particle in a centrifugal settling process is given by the equation: Centrifugal force (Fc) = mrω² ● where m is the mass of the particle, r is the distance from the center of rotation, and ω is the angular velocity. 2. Stoke's Law: describes the velocity of a particle settling under the influence of gravity in a fluid. Settling velocity (Vs) = (2gr²Δρ)/(9η) ● where g is the acceleration due to gravity, r is the radius of the rotor, Δρ is the difference in density between the particle and the medium, and η is the viscosity of the medium. ● 3. Separation factor (S) = (ρ1 - ρ2)gR²/ηω² ● where ρ1 and ρ2 are the densities of the two phases being separated, g is the acceleration due to gravity, R is the radius of the rotor, and ω is the angular velocity. 4. Residence time (t) = V/Q ● where V is the volume of the centrifuge chamber and Q is the volumetric flow rate of the fluid. 5. Efficiency (E) = (Cf - Cw)/(Cf - C0) ● where Cf is the concentration of the particle in the feed, Cw is the concentration of the particle in the waste, and C0 is the concentration of the particle in the initial mixture. These formulas are commonly used in the design and operation of centrifuges for various industrial applications such as wastewater treatment, chemical processing, and biotechnology.
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)
The settling of particles in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) can be described by the following formula: v = K * E^2 * q * (1/η) * (1/d^2) where: ● v is the settling velocity of the particles ● K is a constant dependent on the particle properties and the ESP geometry ● E is the electric field strength ● q is the particle charge ● η is the viscosity of the gas stream ● d is the particle diameter This formula shows that the settling velocity is directly proportional to the electric field strength and the square of the particle charge, and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the gas stream and the square of the particle diameter.
