Professional Documents
Culture Documents
222 E05 Bend and Rebend
222 E05 Bend and Rebend
3. Experimental Procedure
3.1 Guided-bend test of materials
3.1.1 Select and install the mandrel to be used for application of the bending load.
3.1.2 Place the sample carefully on to the stage of the guided-bending fixture of a universal testing machine. Separate the two
rounded supports by a clearance (C) equal to (D + 3d ± d/2), as shown in Fig. 1, where
(d) is the specimen diameter and D is the mandrel diameter.
3.1.3 Bend the specimen by applying a force through the plunger or mandrel in contact with the specimen at the mid-length
between supports (C/2) on the opposite side of the specimen from the end supports. Apply the bending force smoothly
and without shock.
3.1.4 Continue bending until failure occurs, or until the bar is bended to an angle of 180°. The angle of bend is measured
while the specimen is under the bending force.
3.1.5 When a full bend is achieved, remove the load and detach the bar from the apparatus.
3.1.6 Repeat steps 3.1.2 to 3.1.5 to conduct bend tests of two other specimens of the same diameter.
3.2 Guided-re-bend test of materials
3.2.1 Conduct guided-bend test through an angle of 90º round a mandrel with diameter not exceeding those specified in
Table 11;
3.2.2 Conduct artificial ageing treatment by placing the test specimen at a temperature of 100±10 ºC for a period of
1 hours (+15/-0) minutes.
3.2.3 Cool the specimens in still air to room temperature.
3.2.4 Bend back the test specimen towards its original shape (partially re-straightened) by a steadily applied force through
at least 20º on the same bending machine as used above.
3.2.5 Remove the load and detach the bar from the apparatus.
3.2.6 Repeat steps 3.2.1 to 3.1.5 to conduct bend tests of two other specimens of the same diameter.
4. Results
4.1 In accordance to the specified Standard (e.g., ASTM Standard E 290), observe the bend and re-bend surface
without any equipment (i.e., using naked eye) and inspected for cracks or chipping.
4.2 Give a general comment on the ductility of the tested steel bar.
4.3 Complete the Data Sheet, Table 3.1.
5. Discussion
5.1 Answer the following questions:
(a) Discuss the conditions upon which a steel reinforcing bar is failed a bend or re-bend test.
(b) Can you make comment on the tensile properties of the steel bar after the bend test?
(c) Why do you need the ageing treatment of bended bar before re-bending?
(d) What are the information needed to be specified in a typical bend/re-bend test of steel bar?
meter.
exceeding those specified in
ameter.
ar?
Bend Test
Result
Re-Bend Test
Result
gonal cross section to plastic
gle of bend is reached. This
tic deformation in bending.
th so that bending for
nd then sometimes re-bent for
and/or re-bend test is necessary
bend testing of bars primary
sting of Material for Ductility
he bent portion of the specimen:
th of the specimen between two
Support c
Support
(a) (b)
Figure 1: (a) Schematic fixture for the guided-bend test, (b) Bar after testing
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 2: (a) Bars prior to testing, (b) Bars bend at 180°, (c) Observation after testing.
Table 1: Mandrel diameter for bend test.
C = distance between lower supports = D + 3d ± 0.5d
D = diameter of the end of the mandrel or plunger
d = round specimen diameter
d
Support
(b)
Schematic fixture for the guided-bend test, (b) Bar after testing
(b)
(c)
prior to testing, (b) Bars bend at 180°, (c) Observation after testing.
Table 1: Mandrel diameter for bend test.
Nominal Size (mm) of Bar, d Mandrel Diameter (mm) for Different Grades of Steel Bars, D
40 Grade 60 Grade 500 W TMT
Up to and including 20 3d 4d 3d
Over 20 4d 5d 4d
6.3 Cold Bending vs. Hot Bending
When a bar is bent at room temperature, a mechanical torque is applied directly to the bar resulting in a condition
where the outer fibers at the bend are in tension and the inner fibers undergo compression strain and stresses. This type of
bending is distinguished as cold bending. The majority of bars are cold bend regardless as for transportation or assembling
purposes. These cold bend bars will undergo strain aging and hardening.
For hot bending, the bars at the position of bend are preheated to a temperature of 600 to 800 °C using an oxygen-
acetylene torch or other sources that can induce the same heat level. The heated bar is then bent manually in the same
manner as for cold bending. Generally, only low strength non-deformed bars can be hot bent and the required temperature
shall be 850 °C. Hot bending of deformed bars is restricted.
6.4 Evaluation
After bend test the convex surface of the bent specimen is examined for cracks or other open defects, using the unaided eye
(without magnification). Cracks occurring in the corners or edge of the bent portion shall not be considered significant unless
they exceed the size specified for corner cracks. If no crack size is specified, corner cracks not exceeding the nominal thickness
of the specimen shall not be considered a failure.
When the test is conducted as an acceptance criterion, the allowable crack size shall be specified by the code or specification
requiring the test. Surface irregularities, loss of coating adherence, or other discontinuity developed by the bend
test shall be evaluated according to the appropriate product specification. Surface disturbances, such as orange peel, that
develop during a bend test, where there is no penetration of the surface, are not considered a crack failure.
However, one should keep in mind that upon bending process steel reinforcement may fracture owing to the following
reasons:
(i) The ribs on steel bars serve as location of stress concentration which is a potential weak point for fracturing.
(ii) Owing to their intrinsic high strength, large force is required during the bending process.
(iii) The radius of bending is too tight.
Temperature is also an important factor for controlling the risk of steel fracture. The risk of fracture is increased when there is
a drop of temperature because steel has lower toughness at low temperatures.
The bend test report normally contains the following information:
1. Specimen identification,
2. Size and type of specimen,
3. Type of test,
4. Radius used to form the bend,
5. Angle of bend,
6. Number and size of any visible cracks in the bend, and when the test is conducted for informational purposes,
report the size and location of any and all cracks visible to the unaided eye,
7. Whether the specimen passed or failed to meet the requirements.
des of Steel Bars, D
600 W TMT
5d
6d