RC circuits with DC sources

A
Circuit
i
(resistors,
voltage sources, v C
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B
RC circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

dv dv v VTh
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RTh C +v → + = .
dt dt RTh C RTh C

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

dv dv v VTh
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RTh C +v → + = .
dt dt RTh C RTh C
* Homogeneous solution:
1 V Coul
 
dv
+ v = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.” ×
dt τ Coul/sec V

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

dv dv v VTh
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RTh C +v → + = .
dt dt RTh C RTh C
* Homogeneous solution:
1 V Coul
 
dv
+ v = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.” ×
dt τ Coul/sec V
dv dt t (h)
→ =− → log v = − + K0 → v = exp [(−t/τ ) + K0 ] = K exp(−t/τ ) .
v τ τ

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

dv dv v VTh
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RTh C +v → + = .
dt dt RTh C RTh C
* Homogeneous solution:
1 V Coul
 
dv
+ v = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.” ×
dt τ Coul/sec V
dv dt t (h)
→ =− → log v = − + K0 → v = exp [(−t/τ ) + K0 ] = K exp(−t/τ ) .
v τ τ
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all time
derivatives will vanish as t → ∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (which
happens to be simply a constant).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

dv dv v VTh
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RTh C +v → + = .
dt dt RTh C RTh C
* Homogeneous solution:
1 V Coul
 
dv
+ v = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.” ×
dt τ Coul/sec V
dv dt t (h)
→ =− → log v = − + K0 → v = exp [(−t/τ ) + K0 ] = K exp(−t/τ ) .
v τ τ
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all time
derivatives will vanish as t → ∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (which
happens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ ) + VTh .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

dv dv v VTh
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RTh C +v → + = .
dt dt RTh C RTh C
* Homogeneous solution:
1 V Coul
 
dv
+ v = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.” ×
dt τ Coul/sec V
dv dt t (h)
→ =− → log v = − + K0 → v = exp [(−t/τ ) + K0 ] = K exp(−t/τ ) .
v τ τ
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all time
derivatives will vanish as t → ∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (which
happens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ ) + VTh .
* In general, v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources (continued)

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = RTh C .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources (continued)

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = RTh C .
1
 
dv
* i(t) = C = C × A exp(−t/τ ) − ≡ A0 exp(−t/τ ) .
dt τ

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources (continued)

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = RTh C .
1
 
dv
* i(t) = C = C × A exp(−t/τ ) − ≡ A0 exp(−t/τ ) .
dt τ
* As t → ∞, i → 0, i.e., the capacitor behaves like an open circuit since all derivatives vanish.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits with DC sources (continued)

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v C ≡ VTh v C

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = RTh C .
1
 
dv
* i(t) = C = C × A exp(−t/τ ) − ≡ A0 exp(−t/τ ) .
dt τ
* As t → ∞, i → 0, i.e., the capacitor behaves like an open circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can be
expressed as
x(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ ) + K2 ,
where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Plot of f (t) = e −t/τ

t/τ e −t/τ 1 − e −t/τ

0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Plot of f (t) = e −t/τ

t/τ e −t/τ 1 − e −t/τ

0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933

* For t/τ = 5, e −t/τ ' 0, 1 − e −t/τ ' 1.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Plot of f (t) = e −t/τ

t/τ e −t/τ 1 − e −t/τ

0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933

* For t/τ = 5, e −t/τ ' 0, 1 − e −t/τ ' 1.

* We can say that the transient lasts for about 5 time constants.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Plot of f (t) = e −t/τ

t/τ e −t/τ 1 − e −t/τ

1
0.0 1.0 0.0 1 − exp(−x)
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502 exp(−x)
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
0
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x = t/τ
* For t/τ = 5, e −t/τ ' 0, 1 − e −t/τ ' 1.
* We can say that the transient lasts for about 5 time constants.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Plot of f (t) = A e −t/τ + B
Plot of f (t) = A e −t/τ + B

* At t = 0, f = A + B.
Plot of f (t) = A e −t/τ + B

* At t = 0, f = A + B.
* As t → ∞, f → B.
Plot of f (t) = A e −t/τ + B

* At t = 0, f = A + B.
* As t → ∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
Plot of f (t) = A e −t/τ + B

* At t = 0, f = A + B.
* As t → ∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
1
 
df A
* At t = 0, = A e −t/τ − =− .
dt τ τ
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
Plot of f (t) = A e −t/τ + B

* At t = 0, f = A + B.
* As t → ∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
1
 
df A
* At t = 0, = A e −t/τ − =− .
dt τ τ
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
df
* As t → ∞, → 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
dt
Plot of f (t) = A e −t/τ + B

* At t = 0, f = A + B.
* As t → ∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
1
 
df A
* At t = 0, = A e −t/τ − =− .
dt τ τ
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
df
* As t → ∞, → 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
dt

A+B

0 5τ t
A<0
Plot of f (t) = A e −t/τ + B

* At t = 0, f = A + B.
* As t → ∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
1
 
df A
* At t = 0, = A e −t/τ − =− .
dt τ τ
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
df
* As t → ∞, → 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
dt

B A+B

A+B B

0 5τ t 0 5τ t
A<0 A>0
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources

A
Circuit
i
(resistors,
voltage sources, v L
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B
RL circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

di
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + L .
dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

di
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + L .
dt
* Homogeneous solution:
di 1
+ i = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
dt τ
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

di
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + L .
dt
* Homogeneous solution:
di 1
+ i = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
dt τ
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all time
derivatives will vanish as t → ∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh /RTh as a particular solution
(which happens to be simply a constant).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

di
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + L .
dt
* Homogeneous solution:
di 1
+ i = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
dt τ
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all time
derivatives will vanish as t → ∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh /RTh as a particular solution
(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ ) + VTh /RTh .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

di
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + L .
dt
* Homogeneous solution:
di 1
+ i = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
dt τ
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all time
derivatives will vanish as t → ∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh /RTh as a particular solution
(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ ) + VTh /RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on i.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources (continued)

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = L/RTh .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources (continued)

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = L/RTh .
1
 
di
* v (t) = L = L × A exp(−t/τ ) − ≡ A0 exp(−t/τ ) .
dt τ

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources (continued)

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = L/RTh .
1
 
di
* v (t) = L = L × A exp(−t/τ ) − ≡ A0 exp(−t/τ ) .
dt τ
* As t → ∞, v → 0, i.e., the inductor behaves like a short circuit since all derivatives vanish.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuits with DC sources (continued)

A RTh A
Circuit
i i
(resistors,
voltage sources,
current sources,
v L ≡ VTh v L

CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = L/RTh .
1
 
di
* v (t) = L = L × A exp(−t/τ ) − ≡ A0 exp(−t/τ ) .
dt τ
* As t → ∞, v → 0, i.e., the inductor behaves like a short circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can be
expressed as
x(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ ) + K2 ,
where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V
0V t

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V
0V t

* Vs changes from 0 V (at t = 0− ), to 5 V (at t = 0+ ). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fast
can Vc change?

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V
0V t

* Vs changes from 0 V (at t = 0− ), to 5 V (at t = 0+ ). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fast
can Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1 V in 1 µs at a constant rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V
0V t

* Vs changes from 0 V (at t = 0− ), to 5 V (at t = 0+ ). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fast
can Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1 V in 1 µs at a constant rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?
dVc V
* i =C = 1 µF × 106 = 1A.
dt s

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V
0V t

* Vs changes from 0 V (at t = 0− ), to 5 V (at t = 0+ ). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fast
can Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1 V in 1 µs at a constant rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?
dVc V
* i =C = 1 µF × 106 = 1A.
dt s
* With i = 1 A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000 V ! Not allowed by KVL.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V
0V t

* Vs changes from 0 V (at t = 0− ), to 5 V (at t = 0+ ). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fast
can Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1 V in 1 µs at a constant rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?
dVc V
* i =C = 1 µF × 106 = 1A.
dt s
* With i = 1 A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000 V ! Not allowed by KVL.
* We conclude that Vc (0+ ) = Vc (0− ) ⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt changes in Vc if there is a finite
resistance in the circuit.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V
0V t

* Vs changes from 0 V (at t = 0− ), to 5 V (at t = 0+ ). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fast
can Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1 V in 1 µs at a constant rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?
dVc V
* i =C = 1 µF × 106 = 1A.
dt s
* With i = 1 A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000 V ! Not allowed by KVL.
* We conclude that Vc (0+ ) = Vc (0− ) ⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt changes in Vc if there is a finite
resistance in the circuit.
* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V

v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0

RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V

v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0

Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get

t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., B = V0 , A = −V0
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V

v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0

Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get

t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., B = V0 , A = −V0

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V

v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0

Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get

t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., B = V0 , A = −V0

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A) Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V

v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0

Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get

t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., B = V0 , A = −V0

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A) Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t): Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V (1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = V0

−
+
v(0 ) ≃ v(0 ) = 0 V v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = V0
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− ) Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0. because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0 (2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = 0 V

Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get

t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., B = V0 , A = −V0

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A) Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t): Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V (1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = V0

−
+
v(0 ) ≃ v(0 ) = 0 V v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = V0
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− ) Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0. because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0 (2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = 0 V

Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get

+
t = 0 : 0 = A+B, t = 0+ : V0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B . t → ∞: 0 = B .
i.e., B = V0 , A = −V0 i.e., A = V0 , B = 0

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A) Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

Conditions on v(t): Conditions on v(t):

(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V (1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = V0

−
+
v(0 ) ≃ v(0 ) = 0 V v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = V0
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− ) Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0. because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.

(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0 (2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = 0 V

Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get

+
t = 0 : 0 = A+B, t = 0+ : V0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B . t → ∞: 0 = B .
i.e., B = V0 , A = −V0 i.e., A = V0 , B = 0

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ )

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t

Compute i(t), t > 0 .

RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t

Compute i(t), t > 0 .

d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
dt
CV0 V0
= exp(−t/τ ) = exp(−t/τ )
τ R
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v C

0V t

Compute i(t), t > 0 .

d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
dt
CV0 V0
= exp(−t/τ ) = exp(−t/τ )
τ R

(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .

t = 0+ : v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = V0 /R .

t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .

Using these conditions, we obtain

V0 V0
A′ = , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R R
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Compute i(t), t > 0 . Compute i(t), t > 0 .

d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
dt
CV0 V0
= exp(−t/τ ) = exp(−t/τ )
τ R

(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .

t = 0+ : v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = V0 /R .

t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .

Using these conditions, we obtain

V0 V0
A′ = , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R R
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Compute i(t), t > 0 . Compute i(t), t > 0 .

d d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] (A) i(t) = C V0 [exp(−t/τ )]
dt dt
CV0 V0 CV0 V0
= exp(−t/τ ) = exp(−t/τ ) =− exp(−t/τ ) = − exp(−t/τ )
τ R τ R

(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .

t = 0+ : v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = V0 /R .

t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .

Using these conditions, we obtain

V0 V0
A′ = , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R R
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v C Vs v C

0V t 0V t

Compute i(t), t > 0 . Compute i(t), t > 0 .

d d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] (A) i(t) = C V0 [exp(−t/τ )]
dt dt
CV0 V0 CV0 V0
= exp(−t/τ ) = exp(−t/τ ) =− exp(−t/τ ) = − exp(−t/τ )
τ R τ R

(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 . (B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .

t = 0+ : v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = V0 /R . t = 0+ : v = V0 , Vs = 0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = −V0 /R .

t → ∞: i(t) = 0 . t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .

Using these conditions, we obtain Using these conditions, we obtain

′ V0 V0 V0 V0
A = , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = exp(−t/τ ) A′ = − , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = − exp(−t/τ )
R R R R

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs v C = 1 µF

0V t

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs v C = 1 µF

0V t

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R

5
Vs

v
v (Volts)

0
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs v C = 1 µF

0V t

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R

5
Vs

v
v (Volts)

5
i (mA)

−2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec)
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R=1k R=1k
Vs Vs
i i
5V 5V
Vs v C = 1 µF Vs v C
1 µF
0V t 0V t

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ )

V0 V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ ) i(t) = − exp(−t/τ )
R R

5
Vs

v
v (Volts)

5
i (mA)

−2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec)
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R=1k R=1k
Vs Vs
i i
5V 5V
Vs v C = 1 µF Vs v C
1 µF
0V t 0V t

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ )

V0 V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ ) i(t) = − exp(−t/τ )
R R

5 5
Vs

v Vs
v (Volts)

v (Volts)
v

0 0

5
i (mA)

−2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec)
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R=1k R=1k
Vs Vs
i i
5V 5V
Vs v C = 1 µF Vs v C
1 µF
0V t 0V t

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ )

V0 V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ ) i(t) = − exp(−t/τ )
R R

5 5
Vs

v Vs
v (Volts)

v (Volts)
v

0 0

5 0
i (mA)

i (mA)
0 −5

−2 0 2 4 6 8 −2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec) time (msec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients

R R
Vs Vs
i i
5V 5V
Vs v C = 1 µF Vs v C = 1 µF

0V t 0V t

v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ )

R = 100 Ω
5 5

R = 1 kΩ
v (Volts)

v (Volts)
R = 1 kΩ

0 0
R = 100 Ω
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (msec) time (msec)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Analysis of RC /RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source

* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.

For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2 t

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Analysis of RC /RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source

* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.

For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2 t

* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Analysis of RC /RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source

* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.

For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2 t

* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Analysis of RC /RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source

* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.

For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2 t

* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using
(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time
(long compared to τ ), all derivatives are zero.
dVc diL
⇒ iC = C = 0 , and VL = L = 0.
dt dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Analysis of RC /RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source

* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.

For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2 t

* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using
(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time
(long compared to τ ), all derivatives are zero.
dVc diL
⇒ iC = C = 0 , and VL = L = 0.
dt dt
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,
Vc (t) or iL (t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t0+ ) = Vc (t0− ) , and iL (t0+ ) = iL (t0− ) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Analysis of RC /RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source

* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.

For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2 t

* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using
(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time
(long compared to τ ), all derivatives are zero.
dVc diL
⇒ iC = C = 0 , and VL = L = 0.
dt dt
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,
Vc (t) or iL (t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t0+ ) = Vc (t0− ) , and iL (t0+ ) = iL (t0− ) .
* Compute A1 , B1 , · · · using the conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example

R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t
t0 t1 t1 = 0.1 s
Find i(t).
RL circuit: example

R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t
t0 t1 t1 = 0.1 s
Find i(t).
There are three intervals of constant Vs :
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
RL circuit: example

R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t
t0 t1 t1 = 0.1 s
Find i(t).
There are three intervals of constant Vs :
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:

RTh = R1 k R2 = 8 Ω
R1
τ = L/RTh
Vs R2
= 0.8 H/8 Ω
= 0.1 s
RL circuit: example

R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t
t0 t1 t1 = 0.1 s
Find i(t).
At t = t−
0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
There are three intervals of constant Vs : ⇒ i(t− +
0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t0 ) = 0 A .
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:

RTh = R1 k R2 = 8 Ω
R1
τ = L/RTh
Vs R2
= 0.8 H/8 Ω
= 0.1 s
RL circuit: example

R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t
t0 t1 t1 = 0.1 s
Find i(t).
At t = t−
0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
There are three intervals of constant Vs : ⇒ i(t− +
0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t0 ) = 0 A .
(1) t < t0
If Vs did not change at t = t1 ,
(2) t0 < t < t1
we would have
(3) t > t1
Vs
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:
10 V

RTh = R1 k R2 = 8 Ω
R1 t
τ = L/RTh t0 t1
Vs R2
= 0.8 H/8 Ω v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
= 0.1 s
RL circuit: example

R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t
t0 t1 t1 = 0.1 s
Find i(t).
At t = t−
0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
There are three intervals of constant Vs : ⇒ i(t− +
0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t0 ) = 0 A .
(1) t < t0
If Vs did not change at t = t1 ,
(2) t0 < t < t1
we would have
(3) t > t1
Vs
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:
10 V

RTh = R1 k R2 = 8 Ω
R1 t
τ = L/RTh t0 t1
Vs R2
= 0.8 H/8 Ω v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
= 0.1 s
Using i(t+
0 ) and i(∞), we can obtain
i(t), t > 0 (See next slide).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

1
i (Amp)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

1
i (Amp)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)

In reality, Vs changes at t = t1 ,
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

For t0 < t < t1 , i(t) = 1 − exp(−t/τ ) Amp.

1
Consider t > t1 .
i (Amp)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)

In reality, Vs changes at t = t1 ,
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

For t0 < t < t1 , i(t) = 1 − exp(−t/τ ) Amp.

1
Consider t > t1 .
−
i(t+
1 ) = i(t1 ) = 1 − e
−1
= 0.632 A (Note: t1 /τ = 1).
i (Amp)

i(∞) = 0 A.

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)

In reality, Vs changes at t = t1 ,
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

For t0 < t < t1 , i(t) = 1 − exp(−t/τ ) Amp.

1
Consider t > t1 .
−
i(t+
1 ) = i(t1 ) = 1 − e
−1
= 0.632 A (Note: t1 /τ = 1).
i (Amp)

i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B.
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)

In reality, Vs changes at t = t1 ,
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

For t0 < t < t1 , i(t) = 1 − exp(−t/τ ) Amp.

1
Consider t > t1 .
−
i(t+
1 ) = i(t1 ) = 1 − e
−1
= 0.632 A (Note: t1 /τ = 1).
i (Amp)

i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B.
0 It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 i(t) = A′ exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] + B.
time (sec)

In reality, Vs changes at t = t1 ,
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

For t0 < t < t1 , i(t) = 1 − exp(−t/τ ) Amp.

1
Consider t > t1 .
−
i(t+
1 ) = i(t1 ) = 1 − e
−1
= 0.632 A (Note: t1 /τ = 1).
i (Amp)

i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B.
0 It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 i(t) = A′ exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] + B.
time (sec)
Using i(t+
1 ) and i(∞), we get
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1 , i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] A.
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] A.

1
i (Amp)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] A. Combining the solutions for t0 < t < t1 and t > t1 ,
we get
1

1
i (Amp)

i (Amp)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
time (sec)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rl1.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k
t=0
i ic

5k 1k
R2 vc
R1 5 µF
6V
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic

5k 1k 1k
vc 5k vc 5k vc
R2 AND
R1 5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V

t<0 t>0
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic

5k 1k 1k
vc 5k vc 5k vc
R2 AND
R1 5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V

t<0 t>0
t = 0− : capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0− ) = 6 V/(5 k + 1 k) = 1 mA.
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic

5k 1k 1k
vc 5k vc 5k vc
R2 AND
R1 5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V

t<0 t>0
t = 0− : capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0− ) = 6 V/(5 k + 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc (0− ) = i(0− ) R1 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic

5k 1k 1k
vc 5k vc 5k vc
R2 AND
R1 5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V

t<0 t>0
t = 0− : capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0− ) = 6 V/(5 k + 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc (0− ) = i(0− ) R1 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic

5k 1k 1k
vc 5k vc 5k vc
R2 AND
R1 5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V

t<0 t>0
t = 0− : capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0− ) = 6 V/(5 k + 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc (0− ) = i(0− ) R1 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.

Let i(t) = A exp(-t/τ ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k × 5 µF = 50 ms.

RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic

5k 1k 1k
vc 5k vc 5k vc
R2 AND
R1 5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V

t<0 t>0
t = 0− : capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0− ) = 6 V/(5 k + 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc (0− ) = i(0− ) R1 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.

Let i(t) = A exp(-t/τ ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k × 5 µF = 50 ms.

Using i(0+ ) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get

i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ ) mA.
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic

5k 1k 1k
vc 5k vc 5k vc
R2 AND
R1 5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V

t<0 t>0
t = 0− : capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0− ) = 6 V/(5 k + 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc (0− ) = i(0− ) R1 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.

Let i(t) = A exp(-t/τ ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k × 5 µF = 50 ms.

Using i(0+ ) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get

i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ ) mA.

i (mA)

0 0.5
time (sec)
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic

5k 1k 1k
vc 5k vc 5k vc
R2 AND
R1 5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V

t<0 t>0
t = 0− : capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0− ) = 6 V/(5 k + 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc (0− ) = i(0− ) R1 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.

Let i(t) = A exp(-t/τ ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k × 5 µF = 50 ms.

Using i(0+ ) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get

i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ ) mA.

1 0 5

i (mA)
ic (mA)
vc (V)
0 0
−0.5
0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5
time (sec) time (sec) time (sec)
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic

5k 1k 1k
vc 5k vc 5k vc
R2 AND
R1 5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V

t<0 t>0
t = 0− : capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0− ) = 6 V/(5 k + 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc (0− ) = i(0− ) R1 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.

Let i(t) = A exp(-t/τ ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k × 5 µF = 50 ms.

Using i(0+ ) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get

i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ ) mA. (SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)

1 0 5

i (mA)
ic (mA)
vc (V)
0 0
−0.5
0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5
time (sec) time (sec) time (sec) M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
R iC
10
5k

VS C Vc

VS , VC (Volts)
1 µF

0
2

1
iC (mA)

−1
0 10 20 30 40 50
t (msec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
R iC
10
5k

VS C Vc

VS , VC (Volts)
1 µF

Find expressions for VC (t) and iC (t) in

steady state (in terms of R, C , V0 , T1 , 0
T2 ). 2

V0
1
iC (mA)

0
T1 T2
−1
0 10 20 30 40 50
t (msec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0
→ B0 = 0, A0 = V2 e T1 /τ .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0
→ B0 = 0, A0 = V2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (T1 + T2 ) = V1 .
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0
→ B0 = 0, A0 = V2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (T1 + T2 ) = V1 .
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
V2 = −(V0 − V1 )e −T1 /τ + V0 (3)
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0
→ B0 = 0, A0 = V2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (T1 + T2 ) = V1 .
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
V2 = −(V0 − V1 )e −T1 /τ + V0 (3)
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
V1 = V2 e −(T1 +T2 −T1 )/τ = V2 e −T2 /τ (4)
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0
→ B0 = 0, A0 = V2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (T1 + T2 ) = V1 .
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
V2 = −(V0 − V1 )e −T1 /τ + V0 (3)
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
V1 = V2 e −(T1 +T2 −T1 )/τ = V2 e −T2 /τ (4)
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1) Rewrite with a ≡ e −T1 /τ , b ≡ e −T2 /τ .
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0
→ B0 = 0, A0 = V2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (T1 + T2 ) = V1 .
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
V2 = −(V0 − V1 )e −T1 /τ + V0 (3)
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
V1 = V2 e −(T1 +T2 −T1 )/τ = V2 e −T2 /τ (4)
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1) Rewrite with a ≡ e −T1 /τ , b ≡ e −T2 /τ .
(2) V2 = −(V0 − V1 )a + V0 (5)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0
→ B0 = 0, A0 = V2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (T1 + T2 ) = V1 .
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
V2 = −(V0 − V1 )e −T1 /τ + V0 (3)
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
V1 = V2 e −(T1 +T2 −T1 )/τ = V2 e −T2 /τ (4)
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1) Rewrite with a ≡ e −T1 /τ , b ≡ e −T2 /τ .
(2) V2 = −(V0 − V1 )a + V0 (5)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
V1 = b V2 (6)
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = V2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let VC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (T1 + T2 ) = V1 .
VC (0) = V1 , VC (∞) = V0
V2 = −(V0 − V1 )e −T1 /τ + V0 (3)
→ B = V0 , A = V1 − V0 .
V1 = V2 e −(T1 +T2 −T1 )/τ = V2 e −T2 /τ (4)
(1)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 (1) Rewrite with a ≡ e −T1 /τ , b ≡ e −T2 /τ .
(2) V2 = −(V0 − V1 )a + V0 (5)
T1 < t < T2 Let VC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
V1 = b V2 (6)
(2) (2)
VC (T1 ) = V2 , VC (∞) = 0 Solve to get
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = V2 e T1 /τ . 1−a 1−a
(2)
V1 = b V0 , V2 = V0
VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2) 1 − ab 1 − ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
1−a 1−a
V1 = b V0 , V2 = V0 , with a = e −T1 /τ , b = e −T2 /τ .
1 − ab 1 − ab

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
1−a 1−a
V1 = b V0 , V2 = V0 , with a = e −T1 /τ , b = e −T2 /τ .
1 − ab 1 − ab
(1) (2)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 , VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
1−a 1−a
V1 = b V0 , V2 = V0 , with a = e −T1 /τ , b = e −T2 /τ .
1 − ab 1 − ab
(1) (2)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 , VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ .

Current calculation:

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
1−a 1−a
V1 = b V0 , V2 = V0 , with a = e −T1 /τ , b = e −T2 /τ .
1 − ab 1 − ab
(1) (2)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 , VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ .

Current calculation:
Method 1:
dVC
iC (t) = C (home work)
dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
1−a 1−a
V1 = b V0 , V2 = V0 , with a = e −T1 /τ , b = e −T2 /τ .
1 − ab 1 − ab
(1) (2)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 , VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ .

Current calculation:
Method 1:
dVC
iC (t) = C (home work)
dt
Method 2:
Start from scratch!

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
1−a 1−a
V1 = b V0 , V2 = V0 , with a = e −T1 /τ , b = e −T2 /τ .
1 − ab 1 − ab
(1) (2)
VC (t) = −(V0 − V1 )e −t/τ + V0 , VC (t) = V2 e −(t−T1 )/τ .

Current calculation:
Method 1:
dVC
iC (t) = C
dt
(home work) STOP
Method 2:
Start from scratch!

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = −I2 e T1 /τ .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
(1)
0 < t < T1 Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B
(1) (1)
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = −I2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
iC (t) = −I2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
iC (T1 ) − iC (T1 ) = ∆ = V0 /R,
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = −I2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
iC (t) = −I2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
iC (T1 ) − iC (T1 ) = ∆ = V0 /R,
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0 (1) (2)
iC (0) − iC (T1 + T2 ) = ∆ = V0 /R.
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = −I2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
iC (t) = −I2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
iC (T1 ) − iC (T1 ) = ∆ = V0 /R,
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0 (1) (2)
iC (0) − iC (T1 + T2 ) = ∆ = V0 /R.
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
I1 e −T1 /τ − (−I2 ) = ∆ (3)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B 0
(2) (2)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = −I2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
iC (t) = −I2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
iC (T1 ) − iC (T1 ) = ∆ = V0 /R,
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0 (1) (2)
iC (0) − iC (T1 + T2 ) = ∆ = V0 /R.
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
I1 e −T1 /τ − (−I2 ) = ∆ (3)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
I1 − (−I2 e −(T1 +T2 −T1 )/τ ) = ∆ (4)
(2)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B0
(2) (2)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = −I2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
iC (t) = −I2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
iC (T1 ) − iC (T1 ) = ∆ = V0 /R,
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0 (1) (2)
iC (0) − iC (T1 + T2 ) = ∆ = V0 /R.
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
I1 e −T1 /τ − (−I2 ) = ∆ (3)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
I1 − (−I2 e −(T1 +T2 −T1 )/τ ) = ∆ (4)
(2) a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B0
(2) (2)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = −I2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
iC (t) = −I2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
iC (T1 ) − iC (T1 ) = ∆ = V0 /R,
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0 (1) (2)
iC (0) − iC (T1 + T2 ) = ∆ = V0 /R.
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
I1 e −T1 /τ − (−I2 ) = ∆ (3)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
I1 − (−I2 e −(T1 +T2 −T1 )/τ ) = ∆ (4)
(2) a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B0
(2) (2) I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = −I2 e T1 /τ .
(2)
iC (t) = −I2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example

iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2 ∆
VS C Vc VC
0
∆
V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1
(1)
Let iC (t) = A e −t/τ + B Now use the conditions:
(1) (2)
(1) (1)
iC (T1 ) − iC (T1 ) = ∆ = V0 /R,
iC (0) = I1 , iC (∞) = 0 (1) (2)
iC (0) − iC (T1 + T2 ) = ∆ = V0 /R.
→ B = 0, A = I1 .
(1)
I1 e −T1 /τ − (−I2 ) = ∆ (3)
iC (t) = I1 e −t/τ (1)
I1 − (−I2 e −(T1 +T2 −T1 )/τ ) = ∆ (4)
(2) a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
T1 < t < T2 Let iC (t) = A0 e −t/τ + B0
(2) (2) I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
iC (T1 ) = −I2 , iC (∞) = 0
Solve to get
→ B 0 = 0, A0 = −I2 e T1 /τ .
1−b 1−a
(2) I1 = ∆ , I2 = ∆
iC (t) = −I2 e −(t−T1 )/τ (2) 1 − ab 1 − ab
(a = e −T1 /τ , b = e −T2 /τ ) M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
Charge conservation: T1 T2

iC
Q
conductor 1111111111111
0000000000000
0000000000000
1111111111111
iC

0000000000000
1111111111111 ǫA

0000000000000
1111111111111
insulator t V C C=
t
conductor 0000000000000
1111111111111
Q
Unit: Farad (F)

dQ dVC
iC = =C
dt dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example
iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
Charge conservation: T1 T2
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,
x(t0 + T ) = x(t0 )
iC
Q
conductor 1111111111111
0000000000000
0000000000000
1111111111111
iC

0000000000000
1111111111111 ǫA

0000000000000
1111111111111
insulator t V C C=
t
conductor 0000000000000
1111111111111
Q
Unit: Farad (F)

dQ dVC
iC = =C
dt dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example
iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
Charge conservation: T1 T2
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,
x(t0 + T ) = x(t0 )
iC
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0 )
Q
conductor 1111111111111
0000000000000
0000000000000
1111111111111
iC

0000000000000
1111111111111 ǫA

0000000000000
1111111111111
insulator t V C C=
t
conductor 0000000000000
1111111111111
Q
Unit: Farad (F)

dQ dVC
iC = =C
dt dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example
iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
Charge conservation: T1 T2
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,
x(t0 + T ) = x(t0 )
iC
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0 )
Q

1111111111111
0000000000000
Z
dQ iC

0000000000000
1111111111111
iC = →Q= iC dt. conductor
dt
0000000000000
1111111111111 ǫA

0000000000000
1111111111111
insulator t V C C=
t
conductor 0000000000000
1111111111111
Q
Unit: Farad (F)

dQ dVC
iC = =C
dt dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example
iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
Charge conservation: T1 T2
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,
x(t0 + T ) = x(t0 )
iC
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0 )
Q

1111111111111
0000000000000
Z
dQ iC

0000000000000
1111111111111
iC = →Q= iC dt. conductor
dt
Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0 ) → Q(t0 + T ) − Q(t0 ) = 0 0000000000000
1111111111111 ǫA

0000000000000
1111111111111
insulator t V C C=
t
0000000000000
1111111111111
Z t0 +T
→ iC dt = 0. conductor
t0
Q
Unit: Farad (F)

dQ dVC
iC = =C
dt dt

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

RC circuit: example
iC V0 I1
R VS
iC
V2

VS C Vc VC
0

V1
0
T1 T2 −I2
Charge conservation: T1 T2
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,
x(t0 + T ) = x(t0 )
iC
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0 )
Q

1111111111111
0000000000000
Z
dQ iC

0000000000000
1111111111111
iC = →Q= iC dt. conductor
dt
Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0 ) → Q(t0 + T ) − Q(t0 ) = 0 0000000000000
1111111111111 ǫA

0000000000000
1111111111111
insulator t V C C=
t
0000000000000
1111111111111
Z t0 +T
→ iC dt = 0. conductor
t0
Q
Z T Z T1 Z T1 +T2
Unit: Farad (F)
iC dt = 0 → iC dt + iC dt = 0
0 0 T1
dQ dVC
Z T1 +T2 Z T1 iC = =C
dt dt
→ iC dt = − iC dt.
T1 0
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 T1 = 1.5 msec, T2 = 1.5 msec.
V1 = 1.8 V, V2 = 8.2 V.
I1 = 8.2 mA, I2 = 8.2 mA.

R iC
10 VS
1k 8

VS C Vc 6
VC
1 µF 4
2
0

10

iC (mA)

−10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (msec)
 T1 = 1.5 msec, T2 = 1.5 msec. T1 = 1 msec, T2 = 2 msec.
V1 = 1.8 V, V2 = 8.2 V. V1 = 0.9 V, V2 = 6.7 V.
I1 = 8.2 mA, I2 = 8.2 mA. I1 = 9.1 mA, I2 = 6.7 mA.

R iC
10 VS
1k 8

VS C Vc 6
VC
1 µF 4
2
0

10

iC (mA)

−10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (msec) t (msec)
 T1 = 1.5 msec, T2 = 1.5 msec. T1 = 1 msec, T2 = 2 msec. T1 = 2 msec, T2 = 1 msec.
V1 = 1.8 V, V2 = 8.2 V. V1 = 0.9 V, V2 = 6.7 V. V1 = 3.4 V, V2 = 9.1 V.
I1 = 8.2 mA, I2 = 8.2 mA. I1 = 9.1 mA, I2 = 6.7 mA. I1 = 6.7 mA, I2 = 9.1 mA.

R iC
10 VS
1k 8

VS C Vc 6
VC
1 µF 4
2
0

10

iC (mA)

−10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (msec) t (msec) t (msec)
 T1 = 1.5 msec, T2 = 1.5 msec. T1 = 1 msec, T2 = 2 msec. T1 = 2 msec, T2 = 1 msec.
V1 = 1.8 V, V2 = 8.2 V. V1 = 0.9 V, V2 = 6.7 V. V1 = 3.4 V, V2 = 9.1 V.
I1 = 8.2 mA, I2 = 8.2 mA. I1 = 9.1 mA, I2 = 6.7 mA. I1 = 6.7 mA, I2 = 9.1 mA.

R iC
10 VS
1k 8

VS C Vc 6
VC
1 µF 4
2
0

10

iC (mA)

−10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (msec) t (msec) t (msec)
SEQUEL file: ee101 rc1b.sqproj
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 T1 = 1 msec, T2 = 2 msec.
V1 ≈ 0 V, V2 = 10 V.
I1 = 100 mA, I2 = 100 mA.

10
VS
8

6
4
R iC
2 VC
0.1 k 0
VS C Vc
1 µF 100

iC (mA)

−100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (msec)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay