Control engineering & instrumentation

Assignment # 01

Submitted by : Syed Hamza Zulfiqar

Reg # 620/BSME/f16(B)

Submitted to : Eng Asar Ahmad

Date 19 02 2019
Control System Definition

A control system consists of subsystems and processes assembled for the purpose of
obtaining a desired output with desired performance.
This can be understand by figure given below control system in its simplest form

Example
Consider an elevator. When the fourth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the elevator
rises to the fourth floor with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for passenger
comfort the push of the fourth-floor button is an input that represents our desired output

Elevator response curve

Two major measures of performance are apparent: (1) the transient response and (2) the
steady-state error. In our example, passenger comfort and passenger patience are dependent
upon the transient response. If this response is too fast, passenger comfort is sacrificed; if too
slow, passenger patience is sacrificed. The steady-state error is another important performance
specification since passenger safety and convenience would be sacrificed if the elevator did
not properly level.
Advantages of control system

There are many advantages offered to owners and employees of a

production company when making use of a tailored control system that
meets their company needs.

Quality assurance: Quality is assured across all fields of production,

ensuring consistency in product quality. Consistent quality is extremely
important for a company, as customers rely on a certain quality when
purchasing the company's product. Control systems and processes will
help prevent defects caused by human error.

Less wastage: A production or manufacturing company can produce

quite a lot of waste material, due to over processing, scrap, reworking etc.
A standardised approach will help reduce waste of material and time,
ultimately saving the company money.

Lower operating costs: Making operation processes more efficient and

decreasing waste will lower the operating costs. Direct labour costs are
also reduced.
Assists decision-making: AN effective control system will provide you
with important information to be used in future decision-making regarding
production. System deficiencies can be identified, enabling management
to make better decisions about production / manufacturing processes.

Production planning: Production planning involves a strategic approach

about what the company is going to produce, how much the company
needs to produce, when to produce, downtimes etc.

Production control: This involves the control techniques used to achieve

the desired performance. Inventory needs to be regulated, and the
optimal usage of resources ensured.

Example of control System

Imagine the problem of adjusting the flame of your gas stove

Burner !

That’s one of the classic examples of control system where,

Sensors : Your Eyes.

Actuator : Your Hands + Regulator

Controller : Your brain, working as an PID Controller.

You can ponder about how the brain is working as a PID controller
or you may think of any other controller like which the brain is
working in this case.
Feel it ! That’s the simplest example I could give.

Types of system
(1)Open loop system
(2)Close loop system

Open loop system

It starts with a subsystem called an input transducer, which converts the
form of the input to that used by the controller. The controller drives a
process or a plant. The input is sometimes called the reference, while the
output can be called the controlled variable. Other signals, such as
disturbances, added to the controller and process outputs via summing
junctions which yield the algebraic sum of their input signals using
associated signs.

Example
Its operation is very simple, when an input signal directs
the control element to respond, an output will be produced. Examples of
the open loop control systems include washing machines, light switches,
gas ovens, etc. A washing machine is an example of an open loop control
system.

Close loop system

Example
Its operation is very simple, when an input signaldirects the control
element to respond, an output will be produced. Examples of the
open loop control systems include washing machines, light
switches,gas ovens, etc. A washing machine is an example of an
open loop control system.

Another example in mechanical system

Other examples of open-loop systems are mechanical systems consisting

of a mass, spring, and damper with a constant force positioning the mass.
The greater the force, the greater the displacement. Again, the system
position will change with a disturbance, such as an additional force, and
the system will not detect or correct for the disturbance

Example of course (syllabus

You calculate the amount of time you need to study for an examination
that covers three chapters in order to get an A. If the professor adds a
fourth chapter—a disturbance—you are an open-loop system if you do
not detectthedisturbanceandaddstudytimetothatpreviouslycalculated.The
result of this oversight would be a lower grade than you expected.

Disadvantage of open loop system

The disadvantages of open-loop systems, namely sensitivity to

disturbances and inability to correct for these disturbances, may be
overcome in closed-loop systems

Closed-Loop (Feedback Control) Systems

A closed loop control system is a set of mechanical or electronic

devices that automatically regulates a process variable to a desired
state or set point without human interaction. Closed loop control
systems contrast with open loop control systems, which require
manual input.
A control loop is the system of hardware components and software
control functions involved in measuring and adjusting a variable that
controls an individual process. Closed loop control systems are widely
used in industry applications including agriculture, chemical plants, quality
control, nuclear power plants, water treatment plants and environmental
control

Input and output of close loop system

The input transducer converts the form of the input to the form used by
the controller. An output transducer, or sensor, measures the output
response and converts it into the form used by the controller. For
example, if the controller uses electrical signals to operate the valves of a
temperature control system, the input position and the output temperature
are converted to electrical signals. The input position can be converted to
a voltage by a potentiometer, a variable resistor, and the output
temperature can be converted to a voltage by a thermistor, a device
whose electrical resistance changes with temperature

Disturbances in close loop

The closed-loop system compensates for disturbances by measuring the

output response, feeding that measurement back through a feedback
path, and comparing that response to the input at the summing junction.
If there is any difference between the two responses, the system drives
the plant, via the actuating signal, to make a correction. If there is no
difference, the system does not drive the plant, since the plant’s
response is already the desired response.

Advantage of close loop

Closed-loop systems, then, have the obvious advantage of greater
accuracy than open-loop systems. They are less sensitive to noise,
disturbances, and changes in the environment. Transient response and
steady-state error can be controlled more conveniently and with greater
flexibility in closed-loop systems, often by a simple adjustment of gain
(amplification) in the loop and sometimes by redesigning the controller.
Design and analysis objective

Analysis is the process by which a system’s performance is determined.

For example, we evaluate its transient response and steady-state error
to determine if they meet the desired specifications. Design is the
process by which a system’s performance is created or changed. For
example, if a system’s transient response and steady-state error are
analyzed and found not to meet the specifications, then we change
parameters or add additional components to meet the specifications

Transient Response

Transient response is important. In the case of an elevator, a slow

transient response makes passengers impatient, whereas an
excessively rapid response makes them uncomfortable. If the elevator
oscillates about the arrival floor for more than a second, a disconcerting
feeling can result. Transient response is also important for structural
reasons too fast a transient response could cause permanent physical
damage

Steady-State Response

As we have seen, this response resembles the input and is usually what
remains after the transients have decayed to zero. For example, this
response may be an elevator stopped near the fourth floor or the head of
a disk drive finally stopped at the correct track. We are concerned about
the accuracy of the steady-state response. An elevator must be level
enough with the floor for the passengers to exit
Stability

Total response = Natural response + Forced response

Natural response describes the way the system dissipates or acquires

energy. The form or nature of this response is dependent only on the
system, not the input. On the other hand, the form or nature of the
forced response is dependent on the input

For a control system to be useful, the natural response must (1)

eventually approach zero, thus leaving only the forced response, or (2)
oscillate
Instability

Eventually, the natural response is so much greater than the forced

response that the system is no longer controlled. This condition, called
instability, could lead to self-destruction of the physical device

Control systems must be designed to be stable. That is, their natural

response must decay to zero as time approaches infinity, or oscillate. In
many systems the transient response you see on a time response plot
can be directly related to the natural response. Thus, if the natural
response decays to zero as time approaches infinity, the transient
response will also die out, leaving only the forced response. If the system
is stable, the proper transient response and steady-state error
characteristics can be designed. Stability is our third analysis and design
objective

Antenna Azimuth: An Introduction to Position Control Systems

An antenna azimuth position control system is shown below schematic

and detail

The purpose of this system is to have the azimuth angle output of the
antenna, theta not t, follow the input angle of the potentiometer. Let us
look at Figure 1.9(d) and describe how this system works. The input
command is an angular displacement. The potentiometer converts the
angular displacement into a voltage.
Similarly, the output angular displacement is converted to a voltage by the
potentiometer in the feed backpath.The signal and power amplifiers boost
the difference between the input and output voltages. This amplified
actuating signal drives the plant. The system normally operates to drive
the error to zero. When the input and output match, the error will be zero,
and the motor will not turn. Thus, the motor is driven only when the output
and the input do not match. The greater the difference between the input
and the output, the larger the motor input voltage, and the faster the
motor will turn. If we increase the gain of the signal amplifier, will there be
an increase in the steady-state value of the output? If the gain is
increased, then for a given actuating signal, the motor will be driven
harder. However, the motor will still stop when the actuating signal
reaches zero, that is, when the output matches the input. The difference
in the response, however, will be in the transients. Since the motor is
driven harder, it turns faster toward its final position. Also, because of the
increased speed, increased momentum could cause the motor to
overshoot the final value and be forced by the system to return to the
commanded position.

Process of designing control System

The process of designing a control system usually makes many demands
of the engineer or engineering team. These demands often emerge in
step by step design procedure as follows:
1. Study the system (plant) to be controlled and obtain initial information
about the control
2. objectives.
3. Model the system and simplify the model, if necessary.
4. Analyze the resulting model; determine its properties.
5. Decide which variable are to be controlled (controlled outputs).
6. Decide on the measurements and manipulated variables: what
sensors and actuators will be used and where will they be placed?
7. Select the control configuration.
8. Decide the type of the controller to be used.
9. Decide on performance specifications, based on the overall control
objectives.
10. Design a controller.
11. Analyze the resulting controlled system to see if the specifications
are satisfied: and if they are not satisfied, modify the specifications or
the type of controller.
12. Simulate the resulting controlled system, either on a computer or a
pilot plant.
13. Repeat from step 2, if necessary. ^^
14. Choose hardware and software and implement the controller.
15. Test and validate the control system, and tune the controller on-line,
if necessary.

THE END