330mw DEH

330 mw digital electro hydraulic | THERMAL POWER PLANT A-Z https://powerplanta2z.blogspot.com/2015/03/330-mw-digital-electro-h...
8th March 2015 330 mw digital electro hydraulic
GE Energy
330MW Steam Turbine

Digital Electro-Hydraulic System
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CONTENTS
1. General [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
/330MW_DEH_Description(XDPS6.3_English).DOC#_Toc199687801]
2. DEH System Structure [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
2.1 Hardware Structure [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
2.2 Software Structure [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
3. Interface with Electro-hydraulic System [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
3.1 Fluid Supply System [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
3.2 Actuators [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
3.3 Emergency Trip System [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
4. DEH Control Principle [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
4.1 Demand Set Loop [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
4.2 Important Signal Detection [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
4.3 Automatic Control Loop [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
4.4 Servo Control Loop [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
5. Control Functions of DEH [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
5.1 Speed Control [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
5.2 Load control [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
5.3 Turbine Protection [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
5.4 Test Function [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
5.5 Communication with Other Control System [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
6. DEH Man-Machine Interface [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
7. DEH Simulation [file:///E:/New%20folder/turbine/to%20give%20operation/deh&eh
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1. General [https://www.blogger.com/null]
DEH (digital electro-hydraulic) control system is commonly used for various large-scaled steam turbine. It is the key equipment
that provides the speed/load control functions, the start-up/shut-down controls, the over-speed control, stress calculation, and
some protective trip functions. DEH system also includes a variety of minor control functions for auxiliary equipments
associated with the turbine.
The DEH control system, which consists of electronic parts and EH system, control the speed / load through controlling the
openness of all valves. The servos that control the valves are operated with fireproof hydraulic fluid with pressure in the
neighborhood of 14.5MPa.
As different steam turbines have different structures, start-up mode and controlling requirements, thus corresponding DEH
systems are also different in hardware / software design.
330MW DEH Control System is developed and improved by GE Xinghua Control Engineering Co., Ltd., on basis of practices in
many years. The DEH is mainly aiming to the high-pressure fire-resistant hydraulic fluid system of 330MW steam turbine
manufactured by Beijing Turbine Works. Features of such steam turbine is the application of IP start-up, which can perform
quick start-up and stable running for long time with low load, so as to meet the requirements for peak load regulation and
frequent start-up.
It has solved the requirements for special controlling on IP start-up mode, such as HP casing switchover and isolating of HP
casing, so as to meet controlling requirements at all phases of start-up and running.
330MW turbine island control system refers to the below Fig.1.1.

Fig.1.1 330MW Turbine Island Control System
2. DEH System Structure [https://www.blogger.com/null]

[https://www.blogger.com/null]
2.1 Hardware Structure
Fig.2.1 shows the hardware configuration of DEH system, from which the system mainly includes OPU station, ENG station,
DPU for basic control, DPU for ATC control and various I/O modules. The whole system is structured of two layers network.
The 1st layer of network connects all DPU and MMI stations, and is dual redundant real-time data communication network (also
call data highway). The applied 10M/100M Ethernet meets IEEE802.3 standard, with communication protocol of TCP/IP.
Communication medium is RJ45 wire.
The 2nd layer of network is real-time I/O communication network. It connects DPU and I/O stations. I/O communication
network is also deployed with dual redundant configuration. Its commutation rate is 10Mbps via Ethernet. All I/O modules
installed in I/O stations perform data exchange with DPU via BCNET modules.
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Fig.2.1 DEH System Network
DEH system hardware framework can be divided into control cabinet, terminal cabinet, manual panel and MMI station.
The control cabinet consists of redundant DPU, I/O modules, AC power distribution box, redundant DC power supply and pre-
cast cables for interconnections.
The terminal cabinet has various terminal boards, which will change all kinds of onsite signals to standard signals acceptable by
I/O module, and process the signals sent out by I/O module.
Manual panel is optional part, which is used to maintain unit running when control system has problems, and for online
maintenance or parts replacement.
Operation and graph display, data and curve record of DEH system are all implemented by ENG and OPU station.
Below shows the typical DEH system cabinet.
Fig. 2.2 DEH System Cabinet Schematic Diagram
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.1.1 DPU [https://www.blogger.com/null] (Distributed Processing Unit)
DPU is the main controller of DEH control system, which installs with Pentium400 processor and running under real-time
operation system.
Turbine control software is installed in DPU. DPU perform communication and control to lower level IO modules via redundant
I/O bus. At the same time, DPUs are linked by network interface module. Software configuration is done at ENG station and
then downloaded to DPU. Software modification can be done online or off line. DEH control system use dual redundant DPU.
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.1.2 I/O [https://www.blogger.com/null] Module
DEH system adopts intelligent modules to handle special signal, with which consists of printed circuit board, electronic
components, microprocessor, I/O interface etc. The following modules are commonly used in DEH system.
a) Analog Input Module（AI）
b) Analog Output Module（AO）
c) Digital Input Module（DI）
d) Digital Output Module（DO）
e) Valve Position Control Module（VPC）
f) Speed Detection and Protection Module（SDP）
g) Emulation Module（EMU）
h) Logic Protection Module（LPC）
n VPC Module
VPC module is especially designed for valve servo-control loop. It works together with VPC-TB and drive electro-
hydraulic converter(EHC). The VPC modules are in one to one correspondence with electro-hydraulic converter, so as to
drive actuator individually, and can implement valve management function.
For VPC module’s tracing function, a bumpless change over from automatic mode to manual mode is always possible,
and vice versa. It has interlock protection function when working together with hydraulic safety oil system.
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The VPC module can be digital modulated through VPC debug software. Via ENG station connect the VPC module, set
module working mode, verify valve zero/full openness, modify PID parameters, and so on. Detailed modulation methods
refers to debug manual. VPC Digital Modulate Interface is showing below.
Fig.2.3 VPC Digital Modulate Interface
n SDP Module
SDP module detects turbine speed and judges whether the speed exceeds limit values of over-speed protection. Also, the
module has function of load rejection anticipation（LDA）and can implement online over-speed protection tests.
SDP module can finish judgment on speed within 20 ms and send out command signal, so as to ensure turbine speed less
than 107% after load rejection. Also, to ensure the reliability of over-speed protection system, DEH system use 3 SDP
modules, from which, 2 out of 3 outputs will be made. In such ways, it is possible to prevent error actions and action
failures to the largest extent.
In application, SDP module parameters can be modified upon actual needs of different users, such as the teeth number,
103%(OPC) over-speed set values, 110%(AST) over-speed set values. These set valves is stored in FLASH-ROM OF
SDP modules. It can be read and monitored by engineer.
The SDP module provides serial interfaces, which can be connected to computer and parameters can be modified.
SDP over-speed protection control refers to the below Fig.2.4.
Fig.2.4 SDP Over-speed Protection (2 out of 3)
n LPC Module
LPC module is optional equipment, which is mainly designed for emergency trip system（ETS）of steam turbine. LPC
module adopts CPLD hardware, and can implement various ETS trip protection and interlock logics.
By programming, the logic is downloaded and solidified in LPC module. LPC module acts quickly and reliably
independent with DPU. Its execution cycle is less than 5ms，which can ensure the immediate trip steam turbine in case of
emergency.
n EMU Module
EMU module is optional equipment, which is mainly designed for turbine simulation. The module has 486 processor and
is available for XDPS-DPU software.
EMU module has totally 16 analog input (range of 0-5V), 8 analog output (range of 0-5V), 2 digital input and 2 digital
output, as well as 10Mbps Ethernet interface to connect to XDPS real-time network. The configuration, uploading and
downloading functions can be done directly by XDPS software. Simulation algorithm is available, similar to common
DPU.
SDP, VPC, LPC and EMU are special modules for DEH system, which are working together with other common modules to
control turbine speed and load. All modules of DEH system have function of power-on delay. All modules can be plugged in or
out without power-off, and perform self-diagnosis and self-recovery.
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[https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.1.3 I/O [https://www.blogger.com/null] Terminal Board
I/O terminal board connect I/O module with field signals, which is mainly to pre-process various field signals. DEH system can
accept current, voltage, milli-volt, modulation signals and pulse signals, at the same time, it can convert the commands to
various signals to drive all field equipments.
Terminal board includes the following.
Module TB Des. Description

mA_TB 16 AI 0/4~20 mA，0/1~5V
AI TC_TB 16 AI 0~50/100mV
RTD_TB 16 AI 0~125/250mV
AO AO_TB 8AO 0/4~20mA /0/1~5V
DI DI_TB 32DI 24/48VDC，dry contact，1ms SOE
DO DO_TB 16DO Resistance：250VAC/10A，30VDC/10A
Inductive：250VAC/5A，30VDC/3A
VPC VPC_TB 4AI 0/4~20mA ，0/1~5V，2KHz Modulation
1AO -40~40 mA
1AO 4~20mA
7DI 24/48VDC，dry contact
1DO 30VDC/10A
SDP SDP_TB 3PI 1~10KHz
6AI 4~20mA ， 1~5V
8DI 24/48VDC，dry contact
8DO Resistance：250VAC/10A，30VDC/10A
Inductive：250VAC/5A，30VDC/3A
LPC LPC_TB 24DI 24/48VDC，dry contact，1ms SOE
6DO Resistance：250VAC/10A，30VDC/10A
Inductive： 250VAC/5A，30VDC/3A
EMU EMU_TB 16AI 1~5V，12bit A/D
8AO 1~5V，16bit D/A
2DI 24VDC，input without isolation
2DO 0.2A/400V
Of which, the most important I/O terminal board is VPC_TB, which can output LVDT excitation signals, amplify valve
control signal, drive electro-hydraulic converter and demodulate LVDT feedback signals. To ensure the reliability of valve
control, LVDT and servo out signals are dual redundant. VPC Terminal Board refers to the below Fig.2.5.
Fig. 2.5 VPC Terminal Board
SDP terminal board input three speed pulse signals, three generator breaker signals, three turbine latched signals. SDP module
detects speed, if it exceeds over-speed set values and then send out OPC or AST over-speed signals respectively. After 2 out
of 3 selection, OPC or AST over-speed signals will be sent to OPC solenoid valves or ETS respectively, so that to close
control valves or main stop valves. SDP _TB refers to the below Fig.2.6.
Fig.2.6 SDP Terminal Board
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.1.4 [https://www.blogger.com/null] MMI Station
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Engineer station (ENG) and operator station (OPU) are man-machine interface stations. MMI station consists of industrial
control machine, of which CPU is high-performance Pentium processor installed with Windows XP operation system, operated
by mouse and externally connected with high-resolution LCD. The station can also connect with printer and optical disk drive
etc, so that the MMI interface is more various and operations may be more convenient and direct.
In addition, engineer station can be changed into operator station using password, and vice versa.
[https://www.blogger.com/null] [https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.2

[https://www.blogger.com/null] Software Structure
DEH software includes man-machine interface (MMI) software, DPU real-time control software and communication software.
The MMI software is based on Windows XP operation system, which has direct viewing of real-time data display, graphic
operation interface and functions of record, alarming, SOE and report generating. In addition, engineer station has functions of
control logic graphics configuration, system configuration modification and management.
DEH Control Software Interface refers to the below Fig.2.7.
Fig.2.7 DEH Control Software Interface
2.2.1 MMI [https://www.blogger.com/null] Software
By OPU station, it is possible to supervise steam turbine running status via flowchart, bar chart, trend graph, single point and
group show under multi-window operating mode. Also, it is possible to monitor DEH system status by selftest. When failures
happen, the system will remind operators by ways of flashing, sounding or popping up alarm windows automatically, so as to
provide real-time alarm, history alarm, trend and SOE records for operators to check.
Fig.2.8 shows typical operation interfaces of DEH system.
Fig.2.8 DEH Control Overview
ENG station provides powerful programming tool and managing tools, such as database generating, graphics making, control
logic configuration, report generating, history data recording, and system configuration etc. The graphics making software can
make various and complicated process procedure graphics. Report generating software can generate various reports such as
periodic, triggering and SOE report. History recording software can collect all global point data of digital and analog. Alarm
record software can record all alarms and operations in the system.
2.2.2 DPU [https://www.blogger.com/null] Software
DEH real-time control software includes two parts, namely, basic control and ATC control. The basic control software is
operated by dual redundant DPU, which can perform collection and control of steam turbine speed, load and pressure, as well
as other basic functions of valve testing, valve management, over-speed testing and frequency regulation. While the ATC
software is also operated by dual redundant DPU, which can perform collection and judgment of temperature, pressure, flow
and vibration of steam turbine and major auxiliary equipments, as well as rotor stress calculation and execute the sequence
logic control for steam turbine automatic startup.
DEH configuration can be done online or offline. In case of online, the modified control logic becomes effective immediately
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without any translation and mainly used for onsite debugging and simulation. In contrary, the offline modification of
configuration shall be downloaded to slave controlling DPU firstly and then switched to main controlling DPU, then become
effective.
Fig.2.9 DEH Configuration Software
ENG station has VDPU function, which can create one or several VDPU for online configuration and modification when there
is no real DPU available. Such function has greatly eased the research, study and test of control system strategy, so as to
decrease debugging period for DEH system.
VDPU interface is showing the below.
Fig.2.10 VDPU Interface
2.2.3 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Communication Software
Communication software processes real-time data exchange between data highway and I/O bus, and meets IEEE802.3 standard.
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3. Interface with Electro-hydraulic System

[https://www.blogger.com/null]
As an important part of DEH system, an electro-hydraulic (EH) system consists mainly of fluid supply system, actuators, and
emergency trip system. The fluid supply system is an EH fluid storage and treatment center which provides high pressure fluid
for the EH system to drive the actuators. The actuators respond to electrical signals from the DEH system to position the valves.
The emergency trip system is controlled by the trip parameters of the steam turbine, and will close all the steam inlet valves
when one of these parameters exceeds its operational limit value, or will only close the steam governing valves to ensure the
normal and safe operation of the steam turbine.
The following is the description of related equipments.
3.1 Fluid Supply System [https://www.blogger.com/null]

The fluid supply system consists of fluid supply device, fire resistant fluid polishing assembly and other EH components on the
fluid piping. The fluid supply device provides pressurized fluid required to drive actuators. It consists of fluid reservoir, fluid
pumps, control block, fluid filters, relief valves, accumulators, heat exchangers, EH terminal box, some standard instruments
for the alarm, indication and control of fluid pressure, fluid temperature, fluid level, one set of self-circulation fluid filter
system and one set of self-circulation cooling system.
The pumps are controlled by DEH system.
3.2 Actuators [https://www.blogger.com/null]

There are 10 actuators in a typical 330MW turbine unit.
open-closed type actuator: 2 throttle valves, 2 reheat stop valves
servo-controlled type actuator: 4 governor valves, 2 interceptor valves
Servo valve
The servo valve used in the project, consists of a torque motor and a two-stage hydraulic power amplifier with mechanical
feedback (See Fig.3-1).
The first stage consists of a double-nozzle and signal flapper, the second stage spool is a four-way sliding spool design which
allows the high pressure input or output to the actuator, at a constant pressure drop, the flow is proportional to the spool
displacement from the center position.
The control signal for the servo valve is ＋/-40mA.
Fig.3-1 Structure of Servo Valve
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Linear Variable Differential Transformer(LVDT)

When there is relative movement between the core pole and the coil, for example, when the core pole moves upward, the
secondary coil will induce an electromotive-force which is transformed into an electrical single and send to the DEH as
negative feedback after being rectified and filtered. In the actuator, the shell is immovable and the core pole is connected to the
actuator piston rod via a lever, The outputted electrical signals will reflect the displacement of the actuator, which also indicates
the position of the steam valve. Two LVDTs are mounted on the actuator to enhance the reliability, high selection is carried out
for feedback signals.
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 3.3 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Emergency Trip

System
The emergency trip system refers to Fig.3-2.
In order to prevent the turbine in operation from major damage due to the malfunction of some equipment, an emergency trip
system is provided. In abnormal conditions, it trips the turbine so that the turbine is protected in safety. The emergency trip
device monitors certain turbine parameters and closes all turbine steam inlet valves when the operating limits of these
parameters are exceeded.
AST Solenoid Valve

AST solenoid valve, controlled by ETS system, is energized to close during normal operation, and, consequently, blocks the
path to drain of the automatic stop emergency trip (AST) main line fluid, the pressure fluid is built up under the bottom
chamber of cylinder piston. When the solenoid valve opens, the AST main line fluid is drained, and closes all the steam valves
and trips the turbine. The solenoid valves (20/AST) form a series -parallel configuration. When at least one solenoid valve in
each channel is opened, the AST main fluid will be drained immediately to trip the turbine.
OPC Solenoid Valve

The OPC solenoid valves are controlled by the OPC logic of the DEH. These two solenoid valves, arranged in parallel, are de-
energized and closed during normal operation, which, as a result, block the path to drain of the OPC main line fluid, then builds
up the pressure fluid under the bottom chamber of governing actuator cylinder piston. When the OPC module is actuated, such
as when the speed exceed 103% of the rated speed, the two solenoid valves will be energized, and discharge the OPC main line
fluid, all the governing steam valves are immediately closed.
Fig.3-2 Emergency Trip System
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4. DEH Control Principle [https://www.blogger.com/null]
Steam turbine digital electro-hydraulic control system (DEH) consists of two different systems, namely, the computer control
system and electro-hydraulic system. The typical computer control system mainly consists of dual redundant power supply,
dual redundant controller (DPU), various function IO modules. While the typical EH system includes oil supply system,
actuators and emergency trip system.
The computer control system performs human-machine interface interactive with operators, receives commands from operators,
displays and processes system information. Computer will process the information from onsite and perform logic processing
and calculation on the information upon commands delivered by operator, then send out control signals to the servo system.
Electro-Hydraulic Converter receives control commands delivered by the VPC modules and moves actuator in accordance with
the commands. Actuator is connected with steam turbine valve, thus its movement will move valve also. Therefore, the related
valves are under control to perform different requirements for steam turbine running conditions.
DEH control principle schematic diagram of typical 330MW unit refers to Fig.4.4.
DEH system is feedback control system with multi-parameters and multi-loops.
DEH system has the main function loops, such as demand set loop, detection loop, automatic control loop, and actuator servo-
control loop. Following are descriptions based on DEH system features.
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 4.1 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Demand Set

Loop
(1) Set mode：Demand set by operator, ATC or remote set by CCS, AS and RUNBACK
(2) Set Contents：target and rate values for speed, load and main steam pressure.
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 4.2 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Important Signal

Detection
(1) Analog signal
Basic control parameters: speed, load, impulse pressure of first stage, main steam pressure, reheat steam pressure and so on.
In order to improve reliability, three transducers are applied to detect speed, load, impulse pressure of first stage and main
steam pressure signals, from which the three signals are selected (2oo3) in the computer and then delivered to control loop.
(2) Digital signal
Basic controls main digital signal: turbine auto stop latched(ASL), generator main breaker close/open(BR) and so on.
In order to improve reliability, ASL and BR signals are triple redundant, from which are selected (2oo3) and then delivered
to control loop.
4.3 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Automatic Control Loop
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DEH control system mainly consists of speed control loop and load control loop.
(A) Speed Control: after turbine latched and before connected to the grid, it is speed control. Refer to Fig.4.1.
Fig.4.1 Speed Control Loop
(B) Load Control: load control is a cascade control loop, which controls the load via controlling valves position. The inner
loop is load regulation loop while the outer loop is primary frequency modulation loop. Both loops can
be on or off automatically or manually. Therefore, it is very convenient to make various running modes.
Refer to Fig.4.2.
Fig.4.2 Load Control Loop
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 4.4 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Servo Control

Loop
DEH output signals to VPC module, which be changed into valve position setpoint, and then be amplified output to control the
servo valve and actuator. LVDT transmitter for actuator, which is changed into voltage signals, are fed back to integrated
amplifier and compared with valve position setpoint. Finally, actuator will stay stably at one position. Fig.4.3 shows the servo
control loop principle Schematic.
Fig.4.3 DEH Servo-Control Principle Schematic
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Fig.4.4 DEH Control Principle Schematic
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5. Control Functions of DEH [https://www.blogger.com/null]
Turbine speed control and load control are basic control functions of DEH. For different type turbine, we provide different
control functions. The following DEH description is specific for 330MW unit.
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 5.1 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Speed Control
Before unit connects to the grid, DEH system is executing speed control function. And its control range is from
turning-gear speed to 3400 rpm, implementing speeding up, and casing heating, fast passing critical speed zone,
synchronization, and over-speed test and load rejection control. [https://www.blogger.com/null]
DEH system read three speed signals from the speed probes, after mean value selection, which are used for compared with the
speed reference given by DEH. After PID controller calculation, and then output to control valve’s position, in order to maintain
the speed at the set-point input by operators.
DEH system can work in both “Operator Auto” and “ATC ” mode.
When DEH work in operator auto mode, the operators set the target of speed, speed rate through MMI station and click “GO”,
“HOLD” button on screen to maintain speed of the turbine. Operator auto mode is the basic control mode of DEH system. It
must be first and then switch to ATC mode.
When DEH work in ATC mode, the DEH system calculate the stress of rotator and casing through monitor and gather the steam
temperature and metal temperature. According to the variety of stress, DEH calculate the speed target and rate itself, so DEH can
arrive at 3000rpm smoothly within the stress range, waiting for the generator breaker connect to the grid.
Note: Sometimes some important signal or hardware goes fail, DEH will work in manual mode, and can be operated through
manual operation panel. It’s not recommended to work in manual mode when turbine is speeding up. Only for emergency.
DEH speed control consists with following:

(1) [https://www.blogger.com/null] Turbine Reset (remote latch)
When condition meets, the operator click “Latch” button on screen in order to reset ETS (emergency trip system) and energize
the latch solenoid valve, establish safety fluid pressure, then the turbine is prepared for start up.
(2) [https://www.blogger.com/null] Speeding up process (IP start up)
After turbine latched, 2 throttle valve(TV) and 2 reheat stop valves(RSV) are open itself, 4 governor valves(GV) and 2
interceptor valves(IV) are closed. Operator clicks “IV control” button, set speed target and rate, IV open slowly and turbine
speeding up as command. After reaches 1000rpm, maintain the speed for casing warming up. According to the HP casing
temperature, DEH system will decide whether open or close bypass valves and evacuation valves. When metal temperatures of
HP casing reach 190℃, HP bypass valves close and HP evacuation valves open automatically. Then the speed target will be set
as 3000rpm again, When it arrives 1050rpm, TVs are closed. After reaches 3000rpm, DEH system maintains the rated speed for
electric test.
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(3) Friction check (Optional)

In order to ensure turbine commissioning well during the start-up, it’s necessary to check the rotation status and supervise
instrument at low speed. DEH system is integrated with friction check function governs turbine speeding up for 500rpm and
maintain that speed for about 2min, then trip and close all control valves for operators manually check.
(4) [https://www.blogger.com/null] Fast passing critical speed Zone
DEH system will not allow operators to hold speed if it detects current speed is in critical speed range, and it govern turbine
speeding up in the rate as higher as possible in order to prevent excessive vibration and keep turbine running in safe condition.
(5) [https://www.blogger.com/null] Auto synchronization
DEH system can receive signal from synchronizer either directly increase or decrease turbine speed to match the grid frequency
in order to connect to the grid successfully. Interface signal between DEH and synchronizer refer to Fig.5.1.
Fig.5.1 Interface Schematic between DEH and Synchronizer
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 5.2 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Load control
After connected to the grid the turbine is under load control, which means from initial load to rated load.
DEH can work under Operator Auto and Remote mode, and also can under ATC load control mode.
When DEH system is running in Operator Auto mode, operators can set load target and load rate, by clicking GO and HOLD
buttons on screener to adjust unit load. It provides both open and closed loop control of MW (megawatt) loop.
Running in Remote mode means DEH system is current controlled by remote control device (normally it’s coordinated control
system) which gives load command itself, and DEH governs turbine valves base on that command.
ATC mode means DEH system make judgment which load rate should be work according to calculated stress, gathered feedback
information of turbine status. Only can be applied under auto mode, and after operators set load target. DEH choose load rate to
ensure turbine stress is acceptable.
NOTE: Operators can switch to MANUAL mode on manual panel, and on that condition turbine valves is controlled by the
GV/IV UP or DOWN buttons on the panel. It’s designed for DEH controller failure or online maintenance.
Normally DEH load control consists with following:

(1) With initial load to Connect to Grid
After the close of the generator breakers, DEH system will adjust turbine running with initial load base on current situation
preventing reverse operating.
(2) Turbine load control mode
Including open loop, close loop and CCS mode.
Open-loop control:
When it’s running in open-loop, DEH governs valves position based on calculated load reference according set target by
operators, and actual MW change with steam temp/pressure parameter. Actual MW will match with set point under rated steam
parameters.
Closed-loop control
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When it’s running in closed-loop, DEH system compares actual MW with load reference and delivers error to PID block, of
which result will help governing valves precisely and make unit generate MW meet exactly with the requirement.
CCS (coordinated control system)
When it’s running in CCS mode, DEH system is current controlled by CCS device, which gives load set point itself, and DEH
governs turbine valves based on that command. Now DEH is just kind of actuator of CCS. Interface schematic between DEH and
CCS refer to Fig.5.2.
Fig.5.2 Interface Schematic between DEH and CCS
(3) HP Casing Switchover

This function allows to realize the HP casing switchover and the isolating of the HP casing(only in the case of IP start-up).
The HP casing switchover can be realized in automatic mode or in manual mode. In automatic mode, the HP casing switchover is
engaged if the following conditions are realized:
A. All reference field transmitters go well.
B. Flow condition: max flow > current flow > mini flow
To ensure sufficient steam flow for HP casing after switch and avoid flow cutting for IP
casing; HPBP valve must hold its proper position. At meantime DEH calculate max flow,
current flow and min flow preventing excessive blast friction at HP casing
exhaust.
Current flow: stands for calculated necessary flow for HP casing after switch base on current load.
Max flow: stands for max practicable flow included HPBP flow measured by field transmitter.
Mini flow: stands for mini practicable flows through HP casing when reheat stop valve steam pressure is
predicted value. This flow calculates base on pressure of RSV (reheat stop valve). Relations
between pressure of reheat steam and HP mini flow is in Fig.5.3.
C. Temp condition: HP casing temp calculated low limit<main steam temperature< HP casing temp calculated high limit
To maintain rotator stress in safe range, the difference of HP casing steam temperature and
HP casing metal temperature must be acceptable. However, main steam temperature is
adjusted by governing boiler combustion and BP valves position base on current casing metal
temperature to maintain stress is acceptable during switch process. The relation of
temperatures is in Fig.5.4.
After IP casing heating during low load running quite a while, and if the steam flow, temperature is suitable, HP casing turn into
operation.
As soon as all these conditions are verified, the HP casing switchover is engaged.
· The throttle valve open
· The HP casing evacuation valve close
· The governor valves gradually open to reach the opening corresponding to the calculated flow demand.
· HP bypass valve close gradually for maintain the main steam pressure.
Switchover will finish till HP governor valves position meet calculated flow demand value, and then steam turbine is under
normal running.
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Fig.5.3 Relations between reheat steam pressure and HP mini flow
Fig.5.4 Relations between HP Casing Temp and Main Steam Temp
(4) Isolating of HP Casing

During switchover or low load running, GV may close and isolate HP casing in case of excessive blast loss at HP exhaust part,
that cause too low flow in HP casing to cool metal.
Isolating of HP casing condition: Low DEH calculated flow (<10％of rated flow)
Isolating process:
· The governor valves close gradually
· The HP casing evacuation valve open
· The throttle valve close
The isolating of HP casing results in governor valves closing.
(5) Single/ Sequence Valve Transfer

DEH system provides single valve and sequence valve running mode for governor valves. Single valve mode lead steam full
admission into turbine while sequence valve mode is partial admission. Single valve stands for every valve is governed
synchronously as there is like only one valve running while sequence valve stands for every valve is governed separately as they
open or close one by one. Single valve running ensures rotor and casing heated with steam, which results in less stress. Sequence
valve running usually is applied after unit connected with the grid, that ensure only one valve running in throttle status and
results in less loss and more heat efficiency.
Normally it’s ball-valve structure inside steam turbine valve, some are dual-seat valve structure. All the flow curves of them are
non-linearity. Thus DEH provides flow curves correction function to modify flow curve of valve in linearity, which improve
precision and stability of valves management.
Single/sequence valve transfer schematic refers to Fig.5.5.
Fig.5.5 Single/Seq Transfer Schematic
(6) Load limiter

DEH system is designed with high/low load limit function used for limitation of load set point. The limitation value is adjustable
by operators as actual need.
(7) Main steam pressure control and limitation
Ø Main steam pressure control (TCP): In order to help boiler maintain steam pressure stability, DEH control pressure
before throttle valve.
Ø Main steam pressure limitation (TPL): When steam pressure before throttle valve lower than set point, DEH govern
valves by proportional regulation in order to maintain boiler stability running until pressure turn back to set value.
17 of 22 11/6/2018, 9:48 AM
Ø TCP&TPL are interlocked control loop.

(8) Low Vacuum load limiter
Low vacuum can damage final stage blade due to overheat. So when detect unit vacuum value dropped, DEH will limit unit load
in order to protect the final stage blade.
(9) Primary frequency control
If required, DEH can make the turbine participate in primary frequency regulation of power grid. DEH allow changes such as
droop and dead-band. According different droop curves DEH govern valves proportionally to meet the load change, and the
dead-band is adjustable by operators as need. So is load change limitation value. DEH also can send calculated load change value
to CCS system. Normally the droop adjustment range is 3%~7% and the droop curve is as below.
If the unit is not required for primary frequency regulation, the operator can easily switch off the function by pressing the
function push button.
Fig.5.6 Primary frequency control Schematic

(10) Runback
DEH system provides runback function by fast decreasing load setpoint in order to make steam flow match with boiler output in
the occasions of the unit important auxiliary equipment failure.
Ø When it’s in closed-loop, DEH system will cut off MW control loop and quickly reduce load set point until match with
desired.
Ø When it’s in CCS control, DEH system receives CCS command and control by remote.
Ø The parameters of rates and limits for runback can be adjusted on site.
5.3 Turbine Protection [https://www.blogger.com/null]

(1) Over-speed protection
DEH system is designed with 103% and 110% over-speed protection. When turbine speed exceeds 103% (3090rpm), DEH
system send out the OPC signal used for energizing OPC solenoids and shutdown the GV and IV. When turbine speed exceeds
110% (3300rpm), DEH system send out AST signal used for de-energizing AST solenoid and trip turbine.
(2) Load Rejection Anticipation (LDA)
Turbine will exceed extremely over speed if generator breakers suddenly disconnect to the grid when unit is running with high
load.
Ø When the intermediate discharge pressure (IEP), or a unit output related parameter, is greater than 30% of rated pressure, that
means the turbine is running at the load exceeding 30% of rated load, and at same time the main breaker rejects the unit from
grids, the OPC system will send a command to close the GV and IV. After a delay of 2~3 seconds the speed slows down to a
level less than 103% of rated speed, the trigger reset. If IEP<30% of rated, DEH will make judgment on actual speed.
Ø At same time the main breaker rejects the unit from grids, DEH will set speed target 3000rpm and maintain the speed when
DEH is running under AUTO mode. If generator conditions are OK, synchronized and connected to the grids again.
The over-speed protection and LDA principle refers to Fig.5.7.
Fig.5.7 Over-speed protection and LDA Principle
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(3) IP start-up protection

This functions allows to monitor the turbine mechanical parameters so as to trip the machine via the emergency trip system(ETS)
in case of abnormal value of these parameters.
The monitored signals are as follow:
Ø Evacuation valve can not open when open command send out.
Ø Evacuation valve can not close when close command send out.
Ø HP exhaust pressure during the backwarming of the HP casing; the machine is tripped if this data becomes greater than 1.7
MPa with the speed measure < 1000rpm.
Ø HP exhaust pressure when the HP casing is under vacuum; the machine is tripped if this data becomes greater than 0.14 MPa
during 4 minutes when the HP casing is out of operation.
Ø HP exhaust temperature: the machine is tripped if this data becomes greater than 420.
Ø Excessive thrust bearing
[https://www.blogger.com/null] 5.4 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Test Function
(1) Over-speed Test

DEH system provides 103%, 110% and mechanical over-speed test to ensure OPC solenoid, AST solenoid and other protection
are always ready to apply.
Ø The speed target and rate set by operator.
Ø The normal high limit of speed set point is 3050rpm. It will change if it’s in test mode：
103％ TEST： 3100
110％ TEST： 3310
111％ TEST： 3360
Ø In test mode, DEH will disable the lower over-speed protection function. For example, in 110% test mode, the 103%
protection function will be disabled automatically.
Ø When speed reaches 3400rpm, DEH system will close all governor valves automatically, if mechanical protection failed at
desired speed.
(2) Valve Leak Test
DEH system include leak test of governor valves and stop valves. When apply stop valve leak test, DEH close all stop valves and
open governor type valves. When apply governor valves leak test, DEH close all governor valves and open stop valves. DEH
record the time of turbine speed free down and results in whether leak test is qualified.
Test Target shows the final target speed of the turbine in current steam pressure. Check if the turbine speed is equal or lower than
the Test Target while the speed is stable.
(3) Valves Test
DEH system provide valve test for all valves with full stroke test and partial stroke test. [https://www.blogger.com/null]
When apply full stroke test of stop valve, first DEH close the related governor valves at the same side then close the stop valve.
When reset the test, first DEH open the stop valve and then open the related governor valves at the same side. At the mean time,
the governor valves at the other side will open up as calculation to compensate the lost of load. Normally, operators must apply
valves test as recommend when unit is running with 60%-70% rated load.
19 of 22 11/6/2018, 9:48 AM
5.5 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Communication with Other Control System

DEH system reserves some hardware interface for communication with DCS or other system such as serial port or network
adapter. MODBUS protocol is recommend.
20 of 22 11/6/2018, 9:48 AM
6. DEH [https://www.blogger.com/null] Man-Machine

Interface
By OPU station of DEH system, it is possible to process series operations, such as turbine start-up, soak, auto sync, connected
to the grid. various test of unit, target and rate set, modification of control parameters and so on. DEH provides multi-window
operation and display.
Ø Flowchart
Ø Real-time data
Ø Bar chart
Ø Trend Graph
Ø Alarm list
Ø Startup mode
Ø Control mode
Ø Equipment Start/stop
Ø Limit values set
Ø Control loop on/off
Below is showing some typical displaying and operation interfaces of DEH system.
Fig.6.1 DEH Control Overview
Fig.6.2 DEH Operation Panel
Fig.6.3 DEH Valve Position Control
7. DEH Simulation [https://www.blogger.com/null]
DEH simulator consists of simulation hardware and software. Of which the hardware is EMU module, terminal board
EMU_TB and related simulation cables. The EMU module can be plugged into one preset I/O slot in DEH cabinet, and it can
also be connected to I/O modules via cables.
Simulator can generate some procedure variables such as speed, load and steam pressure based on mathematical models of
boiler, steam turbine and generator. These variables then return to DEH control system to form closed-loop control via I/O
interface signals.
DEH simulator can carry out debugging, testing and validation of DEH equipments. DEH simulation system can be applied to
check and optimize control strategy of DEH system, demonstrate control effects, validate control logic and analyze DEH
control performance.
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The EMU module has a short execution cycle, quick response, high simulation accuracy, so as to simulate real features of steam
turbine.
EMU module is optional equipment.
Arrangement of DEH simulation system is showing below.
Fig.7.1 Arrangement of DEH Simulation System
Notice [https://www.blogger.com/null] ：Pure software simulation can be used, if no EMU simulator.
Posted 8th March 2015 by kishorereddy kattukolu
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330 mw digital electro hydraulic | THERMAL POWER PLANT A-Z https://powerplanta2z.blogspot.com/2015/03/330-mw-digital-electro-h...

8th March 2015 330 mw digital electro hydraulic

330MW Steam Turbine

330MW turbine island control system refers to the below Fig.1.1.

2. DEH System Structure [https://www.blogger.com/null]

2.1 Hardware Structure

Fig.2.1 DEH System Network

Fig. 2.2 DEH System Cabinet Schematic Diagram

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.1.1 DPU [https://www.blogger.com/null] (Distributed Processing Unit)

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.1.2 I/O [https://www.blogger.com/null] Module

Fig.2.3 VPC Digital Modulate Interface

Fig.2.4 SDP Over-speed Protection (2 out of 3)

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.1.3 I/O [https://www.blogger.com/null] Terminal Board

Module TB Des. Description

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.1.4 [https://www.blogger.com/null] MMI Station

[https://www.blogger.com/null] [https://www.blogger.com/null] 2.2

Fig.2.7 DEH Control Software Interface

2.2.1 MMI [https://www.blogger.com/null] Software

Fig.2.8 DEH Control Overview

2.2.2 DPU [https://www.blogger.com/null] Software

Fig.2.9 DEH Configuration Software

Fig.2.10 VDPU Interface

2.2.3 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Communication Software

3. Interface with Electro-hydraulic System

3.1 Fluid Supply System [https://www.blogger.com/null]

3.2 Actuators [https://www.blogger.com/null]

Fig.3-1 Structure of Servo Valve

Linear Variable Differential Transformer(LVDT)

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 3.3 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Emergency Trip

AST Solenoid Valve

OPC Solenoid Valve

Fig.3-2 Emergency Trip System

4. DEH Control Principle [https://www.blogger.com/null]

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 4.1 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Demand Set

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 4.2 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Important Signal

4.3 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Automatic Control Loop

Fig.4.1 Speed Control Loop

Fig.4.2 Load Control Loop

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 4.4 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Servo Control

Fig.4.3 DEH Servo-Control Principle Schematic

Fig.4.4 DEH Control Principle Schematic

5. Control Functions of DEH [https://www.blogger.com/null]

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 5.1 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Speed Control

DEH speed control consists with following:

(3) Friction check (Optional)

Fig.5.1 Interface Schematic between DEH and Synchronizer

[https://www.blogger.com/null] 5.2 [https://www.blogger.com/null] Load control

Normally DEH load control consists with following:

Fig.5.2 Interface Schematic between DEH and CCS

(3) HP Casing Switchover

Fig.5.3 Relations between reheat steam pressure and HP mini flow

Fig.5.4 Relations between HP Casing Temp and Main Steam Temp

(4) Isolating of HP Casing

(5) Single/ Sequence Valve Transfer

(6) Load limiter

Ø TCP&TPL are interlocked control loop.

Fig.5.6 Primary frequency control Schematic

5.3 Turbine Protection [https://www.blogger.com/null]

Fig.5.7 Over-speed protection and LDA Principle