Numerical Assignments

Example: A duplex feed pump supplies water to a boiler working at pressure14 bar. The
loss of head of the water in feed lines economies etc. of 20% of the boiler working
pressure. The diameter and length of the stroke for the pump is 5.0 cm * 8.0 cm. resp.
The pump runs at 60 strokes per minute. Find the brake horse power to drive the pump if
the pump efficiency is 65%. Neglect the loss due to leakage and spillage.

Solution:
The required pressure by the pump = 14×1.2 = 16.8 bar = 16.8 × 10 5 N/m2
Dia. of plunger = 5 cms. = 0.05 m.
Area A = π×(0.05)2 = 1.963× 10-3 m2
4
Length of stroke = 8 cms = 0.08 m.
RPM (N)= 60
pump = 65 %
Volume of water delivered by the pump per second is 2 × L×A×N m3/sec
60
= 2×0.08×1.963×10-3×60 = 0.314×10-3 m3/sec
60
Work done by the pump per second or power of the pump is
(16.8 × 105) × (0.314×10-3) = 527.65 watt = 527.65/735.75= 0.717 H.P
Considering the efficiency
H.P = 0.717/0.65 = 1.10 H.P

Example: A fuel storage tank is in the form of a cylinder 2.6 mt. dia. with one end
hemisphere and the other end plain. Calculate the capacity of tank in litre and in kg. If it
contains oil having Sp. gravity 0.9 length of the cylindrical portion is 6 mt. Also determine
the area of the sheet metal used in construction.

Solution: Given ,
Dia of cylinder = 2.6 mt.
One end hemisphere & one end plain.
Oil having specific gravity = 0.9
Length of cylindrical portion = 6 mt.

Surface area =  D2
Volume of sphere = ( /6) D3 = (4/3)  r3
Volume of hemisphere = (2/3)  r3
Volume of cylindrical portion =  r2 L

Total volume =  r2 L + 2/3  r3

==
 (1.3)2 6 + 2/  (1.3)3
= 31.8396 + 4.56
= 36.3996 m3
= 36399.6 liters.
Specific gravity = density of oil / density of water
 Density of oil = specific gravity * density of water
= 0.9 *1
= 0.9 kg/ m3

Weight of 1 m3 oil = 0.9 kg.

 Weight of 36.3996 m3 of oil = 0.9 * 36.3996

= 32.75964 kgs.
Area of shell metal used = Area of hemisphere + Area of cylindrical
portion + Area of plain end.
 = (/2) D2 +  D L + (/4) D2
= (/2) (2.6)2 +*2.6*6 +(/4) (2.6)2
= 10.6132 + 48.984 + 5.3066
= 64.9038 m2

Example: Two trains A & B leave the same station on parallel lines. The train A starts
with a uniform acceleration of 0.2 m/ s 2 and attains a speed of 45 KMPH. When the steam
is reduced to keep the speed constant. The Train B leaves one minute after with a uniform
acceleration of 1.4 m / s 2 to attain a speed of 72 KMPH When the train B will overtake the
train A?

Given, Train A
fA = uniform acceleration = 0.20 m/ s2
vA = Final speed = 45km/hr = 12.50 m/s
u = Initial speed = 0 m/s
Train B
fB= uniform acceleration = 1.40 m /s2
vB = Final speed = 72 km/hr = 20 m/s
u = Initial speed = 0 m/s.

We know that, v = u + ft, when u = 0, t = v/f

Therefore the time taken by train A to attain its final speed is
tA = vA/ fA = 12.50/ 0.20 = 62.50 sec and
at a distance SA = ut + ½ ft2 = 0.20 x 62.502/ 2 = 390.625 m

Similarly, the time taken by train B to attain its final speed

tB = 20/ 1.40 = 14.29 sec and SB = 1.40×14.292/2 = 142.94 m

Let us consider the time T = 0, when train A starts from the station. It reaches its final
speed when T = 62.50 sec and at time T= 60 + 14.29 = 74.29 sec the train B reaches its
final speed.

By the time train B reaches its final speed, the train A moves [390.625 (during 62.50 sec)
+ (74.29 – 62.50) × 12.50 (at cont. speed)] = 538 m away from the station.
Position of both the train at T= 74.29 sec is
Train A 538 m away from the station and train B 142.94 m away from the station, both
are traveling at their corresponding uniform speed. Let us consider a time t after which
the train B will overtake train A from this point.

The relative speed of train B with respect to train A = 20 – 12.50 = 7.50 m/s
Therefore 7.50 x t = 538 – 142.94,
Or, t = 52.67 s.

The train B will overtake the train A after 74.29 + 52.67 = 126.96 sec after train
A leaves the station

Example: A tank of 0.568M3 volume contains air at 6.893 bar and 21 0C. The tank is
equipped with a relief valve that opens at a pressure of 8.618 bar and remains open until
the pressure drops to 8.274 bar. If a fire causes the valve to operate once as described,
determine the air temp. Just before the valve opens and the mass of air lost due to fire.
Assume that temp. of air remains constant during discharge and air in the tank behaves
as ideal gas. Assume gas constant = 294.63Nm/KgK for air.

Here P1 = 6.893 bar (considering pressure given in absolute),

P2 = 8.618 bar
V1 = V2 = 0.568 m3
T1 = 21 + 273 = 294 K
From the relation P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

The temperature just before the valve opens

T2 = 8.618 x 0.568 x 294/ (6.893 x 0.568) = 367.57 K = 94.57oC
Now when the valve closes, P = 8.274 bar 8.274 x 10 5 Pa
Temperature remains constant at 367.57 K,
V = 0.568 m3
R is given as 294.63 Nm/ kg K
Therefore from the relation PV = mRT
Mass of air after discharge = (8.274 x 10 5 x 0.568)/ (294.63 x 367.57)
= 4.34 kg, and
Mass of air after discharge = (8.618 x 10 5 x 0.568)/ (294.63 x 367.57)
= 4.52 kg
Therefore mass of air escaped during the fire = 4.52 – 4.34 = 0.18 kg

Example: In a small capacity of Thermal Power plant, the condenser is provided with a
separate air-cooling section. The temp. of steam entering the condenser is 56 0C and
temp. at the air pump section is 460C. The barometer reads 76 cm of Hg, find
(1) Vacuum in Condenser
(2) If discharge of dry air-pump is 90 m3/min., find the air leakage in the condenser in
kg/hr.

(1) Considering no ingress of air at the inlet, the pressure in the condenser will be the
same as the pressure of the steam entering at that temperature.
From the steam table at 56oC, the corresponding pressure
= 0.1653 bar absolute = 0.1653 x 750 = 123.98 mm of Hg,
The vacuum in the condenser = 760 – 123.98 = 636.02 mm of Hg
(2) Now at the outlet the partial pressure of the steam
= 0.10101 bar abs. (from steam table at 46oC)
Therefore the partial pressure of air = 0.1653 – 0.10101 = 0.0643 bar The discharge of
air pump = 90 m3/ min = 540m3/ hr.
Now from the relation PV = mRT
Here T = 46oC + 273 = 319 K,
P = 0.0643 bar = 0.0643 x 102 kPa,
V = 540 m3
We know R of air = 0.287 kJ/ kg K
Therefore mass of air leakage in the condenser per hour
= (0.0643 x 102 x 540)/ (0.287 x 319) = 37.93 kg/ hr.

Example: A boiler generates 4000 kg of steam per hour, at 18 bar. The steam
temperature is 325ºC and the feed water temperature is 49ºC. The efficiency of boiler
plant is 85 % when using oil of calorific value 39775 kJ/kg. The steam generated is
supplied to an engine which develops 400 KW and exhausts at 1.8 bar; the dryness
fraction of steam being 0.98. Estimate the mass of oil used per hour and the fraction of
the enthalpy drop through the engine, which converted into useful work. If the engine
exhaust is used for process heating, find the heat transfer available per kg of exhaust
steam above 49.4ºC.

Assumed pressure given is absolute pressure,

From the steam table Tsat at 18 bar = 207.2oC.
Therefore the steam is superheated.
Now from the steam table for superheated steam, at 18 bar and 325 oC
hg at 325 0C = (3029.2 + 3141.2)/2 = 3085.2 kJ/ kg
Again for exhaust steam at 1.8 bar & 0.98 dry from the steam table
hf. = 490.7 kJ/ kg ; hfg = 2211.20 kJ/ kg and tsat = 116.9oC
Enthalpy of 0.98 dry steam = 490.70 + 0.98 x 2211.20
= 2657.70 kJ/kg
Enthaphy drop = Inlet Enthalpy – Outlet Enthalpy =3085.20 - 2657.70
= 427.50 kJ/kg.
Steam supply = 4000/3600 =1.1111 kg/s
Heat to engine = 1.1111 x 427.50 = 475 kJ/s
Engine develops 400 kW = 400 kJ/s
Fraction of enthalpy drop converted to useful work = 400 /475
= 0.8421
Now efficiency of boiler plant is 85% and CV = 39775KJ/kg
Mass of oil consumed to produce the superheated steam from feed water at 49 oC= 4000 x
(3085.2 – 49 x4.187)/(39775 x 0.85)
= 340.74 kg/ h
Now, Enthalpy of exhaust steam at 116.9oC and 0.98 dryness
= 2657.7 kJ/kg.
Heat at 49.4oC = 49.4 x 4.187 = 206.84 kJ/kg
Heat available to process = 2657.7 – 206.84 = 2450.86 kJ/kg

Example: Steam leaving the boiler at pressure of 12 bar, enter the super heater where it
receives heat at constant pressure. The condition of steam entering the superheater is
0.95 dry and leaves it at temperature of 250ºC.
Calculate the heat received by the steam in superheater and increase in volume of steam
as it passes through the superheater.

From steam table at 12 bar

Ts = 1880C, hf = 798.60 kJ/kg, hfg = 1986.20 kJ/kg and
Vg = 0.163 m3/ kg
Again hg at 2500C = 2935 kJ/kg and Vg = 0.1923
Heat in 0.95 dry steam = 798.60 + 0.95 x 1986.20 = 2685.49 kJ/kg
Heat picked up in SH = Heat at SH out let – Heat at SH inlet
= 2935 – 2685.49 = 249.51 kJ/kg
Volume of steam at SH inlet = 0.95 x 0.163 = 0.1548 m 3/kg
Increase in volume = 0.1923 – 0.1548 = 0.0375 m3/kg

Example: Dry saturated steam is supplied to a single cylinder double acting steam
engine at a pressure of 900 KN/m2 and is exhausted at 140 KN/m2. cut-off takes place
at 40% of the stroke. Find the necessary cylinder bore and piston stroke length. If the
engine is to develop 22.5 kw. Assume a diagram factor of 0.8, stroke/bore ratio of
1.25:1, speed of engine 240 rpm & hyperbolic expansion.
If the actual steam consumption is 1.8 times the indicated or theoretical
quantity, calculate the probable steam consumption and indicated thermal efficiency.
Here, p1 = 900 kN/m2 = 9 bar, single cylinder double acting
pb = 140 kN/m2 = 1.4 bar, stroke /bore =1.25/1 = L/d
cut –off at 40% of stroke,
 Power developed, P= 22.5 kW
Diagram factor, f =0.8
Actual steam consumption 1.8 times indicated or theoretical
Theoretical m.e.p.= pm =p1/r(1+loger)-pb
r=ratio of expansion= 1/0.4=2.5 (as cut off takes place at 40% of the stroke)
pm=900/2.5(1+loge 2.5)-140
=549.864 kN/m2 = 549864 N/m2

Theoretical indicated power = Actual indicated power

Diagram factor
=22.5/0.8=28.125 kW = 28125 W
But theoretical indicated power= 2pmLAN/60
28125=2× 549868× L× /4×d2× 240/60 ;
or, d2L = 28125 / 2× 549868×  = 0.00814

But L/d=1.25/1
L=1.25d -(2) putting this value in eq. (1) we get
d2x1.25d = 0.00814
d3 =0.00814 / 1.25 = 0.006512
d=0.1867 m = 18.67 cm; and L = 1.25×18.67 = 23.33 cm

Steam consumption:
Since the cut-off takes place at 40% of the stroke
Volume of steam at the point of cut-off per stroke = 0.40 × stroke volume
= 0.40 × /4d2L = 0.40 × /4 × 0.00814 = 0.00256 m3

Specific volume of dry saturated steam at pressure 9 bar

= 0.215 m3/kg
Mass of steam admitted per cycle= 0.00256/0.215 = 0.0119 kg.
Mass of steam admitted per minute= 0.0119 x 240 = 2.856 kg/ min
For double acting steam engine steam consumption =2×2.856
= 5.712 kg./min
W=actual steam consumption =1.8 × 5.712 = 10.282 kg/min
Indicated thermal efficiency=indicated power = 28.125 x 60
W x (H-h) 5.712 x (2773.9 – 458.4)
= 0.1275 = 12.75%
[Where W=Actual mass of steam supplied in kg/min = 5.712 kg./min
H= Total heat of steam at the engine stop valve at 9 bar = 2773.9 kJ/ kg.
h=Sensible heat of feed water corresponding to the back pressure 1.4 bar = 458.40 kJ/
kg.]

Example: A steel shaft transmit 150 H.P., at 115 rpm. The maximum twisting moment
during each revolution exceed the mean by 30%. Suggest suitable dia. for solid shaft if
the shear stress is not exceed 650 kg/cm2.
See solved example no. 12 of Chapter 8

Find out the thickness of C.I. pipe to carry 30 M 3/min compressed air at a pressure of 7
kg/cm2. The velocity of air in the pipe is limited to 8 metres per second. Assume tensile
stress intensity in the pipe material to be 150 kg/cm 2.
See solved example no. 4 of Chapter 8