Circuits Manual
Circuits Manual
Circuits Manual
R-15 Regulation
Prepared by
K.Jagadeesh
Assistant Professor
List of Experiments
12. TIME RESPONSE OF FIRST ORDER RC/RL NETWORK FOR NON SINUSOIDAL
INPUT
Apparatus Required:-
Theory: -
Procedure:
Calculations:
a) To find Rth:
R =2.2k+(1k*1.5k)|(1k+1.5k)
eq
=(2.2+0.6)k
=2.8k
b) To find Vth :
I=V / (2.02k)
Let, s
V =5v
s
I=(5 / 2.02x103)
V =I * (2.2 x103)
th
Vth=(5/ 2.02x103) * (1.02 x10 3 )=3V
c) Equivalent Thevenin’s circuit:
IL =Vth/(Rth+RL)
= (3 / 3.8 x103 ) =0.79 mA
IL = 0.79 mA
Observation Table:
Vth(V) Il(mA)
Vs(V)
T P T P
Norton’s theorem:
Theory:-
Procedure:-
1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (3).
2) Switch on the power supply, apply V s=15V, by varying regulated power supply and note down
the reading of Load current (IL ) in table3.
3) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (4)
4) Switch on the power supply, apply IN =ISC by varying the regulated power supply (According to
calculations) & note down the reading of load current IL in table 4.
5) And compare Load current in both cases.
Calculations:
i) To find RN :
R =2.2k+(1k*1.5k)|(1k+1.5k)
eq
=(2.2+0.6)k
=2.8k \
ii)To find I :
N
Let Vs=5V, Vth = 3 V
According to Duality,
Isc= IN=2.8/3.8K
= 0.79mA
Observation Tables:-
Isc(mA) Il(mA)
Vs(V)
T P T P
5
1.07 1.05 0.79 0.71
Result: Thus the Thevenin’s, Norton’s & are verified theoretically and practically.
Apparatus Required:-
1. bread board
2. decade resistance box
3. resistor(100 ohms)
Theory:-
Procedure: -
Calculations: - If VS = 5V
Pmax = V S2/4RL
2
Pmax = (15) /4 * 100 =0.562W
Observations:-
2
S No RL I
P =I R
(ohms) (mA) (watts)
1 100 3.1 0.093
2 500 2.8 3.64
3 1000 2.4 5.76
4 1500 2.1 6.51
5 2000 2.0 7.4
6 2500 1.7 7.14
7 2800 1.7 7.65
8 3000 1.6 7.36
Model Graph:- The graph drawn between load resistance on x-axis & power
transferred to load on y-axis . The model graph as shown below.
Result: Thus the Maximum power transfer are verified theoretically and practically.
Apparatus Required:-
Circuit Diagram:-
Fig.1
Theory:-
Sample Calculations:-
10 = 490 I + 390 I2
1
20 = 390 I + 660 I2
1
10 = 490 I + 390 I2
1
0 = 390 I + 660 I2
1
Solving the above equations, I’1 = 38.57 mA , I’ 2 = -22.82 mA & I’3 = 15.75 mA
0 = 490 I + 390 I2
1
20 = 390 I + 660 I2
1
Hence , I1 = I’ + I1”
1
I2 = I’ + I2”
2
I3 = I’ + I3”
3
Procedure:-
1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig1
2) Apply the source voltages V1, V2 and note down the current reading I1, I2 & I3.
3) Remove second source by short circuit i.e, V2=0 , then apply only V1 source and note down the
current readings I1I, I2I, I3I and tabulate .
4) Remove second source by short circuit i.e,V1=0 , then apply only V2 source and note down the
current readings of I1II , I2II, I 3II and tabulate.
5) Repeat the experiment for different values of source voltages.
Observation Table:-
10 20 - - - - - -
10 0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
20
Result : Hence the super position theorem is verified theoretically and practically.
iv) Theory:-
v)Procedure:-(Millmans Theorem)
vi)Observation Tables:
Dept of EEE Page 12
G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KURNOOL
B) RECIPROCITY THEOREM:-
i) Circuit Diagram:-
Fig. 2 Fig.3
ii) Theory:-
iii) Procedure:-
5) The current readings should be equal in both cases and repeat the experiment at different source
voltages.
Table 1. Table 2.
S.No Voltage (Vs) Current (mA) S.No Voltage (Vs) Current (mA)
1 10 1 10
2 15 2 15
3 20 3 20
iv) RESULT:-
COMPENSATION THEOREM
Apparatus required:-
1. Rps – (0-30V) dc -2 no
2. Resistors – 270 - 2 no
-100 -1 no
3. Ammeter-(0-20mA) -2 no
Theory:-
Procedure:-
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 3.
2. Switch on the supply, apply the source voltages Vs=10V.
3. Note down the readings of ammeter and tabulate in table 3.
4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 4.
5. Switch on the supply, apply Vref = I 100*R100 (calculated) and note down the readings of
ammeter and tabulate in table4.
6. Repeat the experiment at different source voltages and compare the readings.
Observation Tables:
Theory:-
Procedure:-
Formulae:-
Power W = V I Cos
Power factor = Cos = W/VI
Observation Table:-
Model Graph: - Plot the graph between Voltage vector (on X-=axis) and current vector (on y-
axis) as shown below.
`
Fig 2.
Result:- The locus diagram of series RC circuit when the resistance as variable was obtained.
Aim: To determine the self and mutual inductances of a given 1-ph transformer and also
determine co-efficient of coupling.
A) i) Circuit Diagram-I:
Circuit Diagram-II:
Theory:
Procedure:
Calculations:
From circuit –I: Wo = V1 Io Cos o (or) Cos o = Wo / V1 Io = ------ --
M12 = M 21 = M == ---------- H
Observation Table:
Result: The experiment was conducted on a given 1-ph transformer, from this
Apparatus Required:-
Theory: -
Formulae:
1
a) Resonant frequency : fo = Hz
2π √LC
f2 = fo + R/ 4πL Hz
c) Band width:
BW = f2 – f1 (or) R/ 2πL
d) Q –factor:
Procedure-1:(Series Resonance)
1. Make the connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig2.
2. Apply the sinusoidal voltage of peak-peak value is 10V
3. Vary the frequency of sine wave between 100 Hz – 300 Hz in steps, and note down the readings
of ammeter.
4. Tabulate the readings in table2.
Calculations:
R = 100ohms, L = 0.1 H, C = 6.1mf
f1 = fo – R/ 4πL = ---------- Hz
f2 = fo + R/ 4πL = ---------- Hz
c) Band width: BW = f2 – f1 (or) R/ 2πL = ---------- Hz
d) Q –factor: = ----------
Observation Table:
Model Graph: Draw the graph between frequency Vs current as shown below.
Circuit diagrams:
a) OC Parameters:
b) SC Parameters:
Theory:-
Sample Calculations:-
(SC Parameters)
V1(Volts) V2(Volts) I1(amp) I2(amp) Y11 (mho) Y12(mho) Y 21(mho) Y 22(mho)
10 0 -- --
0 --
10 --
Result: - The open circuit and short circuit parameters are found and as follows,
Z = Y =
Z11 = Y11 =
Z12 = Y12 =
Z21 = Y21 =
22 22
SIMULATION OF DC CIRCUIT
Aim:- To obtain the node voltages, branch currents, power of all voltage sources of a given dc
circuit by using PSPICE programming.
Circuit Diagram:-
Theory:-
1.DC Analysis:- Calculation of node voltages and branch currents and their quiescent values
are the outputs.
Eg:- DC sweep voltage (.DC),
Small-Signal transfer function (Thevenin’s equivalent) (.TF)
DC Small-Signal sensitivities (.SENS)
2.Transient Analysis:- Responses of time-invariant sources and transient analysis of dc and
fourier circuits.
Eg:- Transient responses _____ (.TRAN)
Fourier Analysis _____ (.FOUR)
3.AC Analysis:- (.AC) & (.NOISE) etc.
PSPICE PROGRAM :-
Result:-
The node voltages, branch currents, power of all voltage sources of a given dc circuit are
obtained.
Aim:- To obtain the simulation result of a given series RLC circuit with different inputs using
PSPICE programming.
Theory:-
1.DC Analysis:- Calculation of node voltages and branch currents and their quiescent values
are the outputs.
Eg:- DC sweep voltage (.DC),
Small-Signal transfer function (Thevenin’s equivalent) (.TF)
DC Small-Signal sensitivities (.SENS)
2.Transient Analysis:- Responses of time-invariant sources and transient analysis of dc and
fourier circuits.
Eg:- Transient responses _____ (.TRAN)
Fourier Analysis _____ (.FOUR)
3.AC Analysis:- (.AC) & (.NOISE) etc.
PSPICE PROGRAM :-
a) Pulse Input:-
b) Step Input:-
c)Sinusoidal Input:-
d)Exponential Input:-
Apparatus Required:-
Bread
Ammeter’s :(0-10mA) MC –1 No.
board .
Regulated power supply (0-30V)
Resistors: 2.2K -3No.
3.3 K -1No.
1K -1No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Theory: -
Procedure:
Calculations:
Observation Table: