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Reservoir Sedimentation: Lecture # 4

1) Sedimentation in reservoirs is a major problem that reduces storage capacity over time. Sediments enter reservoirs through various processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition. 2) Reservoirs accumulate sediments in layers that resemble delta deposits, including fine bottom sediments, coarser foreset beds, and topset beds with coarser particles. 3) To prolong a reservoir's useful life, methods can be used to reduce incoming sediments, route sediments through or around the reservoir, remove deposited sediments, or provide additional upstream storage volume.

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139 views

Reservoir Sedimentation: Lecture # 4

1) Sedimentation in reservoirs is a major problem that reduces storage capacity over time. Sediments enter reservoirs through various processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition. 2) Reservoirs accumulate sediments in layers that resemble delta deposits, including fine bottom sediments, coarser foreset beds, and topset beds with coarser particles. 3) To prolong a reservoir's useful life, methods can be used to reduce incoming sediments, route sediments through or around the reservoir, remove deposited sediments, or provide additional upstream storage volume.

Uploaded by

amin alzuraiki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture # 4

Reservoir Sedimentation
Sedimentation in reservoirs is a difficult problem for which an
economical solution has not yet been discovered, except by providing a
“dead storage” to accommodate the deposits during the life of the dam.
Disintegration, erosion, transportation, and sedimentation, are the
different stages leading to silting of reservoir.
In many respects deposits in a reservoir resemble those in a delta, made by a
stream where it discharges into a lake or sea.
These deposits are
(i) bottom set beds, consisting of the fine sediments brought in by the stream,
(ii) the fore set beds formed of the coarser sandy sediments
(iii) top set beds consisting of coarser particles and
(iv) density current deposits
Estimating Sediment Yield of a
Watershed
1. Measure the sediment that is being transported in
the river at the point of interest.
2. Use sediment transport models and sampling data
3. Estimate the erosion in the watershed (e.g. the
universal soil loss equation) and then estimate the
sediment-delivery ratio.
4. Empirical formulas for Sediment yield vs drainage
area and sediment yield vs. mean annual runoff
Sept 11, 2008 CVEN 4838/5838 Slide #4
Dynamic Adjustment of River
System – Lane’s Relationship

Where
Qs is Sediment discharge
Q is water discharge
d is sediment particle diameter
S is the slope of the channel
Permissible shear stress is given by the following equation:
Sept 11, 2008 CVEN 4838/5838 Slide #8
3 Forms of Sediment Transport
in Rivers
1. Bed Load – Material that moves
along the bottom of the channel
(by siltation and rolling) as a
result of shear stress created by
vertical velocity gradients in the
stream flow.
2. Suspended Bed Material Load
bed material that becomes
suspended by action of turbulence.
3. Wash Load – fine material that
is carried by the flow in
suspension, but is not represented
in the bed material.
Depositional Zones in Reservoir
Consequences of Reservoir
Sedimentation
 Loss of Storage (yield; reliability)
 Upstream: loss of navigable depths
 Downstream: degradation of channel; loss of land and habitats

 Hydropower: downstream deposits can increase TW depths,


decrease efficiency

 Abrasion of turbines

 Coastal areas: loss of coastlines when silt supply is interrupted


Design for Sediment Deposition:
Trap Efficiency
Trap Efficiency: Ratio of trapped sediment to incoming sediment (%) (ability of the
reservoir to entrap sediment) a function of

1. ratio of reservoir volume to mean annual runoff volume (C/I)


2. sediment characteristics
Design Life:
the period required for the reservoir to fulfill its intended purpose
(or the period over which the economic benefits are projected).
Typically 50 to 100 years

Design for sediment accumulation:


traditionally this meant providing a reservoir storage capacity
large enough to store all the accumulated sediment deposits
without encroachment on the designed water-storage volume.

Calculations of sediment-filling rates


Compute for each of successive time intervals:
- for storage at beginning of interval, find C/I ratio
- determine trap efficiency
- calculate accumulated sediments
- determine new storage at end of interval
 We should develop and use reservoirs for the benefits of present and
future generations in a socially, environmentally and economically
acceptable manner.

 Along with the right to develop and use reservoirs comes the
responsibility to meet the needs of present and future generations.

 To achieve sustainable development and use of reservoirs and a


higher quality of life for all people, we should gradually reduce and
eliminate unsustainable patterns of development and use subject to
social, environmental, and economic considerations.

 Reservoir sedimentation shortens the useful life of reservoirs.


Systematic and thorough consideration of technical, social,
environmental, and economic factors should be made to prolong the
useful life of reservoirs.

“The worst enemy of sustainable use of reservoirs is sedimentation.”


1. Reduce sediment inflow
sediment delivery to the reservoir can be reduced by techniqus such as
erosion control and upstream sediment trapping.
2. Route sediments
Some or all of the inflowing sediment load may be hydraulically routed
beyond the storage pool by techniques such as drawdown during
sediment-laden floods, off-stream reservoirs, sediment bypass, and venting
of turbid density currents.
3. Sediment removal
Deposited sediments may be periodically removed by hydraulic flushing,
hydraulic dredging, or dry excavation.
4. Provide large storage volume
Reservoir benefits may be considered sustainable if a storage volume is
provided that exceeds the volume of the sediment supply in the u.s.
watershed. The required sediment storage volume may be included within
the reservoir pool or in one or more u.s. impoundments.
5. Sediment placement
Focus sediment deposition in areas where its subsequent removal is
facilitated, or where it minimizes interference with reservoir operation.
Configure intakes and other facilities to minimize interference from
transported or deposited sediments.
Sediment Pass-Through
1. Seasonal drawdown
2. Flood drawdown by hydrograph
prediction
3. Flood drawdown by rule curve
4. Venting turbid density currents
Sediment Bypass
1. On-channel storage
2. Off-channel storage
3. Subsurface storage
The turbid density current is the
gravity-induced movement of a
denser (sediment-ladened) fluid
under clearer water.
Sediment-ladened water enters the
reservoir and plunges beneath the
clear water, and travels d.s. along
the submerged thalweg. It depostis
coarser material along the bottom
and the current may dissipate.
The turbid density current can be
vented from the dam through low-
level sluices.

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