Sample Calculation
Sample Calculation
Distance Protection
1
1.1 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for MiCOM P442 Distance Relay
Data required
Calculation Procedure
Similarly the Impedance for Adjacent Shortest Line ZSL, Adjacent Remote Long
Line ZLL and second Adjacent Long Line Z2LL can be calculated.
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers are
in parallel is taken.
Loadability:
The Limiting conditions for setting the distance relay reach to avoid encroachment into loads.
As per “Reliability Standard PRC-023”, The maximum impedance for the distance relay
characteristics along 30º on the impedance plane for 0.85 per unit rated voltage and the
maximum specified current for each condition.
2
The maximums Load w.r.t Secondary Zmax = 0.85*VL-L/ (√3*1.5*.IL)
The New impedance for Parallel line drawn parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (Line angle)
Zone Settings
Zone 1
Kz1 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
As per manufacturer’s specification the maximum X/R ratio allowed is 10, hence considering
this limitation and the maximum loadability limit the minimum of the two is considered
Resistive reach
3
R1G= MIN of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.8*Resistive Reach at Max load)]
R1PH= MIN of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.6*Resistive Reach at Max load)]
Zone 2
(1.2*Protection line)]
tz2 = if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.5sec else t=0.3 sec
Kz2 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
R2G = Minimum [10 times of Zone 2 Impedance and 0.8*Resistive Reach at Max load]
R2PH = Minimum [10 times of Zone 2 Impedance and 0.6*Resistive Reach at Max load]
Zone 3
Zone3 = [MIN OF (1.2*Protection line + Adjacent Long line) & (Protection line + Adjacent
Long line +0.25* Adjacent Second Long Line) & (Protection line +Transformer
impedance))]
R3G-R4G = Minimum [(10 times of Zone 3 Reactance) and 0.8* Resistance at Maximum
load]
R3PH-R4PH = Minimum [(10 times of Zone 3 Reactance) and 0.6* Resistance at Maximum
load]
tz3 = 1 sec
Zone 4
tz4 = 1 sec
Power Swing:
Criteria 1:
∆R = 0.032*∆f*Maximum Loadability
∆X = 0.032*∆f*Maximum Loadability
4
Criteria 2:
5
Sample setting calculation for MiCOM P44X
Data
CT Ratio = 1200A/1A
PT Ratio = 220kV/110V
Adjacent Shortest Line Length (two different conductor connected) (Bhiwani) = 26 (0.3) + 8.7
(0.4) Km
Calculation
= √0.097052+0.393412
= [0.4049 * 119.9]
6
= 48.548*(1200/1) / (220kV/110V)
ZPL = 29.129 Ω
Total Positive sequence impedance of the Adjacent Shortest line = (ZS1 + ZS2) * (CT/PT ratio)
= √0.097052+0.393412
= 0.4052* 26
ZS1= 10.5352
= √0.07412+0.3832
= 0.390* 8.7
ZS2 = 3.393
Total Positive sequence impedance of the Adjacent Shortest line = (ZS1 + ZS2) * (CT/PT
ratio)
= [0.4052 * 116]
= [0.4052 * 24.1]
7
Z2LL W.R.T Primary = 9.765Ω
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers are
in parallel is taken.
= 58.08 Ω
= 59.74496 Ω
= 1/((1/58.08)+(1/59.74496))
ZT= 29.450 Ω
= 17.670 Ω
Z1= Tan-1(0.39341/0.09705)
ZMAX = 137.1 Ω
8
= 137.1*0.8660
R = 118.733Ω
= 137.1*0.5
X = 68.55 Ω
The New impedance for Parallel line Drawn Parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts the Resistance axis is
= 68.55/0.9708
Znew = 70.608 Ω
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (76.14)
= 70.608 *0.239
R new = 16.922
= 61.086 Ω
Zone Settings
Zone 1
=0.8* 29.129
Zone 1 = 23.30 Ω
Kz1 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
= (0.57146+j1.83241)-(0.09705+j0.39314) -/3(0.09705+j0.39314)
9
Kz1 angle = - 4.378 degree
R1G = Minimum of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.8 *(Resistance at Max load)]
R1G = 48.869 Ω
R1PH = Minimum of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.6 *(Resistance at Max load)]
R1PH = 36.65 Ω
Zone 2
Zone 2 = 34.95 Ω
Kz1 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
= (0.57146+j1.83241)-(0.09705+j0.39314) -/3(0.09705+j0.39314)
R2G = Min [10 times of Zone 2 Impedance and 0.8*Resistance at Max load]
R2PH = Min [10 times of Zone 2 Impedance and 0.8*Resistance at Max load]
R2PH = 36.65 Ω
10
Zone 3
Zone3= [MIN OF (1.2(Protection line) +Adjacent Long line) & (Protection line Adjacent Long
line+25% Second Adjacent Long Line) & (Protection line+ Transformer impedance)]
Zone3 = 46.799 Ω
tz3 = 1 sec
Kz1 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
= (0.57146+j1.83241)-(0.09705+j0.39314) -/3(0.09705+j0.39314)
R3G= Min [10 times of Zone 3 Impedance and 0.8*Resistance at Max load]
R3G = 48.869 Ω
R3PH= Min [10 times of Zone 3 Impedance and 0.6*Resistance at Max load]
R3PH= 36.65 Ω
Zone 4
Zone4 = 5.82 Ω
tz4 = 1 sec
11
Power Swing:
Criteria 1:
∆R = 0.032*∆f*Maximum Loadability
= 0.032*5*40.35
= 6.456 Ω
∆X = 0.032*∆f*Maximum Loadability
= 0.032*5*40.35
= 6.456 Ω
Criteria 2:
∆R =∆X = 20% of R3 Ph
= 0.2 * 36.69
= 7.33 Ω
12
1.2 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for MiCOM P433 Distance relay
Data required
Calculation Procedure
Loadability:
The Limiting conditions for setting the distance relay reach to avoid encroachment into loads.
As per “Reliability Standard PRC-023”, the maximum impedance for the distance relay
characteristics along 30º on the impedance plane for 0.85 per unit rated voltage and the
maximum specified current for each condition.
The maximums Load w.r.t Secondary Zmax = 0.85*VL-L/ (√3*1.5*.IL)
13
The New impedance for Parallel line drawn parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts
the Resistance axis is Z new= X (at Zmax) /SIN (Line angle)
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (Line angle)
Zone Settings
Zone 1
Zone 1 = 80 % of Protection Line
X1 = Z1 * SIN (Line Angle)
Kz 1 Zero sequence compensation
Kz1 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
Kz1 angle = angle of Kz1
As per manufacturer’s specification the maximum X/R ratio allowed is 10, hence considering
this limitation and the maximum loadability limit the minimum of the two is considered
Resistive reach
R2= Zone2 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
Zone 2
Zone 2 = Min of [MAX OF ((Protection line+ (0.5*Adjacent shortest line)) and
(1.2*Protection line)] and (Protected line + 05* Transformer impedance)
X2 = Z2 * SIN (Line Angle)
tz2 = if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.3 sec
Kz2 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
Kz2 angle = angle of Kz2
14
R2= Zone2 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
R2 PH = Minimum of (8* Zone 2 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)
R2 G = Minimum of (8* Zone 2 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)
Zone 3
Zone3 = [MIN OF (1.2*Protection line + Adjacent Long line) & (Protection line + Adjacent
Long line +0.25* Adjacent Second Long Line) & (Protection line +Transformer
impedance)]
R3= Zone3 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
R3 PH-R4PH = Minimum of (8* Zone 3 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)
R3 G-R4G =Minimum of (8* Zone 3 Reactance and Resistance at maximum Load)
tz3 = 1 sec
Zone 4
Zone4 = 0.25 *Zone 1
R4= Zone4 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
tz4 = 1 sec
Data
15
Zero sequence Line impedance = 0.233+j1.329
CT Ratio = 1200A/1A
PT Ratio = 220kV/110V
Protected Line Length(Mahilpur) = 51.1 Km
Adjacent Shortest Line Length (Rehan) = 26.7 Km
Adjacent Longest Line Length (Bhakra Right) = 51.1 Km
Second Longest Line Length = 0 Km
Voltage ratio of the transformer = 220 kV/132 kV
Maximum load on the feeder = 795 A (for Zeebra)
CT/PT ratio = 0.6
Calculation
= √(0.07972+0.40652)
= [0.4142 * 51.1]
= 21.167 * 0.6
ZPL = 12.70 Ω
= √(0.07972+0.40652)
= [0.4142 * 26.7]
16
ZSL W.R.T Primary = 11.06 Ω
= 11.06 *0.6
ZSL = 6.635 Ω
= √(0.07972+0.40652)
= [0.4142 * 51.1]
= 21.167 * 0.6
= [0.4142 * 0]
= 0 * 0.6
17
The maximums Load w.r.t Secondary ZMAX primary = 0.85*VL-L/(√3*1.5*.IL)
ZMAX = 90.53 Ω
= 54.32 Ω
= 54.32*0.8660
R = 47.044 Ω
= 54.32*0.5
X = 27.16 Ω
The New impedance for Parallel line Drawn Parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts the Resistance axis is
Znew = 27.67 Ω
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (78.91)
= 27.67*cos 78.91
R new = 5.322
R = 47.044 -5.322
R = 41.722 Ω
Zone Settings
Zone 1
18
Zone 1= 80 % of Protection Line
= 0.8 * 12.70
Zone 1 = 10.16 Ω
R1PP = 41.722 Ω
R1PG= 41.722 Ω
Zone 2
Zone 2 = MIN OF [(Protected Line + 0.5*Transformer impedance at remote end) AND (MAX
OF (Protected line + (0.5*Adjacent shortest line) AND (1.2*Protected line))]
= 16.02 Ω
Zone 2 = 16.02 Ω
19
X2PP, X2PG = 15.72 Ω
R2PP = 41.722 Ω
R2PG= 41.722 Ω
Zone 3
Zone3= [MIN OF (1.2(Protected line) +Adjacent Long line) & (Protected line + Adjacent Long
line+25% Second Adjacent Long Line) & (Protected line +Transformer impedance at remote
end)]
Zone3 = 25.40
tz3 = 1 sec
R3PP = 41.722 Ω
R3PG= 41.722 Ω
Zone 4
20
Zone4 = 0.25 *Zone1 Impedance
X4 = 2.49 Ω
tz4 = 1 sec
21
1.3Procedure for Relay Setting Calculation For REL670
Calculation
Protected line
X1 W.R.T Primary = [X1 (Ohms /Km)* Adjacent Long Line Length (km)]
Transformer Impedance
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers are
in parallel is taken.
22
Loadability
The New impedance for Parallel line Drawn Parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts the Resistance axis is Znew=X (at Zmax)
/SIN(Line Angle)
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew= Znew* COS (Line Angle)
= Tan-1(X/R)
Protected line
23
Adjacent Short line
X0 W.R.T Primary = [ZPL (Ohms /Km)* Adjacent Short line Length (km)]
Zone Settings
Zone 1
Phase –Phase
X 1 = 80 % of (Protected Line)
Ref catalogue ABB REL 670 application manual page no 197,198 for the above condition
and the load encroachment function to be enabled for the second condition to prevail.
24
RO=80 % of (Protected Line Zero Sequence Resistance)
Zone 2
Phase –Phase
T2pp = if Zone2 > 80 % of the Next Shortest Line then t =0.6 sec else t=0.3 sec
Zone 3
Phase –Phase
X1= MIN OF [(1.2*Protected Line Adjacent Long line)) & Protected Line Adjacent Long
line+0.25*second Long line & Protected Line+Transformer impedance at remote end]
R1= MIN of [(1.2*Protected Line+Adjacent Long line)) & Protected Line+Adjacent Long
line+0.25*second Long line]
tz3 = 1 sec
25
Zone 4
Phase –Phase
t4=1 sec
Protected Line
CT Ratio = 1200A/1A
PT Ratio = 220kV/110V
ProtectedLineLength = 22.3 Km
26
Second AdjacentLongestLine = 86.4 Km
Calculation
Protected line
= [22.3* (0.0797+j0.4065)]
= [22.3*(0.233+j1.329)]
ROp-e =5.1959Ω
XOp-e =29.63Ω
27
Total Positive sequence Impedance of Protected line R =
= [22.3* (0.0797+j0.4065)]
= 1.77731+j9.06495
= [22.3*(0.233+j1.329)]Ohms/Km
=5.1959+j29.63
= [0.0797+j0.4065] *86.4]
28
Z1 W.R.T Primary = 6.88+j35.12
= [0.233+j1.329] * 86.4]
=0.25*[0.0797+j0.4065]*86.4)]
=0.25*[6.88+j35.12]
Loadability
29
Load impedance for (as Per the NERC Loadability)
ZMAX= 90.536 Ω
=90.536*0.8660
R = 78.41 Ω
X = 45. 25 Ω
The New impedance for Parallel line Drawn Parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts the Resistance axis is Znew=X (at Zmax)
/SIN(78.85)
= 45.25 /0.9811
Znew = 46.12 Ω
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew= Znew* COS (78.9)
= 46.12*0.1925
Rnew = 8.879 Ω
R = 78.41 – 8.879
R = 69.531 Ω
30
Positive sequence impedance Angle =Tan-1(X/R)
= Tan-1(X/R)
= Tan-1(0.4065/ 0.0797)
= Tan-1(1.329/0.233)
Zone Settings
Zone 1
= 0.8*22.3
= 17.84km
Phase –Phase
= [0.8*(1.77731+9.06495j)]
= 1.421+ j7.2519
X 1PP = 7.2519 Ω
R1PP= 1.421 Ω
RFPP =21.76Ω
Phase –Earth
31
R1PP = R1PE= 1.421 Ω
= [0.8*(5.1959+j29.63)]
= 4.15672+j23.704
ROPE = 4.15672 Ω
XOPE = 23.704 Ω
RFPE = min [(4.5 times of Zone1 Reach) and 0.8* Zload max (cos ¢-((2*R1PE + ROPE / 2*
X1PE + XOPE) * sin¢)])]
= 32.625
RFPE = 32.625 Ω
Zone 2
Phase –Phase
= (2.132+j10.877)
= (2.665965+ j13.597)
X 1PP = 13.597Ω
R1PP = 2.665965Ω
32
RFPP = 40.791 Ω
T2pp= if Zone2 > 80 % of the Next Shortest Line then t =0.6 sec else t=0.3 sec
Phase –Earth
X 1PE = 13.597Ω
R1PE = 2.665965Ω
Zone 2
Zero Sequence = Min of [MAX OF ((Protected Line+ (0.5*Adjacent shortest line)) AND1.2
*Protected Line])
= 6.236+ j35.55
= 7.795 + j44.445
XOPE = 44.445 Ω
ROPE = 7.795 Ω
RFPE = 56.095 Ω
Zone 3
Phase –Phase
Zone 3= [MIN OF (1.2*Protected Line + Adjacent Long line)), Protected Line +Adjacent Long
line+0.25 second long line)]
33
= 9.012772+ j45.99
= 10.377 +j52.964
X1PP = 45.99Ω
R1PP= 9.012772Ω
= 109.077Ω
X1PE = 45.99Ω
R1PE= 9.012Ω
Phase –Earth
Zone 3= [MIN OF (1.2*Protected Line +Adjacent Long line)), Protected Line +Adjacent Long
line+0.25 second long line)]
= 26.366+j150.38
= (5.1959+j29.63)+(20.1312+j114.8256)+0.25*(20.1312+j114.8256)
= 30.3599+j173.162
XOPE = 150.38Ω
ROPE = 26.366Ω
34
= min 676.71& (0.8*90.536 [cos(30)-(2*9.012+26.366)/(2*45.99+150.38)*sin(30)]
RFPE = 56.09Ω
tz3 =1 sec
Zone 4
Phase –Phase
X1PP= 1.812Ω
R1PP= 0.355 Ω
RFPP = 5.436 Ω
Phase –Earth
X1PE= 1.812Ω
R1PE= 0.355Ω
RFPE = 8.154Ω
XOPE =7.4075Ω
ROPE = 1.298Ω
tz4=1 sec
Note: If Arc and Tower footing resistance are known then it is possible to set the correct value
of RFPP and RFPE by taking the consideration as;
35
Criteria 1= Arc resistance
1.4 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for SIEMENS SIPROTECH 7SA52X/7SA61X
Data required
36
5. Protected Line Length in kms
6. Adjacent Shortest Line Length in kms
7. Adjacent Longest Line Length in kms
8. Adjacent Second Longest Line Length in kms
9. Voltage ratio of the transformer at the remote end if any.
10. MVA of the transformer at the Remote end
11. % Impedance of the transformer at remote end
12. Maximum load on the feeder in Amperes
Calculation Procedure
The relay settings are in terms of impedance that is R and X
Total Positive sequence impedance of protected line with reference to primary
ZPL = [ZPL (Ohms /km)*Protected Line Length (km)]
ZPL W.R.T Secondary = ZPL W.R.T Primary *(CT ratio/PT ratio)
Reactance of protected line = ZPL W.R.T Secondary *SIN(Line angle)
Resistance of protected line= ZPL W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
Positive sequence impedance Angle = Tan-1(X1/R1)
Similarly the Impedance for Adjacent Shortest Line ZSL, Adjacent Remote Long
Line ZLL and second Adjacent Long Line Z2LL can be calculated.
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers
are in parallel is taken.
Loadability:
The Limiting conditions for setting the distance relay reach to avoid encroachment into
loads. As per “Reliability Standard PRC-023”, The maximum impedance for the distance
relay characteristics along 30º on the impedance plane for 0.85 per unit rated voltage and
the maximum specified current for each condition.
The maximums Load w.r.t Secondary Zmax = 0.85*VL-L/ (√3*1.5*.IL)
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (Line angle)
37
Resistance reach of Relay Characteristics obtained from maximum loadability condition
Zone Settings
Zone 1
Zone 1 = 80 % of Protection Line
R1= Zone1 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
Zone 2
Zone 2 = Min of [MAX OF ((Protection line+ (0.5*Adjacent shortest line)) AND
(1.2*Protection line)] & (Protection line+ 0.5*Transformer Impedance at remote end)
tz2 = if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.35 sec
Zone 3
Zone3 = [MIN OF (1.2*Protection line + Adjacent Long line) & (Protection line +
Adjacent Long line +0.25* Adjacent Second Long Line) & (Protection line +Transformer
impedance))]
R3= Zone3 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
R3 (PH-PH) = R3 + (Arc Resistance / 2)
R3 (PH-E) = R3 + Arc Resistance + Tower Footing Resistance
tz3 = 1 sec
Zone 4
Zone4 = 0.25 *Zone 1
R4= Zone4 impedance W.R.T Secondary *COS (Line angle)
38
R4 (PH-PH) = R4 + (Arc Resistance / 2)
R4 (PH-E) = R4 + Arc Resistance + Tower Footing Resistance
tz4 = 1sec
39
Sample setting calculation for SIPROTECH 7SA522
Data
Protected Line
Calculation
= √(0.07972+0.40652)
40
Total Positive sequence impedance of Protected line ZPL=
= [0.414 * 71.61]
= 29.66 *0.3
ZPL = 8.90 Ω
= √(0.07972+0.40652)
= [0.414 * 34.5]
= 14.29 * 0.3
= √(0.07972+0.40652)
= [0.414 * 144]
41
ZLL W.R.T Secondary = ZLL W.R.T Primary * (CT/PT ratio)
= 59.65 * 0.3
= √(0.07972+0.40652)
= [0.414 * 144]
= 57.58 * 0.3
If there are more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers
are in parallel is taken.
= 46.706 Ω
= 58.4672 Ω
= 50.094 Ω
42
= 35.4288 Ω
ZT = 1/ ((1/46.706)+(1/58.467)+(1/50.094)+(1/35.4288))
ZT = 11.5337 Ω
Z1= Tan-1(0.415/.0741)
ZMAX = 90.53 Ω
= 27.159 *0.8660
R = 23.519 Ω
= 27.159 *0.5
X = 13.579 Ω
The New impedance for Parallel line Drawn Parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts the Resistance axis is
= 13.579/ SIN(78.91)
Znew = 13.83 Ω
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (78.91)
= 13.83*cos 78.91
43
R new = 2.66
R = 23.519 -2.66
R = 20.86 Ω
Zone Settings
Zone 1
= 0.8* 8.90
Zone 1 = 7.12 Ω
R1 = 1.37 Ω
R1(PH-PH) = 6.37Ω
R1(PH-PE) = 1.37+10+10
R1(PH-PE)= 21.37 Ω
Zone 2
44
Zone 2 = MIN OF [MAX OF (Protected line + (0.5*Adjacent shortest line) and (1.2*Protected
line)] and (Protected Line + 0.5*Transformer impedance at remote end)
Zone 2 = 10.63 Ω
R2 = 2.044 Ω
R2(PH-PH) = 7.05 Ω
R2(PH-PE) = +10+10
R2(PH-PE)= 22.05 Ω
Zone 3
Zone3= MIN OF [(1.2(Protected line) +Adjacent Long line) & (Protected line + Adjacent Long
line+25% Second Adjacent Long Line) & (Protected line +Transformer impedance)]
Zone3 = 12.36 Ω
tz3 = 1 sec
45
R3 = 12.36 * COS (78.91)
R3 = 2.377 Ω
R3(PH-PH) = 7.377 Ω
R3(PH-PE) = 2.377+10+10
R3(PH-PE)= 22.377 Ω
Zone 4
Zone4 = 0.25*7.12
Zone4 = 1.78 Ω
tz4 = 1sec
R4 = 0.342 Ω
R4(PH-PH) = 5.342 Ω
R4(PH-PE) = 0.342+10+10
R4(PH-PE)= 20.342 Ω
Data required
46
6. Adjacent Shortest Line Length in kms
7. Adjacent Longest Line Length in kms
8. Voltage ratio of the transformer at the remote end if any
9. MVA of the transformer at the Remote end
10. % Impedance of the transformer at remote end
11. Maximum load on the feeder in Amperes
Calculation Procedure
Similarly the Impedance for Adjacent Shortest Line ZSL, Adjacent Remote Long
Line ZLL and second Adjacent Long Line Z2LL can be calculated.
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers
are in parallel is taken.
Loadability:
The Limiting conditions for setting the distance relay reach to avoid encroachment into loads.
As per “Reliability Standard PRC-023”, The maximum impedance for the distance relay
characteristics along 30º on the impedance plane for 0.85 per unit rated voltage and the
maximum specified current for each condition.
47
Where IL corresponds to thermal limit of the conductor.
The New impedance for Parallel line drawn parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (Line angle)
Zone Settings
Zone 1
Zone 2
48
Zone 2 = Min of [MAX of ((Protection line+ (0.5*Adjacent shortest line)) and
(1.2*Protection line)] and (Protected line + 0.5* Transformer impedance at remote
end)
tz2 = if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.3 sec
Zone 3
Zone3 = [MIN OF (1.2*Protection line + Adjacent Long line) & (Protection line + Adjacent
Long line +0.25* Adjacent Second Long Line) & (Protection line + (Transformer
impedance))]
tz3 = 1 sec
Zone 4
tz4 = 1 sec
Power Swing:
49
Sample setting calculation for GE D60 Distance Relay
DATA:
Protected Line
CT Ratio = 1000A/1A
PT Ratio = 400kV/110V
50
CT/PT ratio = 0.275
Calculation
Protected line
= √0.0266262+ 0.3309312
= [0.332 * 32.74]
= 10.84 * 0.275
ZPL = 2.989 Ω
= √0.0266262+ 0.3309312
= [0.332 * 65.4]
= 21.71*0.275
51
Total Positive sequence impedance of Adjacent Longest line ZLL=
= [0.332* 212]
= 70.384 * 0.275
If there are more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers
are in parallel is taken.
= 63.59 Ω
= 63.59 Ω
= 63.59 Ω
ZT (Remote) = 1/((1/63.59)+(1/3.59)+(1/63.59))
= 21.197 * 0.275
52
Loadability
Z1= Tan-1(0.33/0.0266)
ZMAX = 145.41 Ω
= 40.01*0.8660
R = 34.648 Ω
= 40.01 * 0.5
X = 20.00 Ω
The New impedance for Parallel line Drawn Parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts the Resistance axis is
= 20.00 / 0.9967
Znew = 20.066 Ω
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (85.4)
= 20.066 *0.080
R new = 1.609
53
R = 34.648 -1.609
R = 33.0219 Ω
= √0.2618872+1.031442
Z0 = 1.064 Ω
= Tan-1(1.03144 / 0.26188)
Z0 = 75.75 Degree
Z1= Tan-1(0.330931/0.026626)
Zone Settings
Zone 1
=0.8* 2.989
Zone 1 = 2.391 Ω
Zone 2
Zone 2 = 5.90 Ω
tz2 = if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.35 sec
54
Zone 3
Zone3= [MIN OF (1.2(Protection line) +Adjacent Long line) & (Protection line+Adjacent Long
line+25% Second Adjacent Long Line) & (Protection line +Transformer impedance)]
Zone3 = 8.818 Ω
Zone 4
= 0.25* 2.3912
Zone4 = 0.5978 Ω
tz4 = 1 sec
Power Swing:
= 8.818 Ω
= 1.2* 8.818
= 10.58 Ω
55
1.6 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for EPAC 3000
Data required
Similarly the Impedance for Adjacent Shortest Line ZSL, Adjacent Remote Long
Line ZLL and second Adjacent Long Line Z2LL can be calculated.
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers
are in parallel is taken.
Zone Settings
Zone 1
Kz1 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
56
Kz1 angle = angle of Kz1
As per manufacturer’s specification the maximum X/R ratio allowed is 10, hence considering
this limitation and the maximum loadability limit the minimum of the two is considered
Resistive reach
R1G= Minimum of [(10 times of Zone1 Reactance) and 0.8 *Resistive Reach (loadability)]
R1PH= Minimum of [(10 times of Zone1 Reactance) and 0.6 *Resistive Reach (loadability)]
Zone 2
tz2 = if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.3 t0 0.35 sec
Kz2 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
R2G= Minimum of [(10 times of Zone1 Reactance) and 0.8 *Resistive Reach (loadability)]
R2PH= Minimum of [(10 times of Zone1 Reactance) and 0.6 *Resistive Reach (loadability)]
Zone 3
Zone3 = [MIN OF (1.2*Protection line + Adjacent Long line) & (Protection line + Adjacent
Long line +0.25* Adjacent Second Long Line) & (Protection line + (Transformer impedance at
remote end))]
R3G= Minimum of [(10 times of Zone1 Reactance) and 0.8 *Resistive Reach (loadability)]
R3PH= Minimum of [(10 times of Zone1 Reactance) and 0.6 *Resistive Reach (loadability)]
tz3 = 1 sec
Zone 4
tz4 = 1 sec
57
Sample setting calculation for EPAC 3000 Distance Relay
DATA:
Protected Line
CT Ratio : 1200/1
58
PT Ratio : 220 kV/110 V
=√( 0.074112+0.409882)
Total Positive Sequence of Protected Line w.r.t. Primary = ZPL * Line Length
= 0.416*48.29
=20.11Ω
= 20.11*0.6
Total Positive Sequence of Protected Line w.r.t. Primary = ZSL * Line Length
= 0.421*158
= 66.633 Ω
= 66.633 * 0.6
Total Positive Sequence of Protected Line w.r.t. Primary = ZLL * Line Length
= 0.421*158
= 66.633 Ω
59
= 66.633 * 0.6
Total Positive Sequence of Protected Line w.r.t. Primary = Z2LL * Line Length
= 0.412*110
= 45.38 Ω
= 66.633 * 0.6
If there are more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers
are in parallel is taken.
= 78.7307 Ω
= 81.4733 Ω
= 89.54 Ω
ZT (Remote) = 1/((1/78.7307)+(1/81.4733)+(1/89.54))
60
Total Transformer Impedance ZT (Remote) Secondary = ZT (Remote) *(CT/PT ratio)
= 27.6674 * 0.6
Loadability
ZMAX = 90.54 Ω
= 54.32*0.8660
R = 47.05 Ω
= 54.32 * 0.5
X = 27.16 Ω
The New impedance for Parallel line Drawn Parallel to the Line impedance passing through
Zmax to the point at which the parallel line cuts the Resistance axis is
= 27.16 / 0.9967
Znew = 27.60 Ω
The New Resistance from Known Reactance Rnew = Znew* COS (79.75)
= 27.60*0.01779
R new = 4.911
61
Resistances reach of Relay Characteristics
R = 47.05 - 4.911
R = 42.13 Ω
Zone Settings
Zone 1
= 0.8* 12.068
Zone 1 = 9.654 Ω
Kz1 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
= (0.29524+j1.260416)-(0.07411+j0.40988) / 3(0.07411+j0.40988)
Resistive reach
R1G= MIN of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.8*Resistive Reach at Max load)]
R1G = 33.71 Ω
R1PH= MIN of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.6*Resistive Reach at Max load)]
R1PH= 25.28 Ω
Zone 2
Zone 2 = 20.368 Ω
62
tz2 = 0.35 sec
Kz1 = (Z0-Z1/3*Z1)
= (0.29524+j1.260416)-(0.07411+j0.40988) / 3(0.07411+j0.40988)
Resistive reach
R2G= MIN of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.8*Resistive Reach at Max load)]
R2G = 33.71 Ω
R2PH= MIN of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.6*Resistive Reach at Max load)]
R2PH= 25.28 Ω
Zone 3
Zone3= [MIN OF (1.2(Protection line) +Adjacent Long line) & (Protection line+Adjacent Long
line+25% Second Adjacent Long Line) & (Protection line +0.8Transformer impedance)]
= Min of (1.2*12.068 + 39.98) & (12.068 +39.98 +0.25*27.229) and (12.068+ 16.60)
Zone3 = 28.668 Ω
tz3 = 1 sec
Resistive reach
R3G= MIN of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.8*Resistive Reach at Max load)]
R3G = 33.71 Ω
R3PH= MIN of [(10 times of Zone1 Impedance) and 0.6*Resistive Reach at Max load)]
R3PH= 25.28 Ω
63
Zone 4
Zone4 = 0.25*9.654 Ω
Zone4 = 2.413 Ω
tz4 = 1 sec
64
1.7 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for Quadramho Relay
Similarly the Impedance for Adjacent Shortest Line ZSL and Adjacent Remote Long Line ZPL
can be calculated like above.
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers
are in parallel is taken.
Zone Settings
Zone 1
Zph = (K1+K2)/In
K1 =1 (0 to 4 in steps of 1)
K11 = 1 (1 to 9 in steps of 1)
K14 = 1 (1,5)
65
Zone 2
K21=1 ( 1 to 9 in steps of 1)
K24=1
tz2= if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.3 sec]
Zone 3(forward)
Zone3= [MIN OF (1.2*Protection line +Adjacent Long line)), Protection line +Adjacent Long
line+0.25*Second Long Line & Protection line + (Transformer impedance)]
K31= ( 1 to 9 in steps of 1)
K33= (1,5)
Zone 3 ( Offset)
K33 = (1, 5)
K35 = (1 to 9 in steps of 1)
Zn = (K4+K5+K6) =Zph
K4 = (0 to 5 in steps of 1)
66
K5 = (0 to 0.9 in steps of 0.1
ӨEarth = Angle Zn
DATA:
Protected Line
CT Ratio = 1200A/1A
PT Ratio = 220kV/110V
67
Protected Line Length = 6.8 Km
Calculation
= √0.07972+0.40652
= [0.414 * 6.8]
= 2.8168 *0.6
= √0.07972+0.40652
= 0.414* 6.8
Total Positive Sequence Impedance of the Adjacent Shortest Line w.r.t. Secondary
68
= 2.8168 * 0.6
= √0.07972+0.40652
= 0.414* 6.8
Total Positive Sequence Impedance of the Adjacent Shortest Line w.r.t. Secondary
= 2.8168 * 0.6
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers are
in parallel is taken.
= 49.9488 Ω
= 57.45Ω
= 59.74496 Ω
ZT (Remote) = 1/((1/49.9488)+(1/57.45)+(1/59.74496))
69
Transformer Impedance W.R.T primary ZT = 18.4503 Ω
= 18.4503 * 0.6
Zone Settings
Zone 1
= 0.8*1.69
Zone 1 = 1.352 Ω
Zph = (K1+K2)/In
K1+K2 = 1+0.2
Zph = 1.2
= (K11+k12+K13)*K14*1.2
Zone 2
Zone 2 = Min of [MAX of ((Protected line+ (0.5*Adjacent shortest line)) AND (1.2*Protected
line)] and (Protected Line + 0.5 * Transformer Impedance at remote end)
= Min of (Max Of ((1.69 + (0.5*1.69)) and (1.2*1.69)) and (1.69 + 0.5 *11.0702)
Zone 2 = 2.535 Ω
= 1*(2+0)*1.2
= 2.4 Ω
K21=5 (1 to 9 in steps of 1)
70
K24=1
tz2= if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.3 sec]
Zone 3(forward)
Zone3= MIN OF [(1.2*Protected line + Adjacent Long line)), (Protected line + Adjacent Long
line+0.25* Second Adjacent Long line) & (Protected line + Transformer impedance at remote
end)]
= 3.38 Ω
Zone 3 = 3.38 Ω
=(K31+K32)*K33*1.2
= (8+0.7)*1*1.2
= 10.44 Ω
K31 = 2 (1 to 9 in steps of 1)
K33 = 5 (1, 5)
tz3 = 1 sec
Zone 4(Reverse)
Zone 4 = 0.25*1.352
Zone 4 =0.338 Ω
= (1+0.1)*1*0.25*1.2 =0.33 Ω
K33=5 (1, 5)
K35=1 (1 to 9 in steps of 1)
71
tz3 = 1 sec
= Tan-1 (0.4065/0.0797)
=78.9 + (-5)
= 74.9 Degree
72
1.8 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for Micro Mho Relay
Similarly the Impedance for Adjacent Shortest Line ZSL and Adjacent Remote Long Line ZPL
can be calculated like above.
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers
are in parallel is taken.
Zone Settings
Zone 1
Zph = (K1+K2)/In
K1 =1 (0 to 4 in steps of 1)
K11 = 1 (1 to 9 in steps of 1)
K14 = 1 (1,5)
73
Zone 2
K21=1 (1 to 9 in steps of 1)
K24=1
tz2= if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.3 sec]
Zone 3(forward)
Zone3= [MIN OF (1.2*Protection line +Adjacent Long line)), Protection line +Adjacent Long
line+0.25*Second Long Line & (Protection line + Transformer impedance at remote end)]
K31= ( 1 to 9 in steps of 1)
K33= (1,5)
Zone 3 ( Offset)
K33 = (1, 5)
K35 = (1 to 9 in steps of 1)
74
Zn = (K4+K5+K6) =Zph
K4 = (0 to 5 in steps of 1)
ӨEarth = Angle Zn
75
Sample setting Calculation for Micro mho relay
Protected line 1
Protected line 2
CT Ratio = 1200A/1A
PT Ratio = 220kV/110V
76
Adjacent Shortest Line Length = 26 Km (0.097105+j0.39314)
Calculation
= (√0.07972+0.4052)*8.7+ (√0.0971052+0.393142)*26
= 8.4774 Ω
= (√0.07972+0.4052)*8.7+ (√0.0971052+0.393142)*26
= 8.4774 Ω
= √ (0.0971052+0. 393142)*119.89
77
Total Positive Sequence Impedance of the Adjacent Longest Line w.r.t. Secondary
= 29.13 Ω
= √ (0.07412+0. 3892)*24.73
Total Positive Sequence Impedance of the Adjacent Longest Line w.r.t. Secondary
= 5.8757 Ω
If there is more than one Transformer, the resultant Impedance considering the Transformers are
in parallel is taken.
= 58.08 Ω
= 59.744 Ω
= 29.45 * 0.6
= 17.67 Ω
78
Zone Settings
Zone 1
= 0.8*8.477
Zone 1 = 6.782 Ω
Zph = (K1+K2)/In
K1+K2 = 4+0.8
Zph = 4.8
= (K11+k12+K13)*K14*4.8
Zone 2
Zone 2 = Min of [MAX of ((Protected line+ (0.5*Adjacent shortest line)) and (1.2*Protected
line)] and (Protected Line + 0.5 * Transformer Impedance)
= Min of (Max Of ((8.477 + (0.5*8.477)) and (1.2*8.477) and (8.477 + 0.5 *17.67)
Zone 2 = 12.71 Ω
K24*(K21+K22)*4.8= 12.96 Ω
K21=5 ( 1 to 9 in steps of 1)
K24=1
tz2= if [ZONE 2 > 80 % of Next shortest line then t=0.6sec else t=0.3 sec]
79
Zone 3(forward)
Zone3= Min of (1.2*Protected line + Adjacent Long line)), Protected line + Adjacent Long
line+0.25* Second Adjacent Long line) & (Protected line + Transformer impedance at remote
end)]
= 26.1477 Ω
Zone 3 = 26.1477 Ω
=(K31+K32)*K33*4.8
=(9+0.4)*1*4.8= 45.12 Ω
K31 = 9 ( 1 to 9 in steps of 1)
K33 = 1 (1,5)
tz3 = 1 sec
Zone 4(Reverse)
Zone 4 = 0.25*6.782
Zone 4 =1.695 Ω
K33=1 (1, 5)
80
Power Swing Blocking:
= (6+0)*1*4.8
=28.8 Ω
Setting should be equal to the reach value of zone3 according to manufacturer’s
recommendation for detecting the Power Swing.
= (((0.57146+j1.83241)-(0.097105+j0.39314))/(3*(0.097105+j0.39314)))*4.8
= 2.312 Ω
81
2. Differential Protection
82
2.1 Differential Relay Settings Calculations MiCOM P63X
Required Data
MVA
Voltage Ratio
Vector Group
Minimum Tap = - %
Maximum Tap = +%
83
Relay current on LV side I2 = Current on CT secondary LV side / Ratio compensation for LV
side
Relay Current for HV side I1= Current on Ct secondary (HV)/ Ratio compensation for HV side
Differential current I dif and Ibias is calculated foe extreme Transformer taps
If Ibias < 2
= Is + m1* I bias
If Ibias > 2
Where m1 and m2 are the slope of relay characteristics, Pick up setting is chosen such that
the Differential current at worst tap condition should not be more than 90% of operating current
for better stability
84
Sample setting calculations for MiCOM P63X Transformer Differential Relay
MVA = 500
Minimum Tap = -5
=500*10^6/ (√3*400*10^3)
=721.68 A
= 721.68/1000
=0.722 A
85
Required Ratio Compensation = 1/ 0.722
= 1.386 A
=500*10^6/ (√3*220*10^3)
=1312.60 A
=1312.60 /1500
= 0.875 A
=1.143 A
Full load Current for 400 kV %( HV Side) Winding at -5% = MVA / (√3*0.95*kV)
=500*10^6/ (√3*400*0.95*10^3)
=759.671 A
= 759.671 /1000
=0.76 A
As the adopted ratio correction is 1.386 A the current to relay bias terminal
= 0.76 * 1.386
=1.053 A
= 0. 053 A
86
= (1.053+1)/2
= 1.026 A
[Since the bias current is less than 1.5 A the slope will be within 20%]
= 0.4052 A
Here for worst tap condition, Differential current is less than operating current, hence stable.
Full load Current for 220 kV %( HV Side) Winding at +15% = MVA / (√3*1.15*kV)
=500*10^6/ (√3*400*1.15*10^3)
=627.55A
= 627.55 /1000
=0.628 A
As the adopted ratio correction is 1.386 A the current to relay bias terminal
= 0.628* 1.386
=0.870A
= 0.130 A
= (0.870 +1)/2
= 0.935 A
87
[Since the bias current is less than 1.5 A the slope will be within 20%]
= 0.387 A
Here for worst tap condition, Differential current is less than operating current, hence stable.
88
2.2 Procedure for Relay Setting of Transformer Differential Relay MBCH
Data Required
MVA Rating
Voltage ratio
Vector group
CT ratio on HV Side
CT ratio on LV Side
Transformer Tap
At Nominal tap
If CT is Star/Star
Current on CT Secondary (HV) = Rated Current (HV Side) / CT Ratio (HV Side)
Current on the secondary of ICT for Star/Star = Current on CT Secondary (HV Side) / ICT
Ratio (HV Side)
The same procedure is followed for getting the relay current on LV side also.
89
Idiff = Relay Current = Difference between the HV and LV Current (Current at the secondary of
ICT’s)
To make sure that the relay does not operate when the Transformer taps are changed the currents
are calculated at extreme taps.
At Tap on -%
At Tap on +%
Currents at the CT Secondary and ICT Secondary are calculated by using the above procedure.
For extreme +ve and extreme –ve tap.
Relay current I1= the difference between the HV and LV Currents for extreme +ive tap.
I2= The difference between the HV and LV Currents for extreme +ve tap.
MBCH has an adjustable basic threshold setting of 10% to 50% current I selectable in 10%
steps.
I Operating 1A = Pickup setting + 0.20 * Bias Current less than 1A +0.8*current above 1A
I Difference = I1- I2
The pickup setting is acceptable if the I operating is less than the bias current at extreme taps.
90
Sample setting calculations for MBCH Transformer Differential relay
MVA = 90
=90*10^6/ (√3*220*10^3)
= 236.19 A
=90*10^6/ (√3*132*10^3)
= 393.65 A
= 296.19/300
91
= 0.7873 A
=393.65/500
= 0.7873 A
=0.45
=1/ (0.45)
=2.20
(LV Side))
=1/ (0.45)
=2.20
=0.99A
Difference between HV side and LV side currents = Current on ICT Secondary (HV) -
= 0A
Full load Current for 220 kV %( HV Side) Winding at -3% = MVA / (√3*0.97*kV)
=90*10^6/ (√3*220*0.97*10^3)
= 243.49 A
92
Current on CT Secondary (HV) = Rated Current (HV Side)/CT Ratio
= 243.49 /300
=0.811 A
=1/ (0.811)
= 0.47 A
=2.13
=1.03A
Difference between HV side and LV side currents = Current on ICT Secondary (HV) - Current
on ICT Secondary (LV)
= 1.03 –0.99
= 0.04 A
I bias = (I1+I2)/2
= (0.99 + 1.03)/2
=1.01 A
At tap of -12% with full load the relay require a current of 0.308 A at Is = 0.2
Here for worst tap condition, Differential current is less than operating current, hence stable.
93
Full load Current for 220 kV %( HV Side) Winding at +9% = MVA / (√3*1.09*kV)
=90*10^6/ (√3*220*1.09*10^3)
=216.69 A
= 216.69 /300
=1/(216.69 /(300/0.58))
=2.394A
=0.92
Difference between HV side and LV side currents = Current on ICT Secondary (HV) -
= 1.00-0.92
= 0.08 A
I bias = (I1+I2)/2
= (0.92+1.00)/2
=0.96 A
= 0.1 + 0.196
= 0.39 A
At tap of +9% with full load the relay require a current of 0.39 A at Is = 0.2
Here for worst tap condition, Differential current is less than operating current, hence stable.
94
2.3 Procedure for Relay Setting of Transformer Differential Relay Alstom KBCH
Data Required
MVA Rating
Voltage ratio
Vector group
HV voltage
LV voltage
LV side
At Normal tap
Current on CT Secondary Ict (HV) = Rated Current (HV Side) / CT Ratio (HV Side)
At Normal tap
Current on CT Secondary Ict (LV) = Rated Current (LV Side) / CT Ratio (LV Side)
At -% Tap
95
Current on CT Secondary Ict (HV) = Rated Current (HV Side) / CT Ratio (HV Side)
At Tap on +%
Current on CT Secondary Ict (HV) = Rated Current (HV Side) / CT Ratio (HV Side)
Ibias = IHV+ILV /2
I Operating = Pickup setting + 0.20 * Bias Current less than 1A +0.8*current above 1A
For extreme taps the Idiff and Ibias current are calculated., the pick up setting is chosen such that
it will not operate for extreme taps
96
Sample setting calculation for KBCH Transformer Differential relay
MVA = 60
Minimum Tap = -3
Maximum Tap = +9
=60*10^6/ (√3*220*10^3)
=157.46 A
= 157.46/138.5
=1.14 A
97
HV compensation ratio = 0.88
= 1.14*0.88
=1.003
=60*10^6/ (√3*66*10^3)
=524.86 A
=524.86/800
= 0.66 A
= 0.66*1.52
=1.0032
Full load Current for 220 kV %( HV Side) Winding at -3% = MVA / (√3*0.97*kV)
=60*10^6/ (√3*220*0.97*10^3)
=162.33 A
= 162.4 /138.5
= 1.17 A
As the adopted ratio correction is 0.88 A the current to relay bias terminal
= 1.17 * 0.88
98
=1.03 A
= 0.03 A
= (1.03+1)/2
= 1.01A
[Since the bias current is more than 1 A the slope will be more than 20%]
Therefore the operating current of the relay will be = Is + (0.2* I bias) + Is+ 0.8*(1.01-1)
= 0.41 A
Differential current at worst tap condition should not be more than 90% of operating current for
better stability. Here it is less than 90% so the setting is acceptable.
=60*10^6/ (√3*220*1.09*10^3)
= 144.46A
= 144.46 /138.5
= 1.04 A
As the adopted ratio correction is 0.88 A the current to relay bias terminal
= 1.04 * 0.88
= 0.92 A
99
= 0.08 A
= (0.92 +1)/2
= 0.96 A
[Since the bias current is less than 1 A the slope will be within 20%]
= 0.392 A
Here for worst tap condition, Differential current is less than operating current.
Hence stable.
100
2.4 Procedure for Relay Setting of Transformer Differential Relay DTH 31/32
Data Required
MVA Rating
Voltage ratio
Vector group
CT ratio on HV Side
CT ratio on LV Side
Transformer Tap
If CT is Star/Star
Current on CT Secondary (HV) = Rated Current (HV Side) / CT Ratio (HV Side)
Current on the secondary of ICT for Star/Star = Current on CT Secondary (HV Side) / ICT
Ratio (HV Side)
The same procedure is followed for getting the relay current on LV side also.
101
Idiff = Relay Current = Difference between the HV and LV Current (Current at the secondary of
ICT’s)
To make sure that the relay does not operate when the Transformer taps are changed the currents
are calculated at extreme taps.
At Tap on -%
At Tap on +%
Currents at the CT Secondary and ICT Secondary are calculated by using the above procedure.
For extreme +ive and extreme –ive tap.
Relay current I1= The difference between the HV and LV Currents for extreme +ive tap.
I2= The difference between the HV and LV Currents for extreme +ive tap.
DTH 31 relay has a fixed pick up setting and variable single slope bias setting.
102
Bias Current = (I1+I2)/2
I Difference 1A = I1- I2
I Operating 2A.
I Difference 2A = I1 – I2.
I Operating 3A.
I difference 3A = I1 – I2.
If the above is true a setting of 0.15 for bias is selected. In case the above is not true. Similar
calculation is carried out for the next Bias Setting.
103
Sample setting calculation for DTH31/32 Transformer Differential Relay
MVA =50
=50*10^6/ (√3*220*10^3)
=131.216 A
=50*10^6/ (√3*132*10^3)
=218.69 A
104
Current on CT Secondary (HV) = Rated Current (HV Side)/CT Ratio
= 131.216/150
=0.874 A
=218.69/250
= 0.874 A
(HV Side))
=0.874*(1/0.577) * 1.732
=0.874 A
(LV Side))
= (0.874/1/0.577)*1.732
= 0.874 A
Difference between HV side and LV side currents = Current on ICT Secondary (HV) –
= 0.874-0.874
=0
Full load Current for 220 kV %( HV Side) Winding at -15% = MVA / (√3*0.85*kV)
=50*10^6/ (√3*220*0.85*10^3)
=138.12 A
= 138.12 /150
=0.9208 A
105
Current on ICT Secondary (HV) = √3*(Current on CT Secondary (HV)/
Interposing CT (HVSide))
=0.92*1.732/1/0.577
=0.9205 A
Difference between HV side and LV side currents = Current on ICT Secondary (HV) -
= 0.92- 0.874
= 0.046 A
= (0.92+0.874) /2
= 0.897 A
= 0.15+0.3*0.897
= 0. 419A
Full load Current for 220 kV %( HV Side) Winding at +5% = MVA / (√3*1.05*kV)
=50*10^6/ (√3*220*1.05*10^3)
= 114.008A
= 114.008 /150
= 0.7608 A
Side))
=0.7602
106
Difference between HV side and LV side currents = Current on ICT Secondary (HV) -
=0.874-0.760
= 0.114 A
= (0.760+0.874)/2 A
=0 .817 A
=0.395 A
At tap of +5% with full load the relay require a current 0.395 A at Is = 0.30.
Since I1-I2 = 0.114 which is less than the operating value, relay will operate.
107
2.5 Differential Relay Settings Calculations RET 670
Required Data
MVA
Voltage Ratio
Vector Group
Minimum Tap = - %
Maximum Tap = +%
108
Required Ratio Compensation = 1/ Current on CT Secondary (LV)
Relay Current for HV side I1= Current on Ct secondary (HV)/ Ratio compensation for HV side
Differential current I dif and Ibias is calculated foe extreme Transformer taps
= Is + m1* I bias for current less than (4.Iref) + m2* Ibias for current greater than (4 Iref)
Pick up setting is chosen such that the Differential current at worst tap condition should not be
more than 90% of operating current for better stability..
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Sample setting Calculation for ABB RET 670 (ALL Settings Are In Primary)
A) Biased Differential
Substation Name : 220 kV GSS Jalandhar
MVA = 100
110
CT Ratio (LV Side) = 500/1
Minimum Tap = -5
=100*10^6/ (√3*220*10^3)
=262.47 A
= 262.47*220/132
=437.45 A
Full load Current for 220 kV %( HV Side) Winding at -5% = MVA / (√3*0.95kV)
=100*10^6/ (√3*220*0.95*10^3)
=276.244 A
= 276.244*220/132
=464.40 A
= (464.40+437.45)/2
= 448.92 A
[Since the bias current is More than 437.45 A the slope will be within 70%]
Therefore the operating current of the relay will be = (Is +M1*448.92) +(448.92-437.45)*M2
= 99.16 A
I Differential = Current on CT Primary (HV) at Min Tap- Current on CT Primary (HV) Rated
111
= 448.92-437.45
= 11.47
Differential current at worst tap condition should not be more than 90% of operating current
for better stability. Here it s less than 90% so the setting is acceptable.
Full load Current for 220 kV %( HV Side) Winding at +15% = MVA / (√3*1.15*kV)
=100*10^6/ (√3*220*1.15*10^3)
=228.01 A
= 228.01*220/132
=380 A
= (380+437.45)/2
= 408.73 A
= 57.45 A
[Since the bias current is less than 437.45 A the slope will be within 30%]
= 81.94 A
The operating Current value is larger than the differential value hence the system is Stable
for the MAX tap condition.
112
3. BUS BAR PROTECTION
CALCULATION
113
3.1 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for Bus Bar Protection EE/ CAD 34 Relay
Calculation:
Where Iset is set current for the relay in case of High Impedance relay
114
Sample Calculation For EE/ CAG34:
Enter the Fault MVA of the Bus Bar of the Substation: 13625 MVA (Based on short circuit
report)
Enter the Burden of the relay: 1VA at the highest tap is taken for consideration
Calculation:
=13625/(√3*400)
=19666.1A
=19.6661A
=19.6661*(5+2)
=137.6627V
=137.6627/0.6 -1/0.62
Setting is in order.
115
4. Generator Protection
116
4.1 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for MICOM P343
GENARATOR PROTECTION:
TYPES OF PROTECTION:
1) Generator Differential
2) Reverse power
3) Field failure
4) Negative Phase Sequence Thermal
5) System Backup
6) Over current
7) Earth fault
8) Residual over voltage NVD
9) 100% Stator Earth fault
10) Dead machine
11) Volt protection
12) Freq protection
13) CB fail & I<
Generator Data:
CT/PT Details:
CT Primary rating = 6000A
CT secondary rating =5A
PT Primary rating =11kV
PT secondary rating =110V
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1) GENERATOR DIFFERENTAL:
= 120 /(√3*11)
CT Ratio =6000/5A
CT current Sy = 6.3*103/(6000/5)
= 5.25A
Is1=0.25-0.5 A
This setting shall be more sensitive for internal faults and generally shall be more than the
standalone differential (spill) current. The recommended setting is 10% of full load current.
K1=0-20%
This setting is to achieve maximum sensitivity during internal fault; hence the value is set to
10% assuming a low or negligible stand alone differential current is flowing at rated load.
Is2=5-25A
This setting is for a current which the second slope is starting. Generally this shall be more than
the full load current. The recommended setting is 120% of full load current.
By taking the 5.25A as the reference the setting of Is2 should not exceed the 120% which
corresponds to the 6.3A
Settings Adopted-6A
This setting is to achieve clear discrimination for minor unbalances caused during external
fault condition, and also better stability. .
118
2) LOSS OF EXCITATION:
= (6000/5)/(11000/110)
= 12
= (11)2/120
= 1.00833Ω
Xd’ = 0.33*12=3.96Ω
Offset =0.5*Xd’=1.98Ω
SETTING ADOPTED:
Xa1=4Ω Xb1=12 Ω
System backup impedance can be direct impedance type or the voltage restrained over current
function or voltage controlled over current function .
For the voltage controlled over current function it is suitable for the application where the
generators are connected directly to the bus bar .
Commonly the under voltage element can be set to 57% UB for detecting the phase to phase
and phase to earth fault .if we set below 57%UB and current element can be set to 120% of Ib
Low Forward Power and Reverse Power = 0.5% of Rated MVA (Pn)
Low Forward Power and Reverse Power in sec = (0.5% of Rated MVA (Pn))/(CTR*PTR)
119
Time Delay = 5.0 sec.
Assuming the i2t curve is(since the curve is not been provided by authorities)
i2t = 10 sec
= 0.06*5.25 = 0.315A
For the trip the value of the current to be higher than the above value usually 10 to 20% with
shorter time delay, but it has to match with the generator permissible unbalance loading curve.
For the above problem the set value is 800mA which is 16% of the value.
SETTING ADOPTED:
Trip = 16% Time Delay (i2k) = 8.5 sec {below the withstand capability of
current}.
6) VOLTAGE PROTECTION:
= 0.7*110V
120
For 148V 135% of Machine Terminal Voltage
The OPEN delta PT or the from the NGT can be taken as the input for the protection
SETTING ADOPTED:
For a setting of 5V more than 95% of the Stator winding can be covered.
9) DEAD MACHINE:
Voltage setting:
Current setting:
121
12) OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL: KBCH 120
GT CT Ratio = 300/1
122
Ratio of compensation GT = 0.91
Bias setting:
Slope1 m1 = 20%
Slope2 m2 = 80%
If Bias Current Ibiasgreater than 1.5A = Ibias - 1.5 = 1.73 – 1.5 = 0.23A
123
4.2 Procedure for Relay setting Calculation for REG 670
Generator details:
Enter the generator rating =165 MW(173.8 MVA)
Enter the generator terminal voltage =11kV
Enter the saturated direct axis reactance=1.1
Enter the saturated transient direct axis reactance=0.2
Enter the sub transient direct axis reactance =0.14
Enter the CT details =10000/1
Enter the pt details=11kV/110V
Enter the full load current ={MVA/(√3*kV)}=9122A
Enter the transformer rating =180MVA
Enter the transformer voltage level =11kV/220kV
Enter the transformer reactance value=11.98%
1. Procedure for calculating the generator differential and overall differential protection:
Idmin= 0.1 this setting can be done based on the basis of the CT inaccuracy and spill current
and harmonics will flow through it.
Slope 1=10-50%
Slope 2=30-100%
To set the value of end section 2 based on the maximum contribution of the fault current by the
generator.
=1/Xd”
=1/0.14 =7.14
End section 2 should not exceed this above value (settings adopted =6)
The settings can be limited up to generating transformer or the long line depending upon the
type of application and voltage level.For 220kV level it can be limited to far end or upto GT.
124
=0.7*0.1198*121/180
=0.0563Ω
Since the CT is in the neutral direction the direct axis reactance also taken in to account
=1.1*121/173.8
=0.7658Ω
Total impedance is sum of the above= 0.0563+0.7658
=0.8221Ω
Setting adopted =0.833Ω
Xoffset =-0.2/2
=-0.1=10% of Zbase
Settings adopted =10%
5. Procedure for calculating the generator reverse power and under power protection:
As per the BHEL guidelines the generators can allow 20% of the rated power in the motoring
mode
125
It is recommended to set 0.5 % of the rated power for both reverse and under power as per the
general guidelines.
The setting of the relay is in such a way that value for definite time will be in the order of
110% to 120% of the I base value.
Generator full load current = {MVA/√3*kV}
= {173.8/√3*11}
= 9.122kA
Settings is 110% of I base with a time delay of 25 s
Assuming the continuous unbalance current of the generator be in the order of 10% and used as
inverse type, it is recommended to set the alarm setting to the lower value than trip.
The value of trip can be chosen such that the relay curve should be below the generator curve
value.
Eg
Alarm = can be set 5-8% value
With suitable time delay
Trip can be set to 10 -15% of the value with inverse or IDMT type of it.
126
8. Procedure for calculating the generator residual over voltage protection:
This protection is used to protect the 95% of the generator winding. The type of connection is
shows whether it is covering from the generator terminal towards neutral or from the neutral to
the generator terminal voltage. Here the principle of NGT concept is used.
Settings
To cover the 95% of the winding
Here Vph=6350V
This corresponds to 3.1754V in the NGT secondary side.
Settings adopted =5% of UB.
9. Procedure for calculating the generator 100% stator earth fault protection:
This protection is used to cover entire stator winding, based on the average value of 3 rd
harmonic voltage produced at the time of the commissioning. This relay will be a drop out
type relay since this voltage may drop when stator fault occurred.
127
The settings to be made in such a way that it should not harm to the generator .it can withstand
upto 145% of the rated voltage as per BHEL guidelines for the generators .hence two stages
can be used with definite time or inverse type
Stage 1 can be set from 110% to 120% with time delayed trip.
Stage 2 can be set from 125% to 145% with instantaneous of least time delayed trip.
The under voltage usually coupled with the field failure relay for the instantaneous tripping
and 85-95% of the rated voltage can be connected to alarm only with the time delay .
Under voltage trip normally set to 65 to 80 % for the least time delayed tripping or
instantaneous tripping.
12. Procedure for calculating the generator over and under frequency protection:
The setting of this relay usually should not cross the 5% of the value.
Stage 1 can be set to 2-3% of the Fbase with the long time delayed value.
Stage 2 can be set to 3-5% of the Fbase value with least time delayed value.
Note that the stage 1 can be set only for the alarm.
This setting is used to protect the generating transformer from saturation of the cores hence
usually the setting would be inverse type in parallel with the over excitation withstand curve of
the transformer. A sample over excitation curve is attached for the review
128
14. Procedure for calculating the generator dead machine protection:
This setting is usually set the voltage and current value to prevent the accidental energisation.
129
5. Restricted Earth Fault
Relays
130
5.1 Restricted Earth Fault Relay Settings Calculation Procedure for EE MCAG
Relay Type: EE/ MCAG
Required Data
MVA
Voltage Ratio
Rated Voltage in kV (HV Side)
Rated Voltage in kV (LV Side)
Vector Group
% Impedance of the transformer
Relay Operating Current
Magnetizing Current of the Ref (Ct)
Knew Point Voltage of the Ref (Ct)
Relay Burden
CT Ratio (HV Side)
CT HV Side Vector Group
CT Ratio (LV Side)
CT LV Side Vector Group
CT resistance value (Rct)
Lead resistance value (Rl)
Relay Stabilizing Value (K)
Other resistance that included in the circuit (rs) (if available):
Relay burden value (Rb):
Maximum fault current = (maximum fault MVA/ (1.732*voltage rating)
Maximum fault current secondary (if) =maximum fault current /ct ratio
Stabilizing voltage=setting current *stabilizing resistance value
Operating voltage =k*if*(rct+2*rl+Rb+rs)
Checking for the stability of the relay
Stability check condition: if stabilizing voltage is greater than operating voltage.
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Sample Setting Calculation for MCAG relay
Calculation:
Transformer Name: BHEL
MVA = 100
Voltage Ratio = 220/132
Rated Voltage in kV (HV Side) = 220
Rated Voltage in kV (LV Side) = 132
Vector Group = YNA0d1
% Impedance of the transformer=0.1132
Relay Operating Current = 0.2A
Magnetizing Current of the Ref (Ct) = 60mA
Knee Point Voltage of the Ref (Ct) = 1000 V
Relay Burden = 1VA
CT Ratio (HV Side) = 500/1
CT Ratio (Neutral Side) = 500/1
CT HV Side Vector Group = Star/Star
CT Ratio (LV Side) = 500/1
CT LV Side Vector Group = Star/Star
CT resistance (Rct) =5Ω
Lead Resistance value=2.5 Ω
Rated Current (HV Side) = MVA / (√3*kV)
=100*10^6/ (√3*220*10^3)
=262.43 A
Maximum fault current contributed =Rated current /Percentage Impedance
=262.43/0.1132
132
=2318.286A
Maximum fault current contributed secondary=2318.286/500
= 4.636 A
Setting is in order.
133
6. Back up Relay
134
6.1 Procedure for Setting Backup Earth Fault EE/CDD21 Relay:
If = the fault current through the feeder for fault at Remote end in kA
The Pickup current of the directional current relay has been set to 100% of the secondary rating.
Since the actual load currents for the feeders much lower than this, are considering 100% of the
CT rating so that relay does not pickup for transient over loading also.
Time Multiplier setting with plug setting Is =1A at If (Secondary) of C.T With IDMT
characteristics.
The Backup relay delay setting is set reviewed such that for a full fault current contribution
through the line, the Backup relay should not operate faster than the Zone 2 of the Distance
relay.
Time Multiplier setting with plug setting Is =1A at If (Secondary) of C.T With IDMT
characteristics.
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t = Relay Operating time for above fault current
This is acceptable, if relay operates before the backup distance relay of adjacent line. But
it operates only if distance relay of the protected Line fails to operate.
Sample setting calculation for Backup Earth Fault relay EE/ CDD21:
PSM = 0.2
TMS= 0.3
Fault at Bhiwani I
CT ratio = 1200/1
= 1.7539 kA/1200/1 A
= 1.4615 A
The Pickup current of the directional current relay has been set to 100% of the secondary rating.
Since the actual load currents for the feeders much lower than this, are considering 100% of the
CT rating so that relay does not pickup for transient over loading also.
136
t = 1.03 sec.
The zone 3 time delay of the Backup on the adjacent distance protection is set to 1000 ms., the
setting of the backup over current relay is recommended such that for a full fault current
contributed by that line, the Backup relay should NOT operate quicker than the Zone –III time
delay of 1000 msec.
This is acceptable, as Back up relay operates only after the Zone 3 (Time Delay of 1000
msec) of the corresponding Distance relay.
137
6.2 Procedure for Setting HV and LV Backup Over Current Relay of EE/ CDG31 for
Transformer:
If = the fault current through the feeder for fault at Remote end in kA
The Pickup current of the directional current relay has been set to 100% of the secondary rating.
Since the actual load currents for the feeders much lower than this, are considering 100% of the
CT rating so that relay does not pickup for transient over loading also.
Time Multiplier setting with plug setting Is =1A at If (Secondary) of C.T With IDMT
characteristics.
The Backup relay delay setting is set reviewed such that for a full fault current contribution
through the line, the Backup relay should not operate faster than the Zone 2 of the Distance
relay.
Time Multiplier setting with plug setting Is =1A at If (Secondary) of C.T With IDMT
characteristics.
138
Relay Operating time for above fault current
This is acceptable, if relay operates before the backup distance relay of adjacent line. But
it operates only if distance relay of the protected Line fails to operate.
If the HV and LV over current relays are Non-Directional and fault on the Transformer
LV side, HV side relay operating time is coordinated with the LV side relay, with suitable
time discrimination, for through faults.
PSM = 0.75
TMS= 0.3
CT ratio = 150/1
= 15.7252 A
139
The Pickup current of the directional current relay has been set to 100% of the secondary rating.
Since the actual load currents for the feeders much lower than this, are considering 100% of the
CT rating so that relay does not pickup for transient over loading also.
t = 0.6693 sec.
The zone 2 time delay of the Backup on the adjacent distance protection is set to 350 ms., the
setting of the backup over current relay is recommended such that for a full fault current
contributed by that line, the Backup relay should NOT operate quicker than the Zone –II time
delay of 350 msec.
This is acceptable, as Back up relay operates only after the Zone 2 (Time Delay of 350
msec) of the corresponding Distance relay.
PSM = 0.75
TMS= 0.3
140
CT ratio = 250/1
= 3.9313 kA / 300/1 A
= 13.104 A
The Pickup current of the directional current relay has been set to 100% of the secondary rating.
Since the actual load currents for the feeders much lower than this, are considering 100% of the
CT rating so that relay does not pickup for transient over loading also.
t = 0.6693 sec.
The zone 2 time delay of the Backup on the adjacent distance protection is set to 350 ms., the
setting of the backup over current relay is recommended such that for a full fault current
contributed by that line, the Backup relay should NOT operate quicker than the Zone –II time
delay of 350 msec.
This is acceptable, as Back up relay operates only after the Zone 2 (Time Delay of 350
msec) of the corresponding Distance relay.
If the HV and LV over current relays are Non-Directional and fault on the Transformer
LV side, HV side relay operating time is coordinated with the LV side relay, with suitable
time discrimination, for through faults.
141
6.3 Procedure for Setting HV and LV Backup Earth Fault MiCOM P122 Relay for
Transformer
If = the fault current through the feeder for fault at Remote end in kA
The Pickup current of the directional current relay has been set to 100% of the secondary rating.
Since the actual load currents for the feeders much lower than this, are considering 100% of the
CT rating so that relay does not pickup for transient over loading also.
Time Multiplier setting with plug setting Is =1A at If (Secondary) of C.T With IDMT
characteristics.
The Backup relay delay setting is set reviewed such that for a full fault current contribution
through the line, the Backup relay should not operate faster than the Zone 2 of the Distance
relay.
If the HV and LV Earth fault relays are Non-Directional and fault on the Transformer LV
side, HV side relay operating time is coordinated with the LV side relay, with suitable time
discrimination, for through faults.
142
Single Phase to Ground Fault for Split Bus at Remote end
Time Multiplier setting with plug setting Is =1A at If (Secondary) of C.T With IDMT
characteristics.
This is acceptable, if relay operates before the backup distance relay of adjacent line. But
it operates only if distance relay of the protected Line fails to operate.
PSM = 0.2
TMS= 0.3
CT ratio = 300/1
143
= 1.6086 kA/ 300/1 A
= 5.362 A
The Pickup current of the directional current relay has been set to 100% of the secondary rating.
Since the actual load currents for the feeders much lower than this, are considering 100% of the
CT rating so that relay does not pickup for transient over loading also.
t = 0.618 sec.
The zone 2 time delay of the Backup on the adjacent distance protection is set to 350 ms. the
setting of the backup over current relay is recommended such that for a full fault current
contributed by that line, the Backup relay should NOT operate quicker than the Zone –II time
delay of 350 msec.
This is acceptable, as Back up relay operates only after the Zone 2 (Time Delay of 350
msec) of the corresponding Distance relay.
144
Sample setting calculation for LV Earth Fault Relay for Transformer
PSM = 0.2
TMS= 0.25
CT ratio = 500/1
= 5.362 A
The Pickup current of the directional current relay has been set to 100% of the secondary rating.
Since the actual load currents for the feeders much lower than this, are considering 100% of the
CT rating so that relay does not pickup for transient over loading also.
t = 0.515 sec.
The zone 2 time delay of the Backup on the adjacent distance protection is set to 350 ms. the
setting of the backup over current relay is recommended such that for a full fault current
145
contributed by that line, the Backup relay should NOT operate quicker than the Zone –II time
delay of 350 msec.
This is acceptable, as Back up relay operates only after the Zone 2 (Time Delay of 350
msec) of the corresponding Distance relay.
If the HV and LV Earth fault relays are Non-Directional and fault on the Transformer LV
side, HV side relay operating time is coordinated with the LV side relay, with suitable time
discrimination, for through faults.
146