Buckling

9.
1 Objective
To determine the ductility of specimens using three points bend test
9.2 Apparatus
Specimens (mild steel)
Weighing balance
Scale
Bend test machine
9.3 Theory
The Flexural test measures the force required to bend a beam under 3 point loading conditions. The data is
often used to select materials for parts that will support loads without flexing. Flexural modulus is used as an
indication of a material’s stiffness when flexed. Since the physical properties of many materials (especially
thermoplastics) can vary depending on ambient temperature.
The bend test is useful for assessing the workability of thick sheet and plate. Generally, this test is most
applicable to cold-working operations. Figure 9 shows a plate deformed in three-point bending. The
principal stress and strains developed during bending are defined in Fig. 10. The critical parameter is width-
to-thickness ratio (w/t). If w/t > 8, bending occurs under plane-strain conditions if w/t > 8, the bend ductility
is independent of the exact w/t ratio. If w/t < 8, then stress state and bend ductility depend strongly on the
width-to-thickness ratio.
Bending ductility tests determine the smallest radius around which a specimen can be bent without cracks
being observed in the outer fiber (tension) surface. This forming limit commonly is called the minimum
bend radius and is expressed in multiples of specimen thickness, t. A material with a minimum bend radius
of 3t can be bent without cracking through a radius equal to three times the specimen thickness. It thus
follows that a material with a minimum bend radius of 1t has greater ductility than a material with minimum
bend radius of 5t. Alternatively, the bend radius can be fixed, and the angle of bend at which fracture occurs
noted. As illustrates bend radius, angle of bend, and other concepts associated with bending tests.
Bend or flexure testing is common in springs and brittle materials whose failure behavioursare linear such as
concretes, stones, woods, plastics, glasses and ceramics. Other types of brittle materials such as powder
metallurgy processed metals and materials are normally tested under a transverse flexure. Bend test is
therefore suitable for evaluating strength of brittle materials where interpretation of tensile test result of the
same material is difficult due to breaking of specimens around specimen gripping. The evaluation of the
tensile result is therefore not valid since the failed areas are not included in the specimen gauge length.
Smooth rectangular specimens without notches are generally used for bend testing underthree-point or four-
point bend arrangements as shown in figures 1 a) and b) respectively. Figure illustrates three-point bending
which is capable of 180o bend angle for welded materials.
This test has a number of disadvantages. First, dissimilar metal corrosion and/or crevice corrosion can occur
under the bolt. Secondly, once the crack has formed, the stress condition changes such that the outer layer of
the specimen is not subject to a tensile stress only, but to a complex combination at tensile and bending
stresses. The propagating crack will then deviate from the centerline. Thus, the three-point bend test can
only be used as a qualitative test to assess the susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking.
9.3.1 Three-Point Bend Specimens.
Three-point bend tests are commonly used because of the ease of load application and the ability to use the
same loading rigs for different stresses. The load is applied by turning a bolt in the rig, deflecting the
specimen. The elastic stress at the mid-point of the specimen is calculated from the following equation
9.4 Procedure
Took a steel bar specimen measured its length and mass.

Placed it on test machine and adjusted machine such that the difference between support is 8 time dia
of bar and landle is 5 times the dia of steel bar
Applied load until it bended at 180 angle.
9.5 Observation
Bar was not completely bended at 180o due to spring back effect.
9.6 Result
No visual cracks were appeared. It means no folded marks was present material is sound to use.
9.7 Significance and Use
Bend tests for ductility provide a simple way to evaluate the quality of materials by their ability to
resist cracking or other surface irregularities during one continuous bend. No reversal of the bend
force shall be employed when conducting these tests.
The type of bend test used determines the location of the forces and constraints on the bent portion of
the specimen, ranging from no direct contact to continuous contact.
The test can terminate at a given angle of bend over a specified radius or continue until the specimen
legs are in contact. The bend angle can be measured while the specimen is under the bending force
(usually when the semi-guided bend test is employed), or after removal of the force as when
performing a free-bend test. Product requirements for the material being tested determine the method
used.
Materials with an as-fabricated cross section of rectangular, round, hexagonal, or similar defined
shape can be tested in full section to evaluate their bend properties by using the procedures outlined
in these test methods, in which case relative width and thickness requirements do not apply.
References
Forming and Forging was published in 1988 as Volume 14 of the 9th Edition Metals Handbook
Fatigue and Fracture was published in 1996 as Volume 19 of ASM Handbook
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation was published in 2000 as Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook
Dowling, N.E., Mechanical behavior of materials: Engineering methods for deformation, fracture
and fatigue, 2ndedition, 1999, Prentice Hall, ISBN-0-13-010989-4.

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9.

9.3.1 Three-Point Bend Specimens.

Took a steel bar specimen measured its length and mass.

9.7 Significance and Use

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