MUGHAL

GARDENS

Type Public parks

Created in 1526
• Mughal gardens are a group of
gardens built by the Mughals in the
Islamic style of architecture
• This style was influenced by Persian
Gardens, particularly the Charbagh
structure.
• Significant use of Rectilinear Layouts are
made within the walled enclosures.

FEATURES
• Water Bodies, • Fountains
• Canals inside the gardens.
CHARBAGH
• These gardens are private and formal spaces.

• The basic structure consists of four quadrants divided by

• waterways • pathways.

• Traditionally, the rich used such gardens in work related functions

• These gardens balance structure with greenery.

• The plants are often placed at periphery of the pools or path.

TIME LINE
1526-1530
• Babur, the first Mughal -king, had gardens built in Lahore and Dholpur
• E.g., RAM BAGH, AGRA
1530-1543
• Humayun has not as such contributed much to the landscape architecture but he had
built PURANA QUILA , DELHI in which there are traces of landscape.
1556-1605
• Akbar built several gardens first in Delhi, then in Agra, eg, Humayuns tomb, Fatehpur sikhri
• These tended to be riverfront gardens rather than the fortress garden. Which influenced
the later Mughal garden architecture
TIME LINE
1605-1627
• Jahangir, did not build as much, but he helped to lay out the famous Shalimar garden.

1628-1658
• Shah Jahan, marks the apex of Mughal garden architecture and floral design.
• Example, Shalimar(lahore), Taj mahal, Red fort, Nishat garden (kashmir).

1658-1707
• Aurangzeb has not developed much gardens except Chauburji.
CLASSIFICATION

Mughal Gardens are generally divided into 4 sections

• Rectangular Pearl garden • Long Butterfly garden
• Circular garden • Terraced garden
The Mughals were obsessed with
symbol and incorporated it into
their gardens in many ways.
• Quranic references to paradise were in the
architecture, layout, and in the choice of plant life
• Numerological and zodiacal significances
connected to family history or cultural significance,
were often used.
• The numbers eight and nine were considered
auspicious by the Mughals and were found in the
terraces or in garden architecture eg. octagonal
pools
• The design symbolizes 4 flowing rivers of Paradise
and reflects the gardens of Paradise derived from
the Persian paridaeza, meaning walled garden.
• Abundance with 4 rivers flowing from a central
spring or mountain, separating the garden into
north, south, east and west.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Running water (perhaps the most important element) and a pool to reflect the
beauties of sky and garden •
• Flowers of different species were used for beautification of gardens, the flowers are
chosen according to their depiction and belief of life and death.
• Symmetry and pattern can be seen in the relationship between
• sunlight and shade • plants and water • light and dark tones
India
Humayun’s tomb, Nizamuddin East, Delhi
Taj Mahal, Agra
Mehtab Bagh, Agra
Safdarjung's Tomb
Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar), Jammu and Kashmir
Nishat Gardens, Jammu and Kashmir VARIOUS
Yadavindra Gardens, Pinjore
Khusro Bagh, Allahabad
MUGHAL
Roshanara Bagh
Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi (1911-1931)
GARDENS
Vernag
Chashma Shahi
INDIA
Pari Mahal
Achabal Gardens
Qudsia Bagh
Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden-Phase_II
▪ Most Mughal Charbagh's are
rectangular with a tomb or pavilion
in the center. The Taj Mahal garden
is unusual in that the main
element, the tomb, is located at the
end of the garden. With the
discovery of Mahlab Bagh or
"Moonlight Garden" on the other
side of the Yamuna, the
interpretation of the Archaeological
Survey of India is that the Yamuna
river itself was incorporated into the
garden's design and was meant to
be seen as one of the rivers of
Paradise] Similarities in layout and
architectural features with the
Shalimar Gardens suggests both
gardens may have been designed by
the same architect, Ali Marden.[29]
Early accounts of the garden
describe its profusion of vegetation,
including abundant roses, daffodils,
and fruit trees.
▪ Out of the total area of 580 meter
by 300 meter of the Taj complex,
these gardens alone cover an
area of 300 meter by 300 meter
distance and are based on
geometric arrangements of
nature. No attempt was made to
give them a "natural" look.
Another architectural attribute
that has been followed in the
case of the entire monument,
especially the gardens of the Taj
Mahal of Agra, is the usage of
number four and its multiples.
Since four is considered the
holiest number in Islam, all the
arrangements of Charbagh
Garden of Taj Mahal are based
on four or its multiples. The
entire garden is divided into four
parts, with two marble canals
studded with fountains crossing
in the center. In each quarter
portion, there are 16 flowerbeds
that have been divided by stone-
paved raised pathways. It is said
that even each of the flowerbed
was planted with 400 plants.
RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN:

 The Rashtrapati Bhavan Presidential Residence" is the

official home of the president located at the Western end
of Rajpath in New Delhi, India.

 Rashtrapati Bhavan may refer to only the 340-room main

building that has the president's official residence,
including reception halls, guest rooms and offices, also
called the mansion.

 It may also refer to the entire 130-hectare (320 acre)

Presidential Estate that additionally includes huge
presidential gardens (Mughal Gardens), large open
spaces, residences of bodyguards and staff, stables,
other offices and utilities within its perimeter walls.

 In terms of area, it is the largest residence of any head of

state in the world.
HISTORY:
 This decision to build a residence in
New Delhi for the British Viceroy was
taken after it was decided during
the Delhi Durbar in December 1911
that the capital of India would be
relocated from Calcutta to Delhi.

 When the plan for a new city, New

Delhi, adjacent to end south of Old
Delhi, was developed after the Delhi
Durbar, the new palace for the Viceroy
of India was given an enormous size
and prominent position.

 About 4,000 acres of land was

acquired to begin the construction of
Viceroy's House, as it was originally
called, and adjacent Secretariat
Building between 1911 and 1916 by
relocating Raisina and Malcha villages
that existed there and their 300
families under the Land & Acquisition
Act
ARCHITECTURE:
 Consisting of four floors and 340 rooms,
with a floor area of 200,000 square feet
(19,000 m2), it was built using 1 billion
bricks and 3,000,000 cu ft (85,000 m3) of
stone with little steel.

 Various Indian elements were added to

the building. These included several
circular stone basins on top of the
building, as water features are an
important part of Indian architecture.

 There was also a traditional

Indian chujja or chhajja, which occupied
the place of a frieze in classical
architecture; it was a sharp, thin,
protruding element which extended 8 feet
(2.4 m) from the building, and created
deep shadows.

 It blocks harsh sunlight from the windows

and also shields the windows from heavy
rain during the monsoon season.
MUGHAL GARDENS:
 The Mughal Gardens are
situated at the back of the
Rashtrapati Bhavan, incorporate
both Mughal and English
landscaping styles and feature a
great variety of flowers.

 The Rashtrapati Bhavan

gardens are open to the public
in February every year.

 Spread over a vast expanse of 15

acres, Mughal Gardens has often
been portrayed, and deservedly
so, as the soul of the Presidential
Palace.

 The Mughal Gardens draw its

inspiration from the Mughal
Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir,
the gardens around the Taj Mahal
and even miniature paintings of
India and Persia.
DIFFERENT GARDENS FOUND:
 Main garden: Two channels running
North to South and two running East
to West divide this garden into a grid
of squares.

 There are six lotus shaped fountains

at the crossings of these channels.
Whereas the energetic fountains
rising up to a height of 12 feet (3.7 m)
create a soothing murmur that
enthralls the visitor, the channels are
so tranquil in their movement that
they seem frozen.

 In the channels at appropriate times

of day can be seen reflections of the
imposing building and the proud
flowers.

 There are wooden trays placed on

stands in the centre of the channels
where grain is put for the birds to
feed upon.
TERRACE GARDEN:

 There are two longitudinal strips of

garden, at a higher level on each side
of the Main Garden, forming the
Northern and Southern boundaries.

 The plants grown are the same as in

the Main Garden.

 At the centre of both of the strips is a

fountain, which falls inwards, forming
a well.

 On the Western tips are located two

gazebos and on the Eastern tips two
ornately designed sentry posts.
LONG GARDEN OR PURDHA GARDEN:

 This is located to the West of the Main Garden, and runs along
on each side of the central pavement which goes to the circular
garden.

 Enclosed in walls about 12 feet high, this is predominantly a

rose garden.

 It has 16 square rose beds encased in low hedges.

 There is a red sandstone pergola in the centre over the central

pavement which is covered with Rose creepers, Petrea,
Bougainvillea and Grape Vines

 . The walls are covered with creepers like Jasmine,

Rhyncospermum, Tecoma Grandiflora, Bignonia Vanista,
Adenoclyma, Echitice, Parana Paniculata. Along the walls are
planted the China Orange trees.
 Around the circular garden there are
rooms for the office of the horticulturist,
a green house, stores, nursery etc.

 Here is housed the collection of

Bonsais, one of the best in the country.

 All the presidents who have stayed at

the Rashtrapati Bhavan have taken a
keen interest in the maintenance and
upkeep of the Mughal Gardens.

 All have contributed in their own way.

 The underlying themes, however, have

remained unaltered.
HUMAYUN S TOMB -INTRODUCTION
• Humayun's Tomb garden sits near the bank of the Yamuna river in Delhi. His father, Babur, is
credited with having introduced the Persian Chahar Bagh to India.
• Humayun's garden is a geometrically perfect example of the genre but differs from Babur's
gardens in having a building at its centre. This makes the garden into a setting for a building,
rather than a place to be enjoyed from a pavilion.

• The garden symbolizes the emperor's place in paradise. It was not the first example of the type,
but it is the oldest to survive in good condition
• . The garden is divided into 36 squares by a grid of water channels and paths. Humayun's
mausoleum, in red sandstone and white marble, stands a the Centre point of the grid. The Aga
Khan Trust funded a restoration project and in 2003 water was again flowing in the fountains and
water channels.
CONCEPT - CHAR BAGH

• While the main tomb took over eight years to build, it was also placed in centre of a 30-acre
(120,000 m2) Char Bagh (Four Gardens), a Persian-style garden with quadrilateral layout was
the first of its kind in the South Asia region in such a scale.

• The highly geometrical and enclosed Paradise garden is divided into four squares by paved
walkways (khiyabans) and two bisecting central water channels, reflecting the four rivers that
flow in jannat, the Islamic concept of paradise
• . Each of the four square is further divided into smaller squares with pathways, creating into 36
squares in all, a design typical of later Mughal gardens
• . The central water channels appear to be disappearing beneath the tomb structure and
reappearing on the other side in a straight line, suggesting the Quranic verse, which talks of
rivers flowing beneath the 'Garden of Paradise'.
PLAN LAYOUT
• The entire tomb and the garden is enclosed within
high rubble walls
on three sides, the fourth side was meant to be the river
Yamuna, which has since shifted course away from the
structure.

• The central walkways, terminate at two gates: a main

one in the southern wall, and a smaller one in the
western wall.

• It has two double-storey entrances, the West gate

which used now, while the South gate, which was
used during Mughal era, now remains closed
• . Aligned at the centre on the eastern wall lies
a baradari, literally a pavilion with twelve doors,
which is a building or room with twelve doors
designed to allow the free draught of air through it,
• Finally on the northern wall lies a hammam, a bath
chamber.
LANDSCAPE FEATURES :

• Eternal flowers ,herbs ,fruit ,water and birds are found here

• They add further character to the tomb garden.

HARDSCAPE :

• Benches are provided along the periphery of the

channels for the people to sit, relax and enjoy the
view.
WATER FEATURES :

• The e tral water ta k is a represe tatio of the elestial pool of

a u da e alled as al kawther a d the pla e where a et god.

• The addition of water courses is endemic to the charbagh design and

their presence is often read as a reference to the four rivers of paradise
.each of, Honey ,Wine , Milk and Water
ROLE OF WATER FEATURES IN CHARBAGH :

• Emphazing the architectural elements

• Producing pleasing sound

• Irrigating plants

• Moisturizing and cooling the hot dry

microclimate

• Soothing the dusty wind

• Providing a source of abulation for prayers.

SIGNIFICANCE:

• Gardens form an important accompaniment to

architecture

• Without these gardens the splendour, visual impact

and symbolism of the building or the tomb would be
greatly reduced.

• One of the most prominent forms in a paradise

garden is perhaps its fourfold

• Paradise lies in the middle of the square after square

being divided into smaller squares by channels of
water.

• Water is carried north south west and east .

• Larger paradises give way to smaller paradises.

SHALIMAR BAGH – KASHMIR

Shalimar Bagh is a Mughal garden in Srinagar, linked

through a channel to the northeast of Dal Lake, on its
right bank located on the outskirts of Srinagar
city in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Its other names are
Shalimar Garden, Shalimar Bagh, Farah Baksh, and
Faiz Baksh, and the other famous shoreline garden in
the vicinity is Nishat Bagh
.
HISTORY
 The Bagh was built by Mughal Emperor Jahangir for his wife Nur
Jahan, in 1619. The Bagh is considered the high point of
Mughal horticulture. It is now a public park. It is also called the
"Crown of Srinagar".

 While the recent history and development of the Mughal types of

gardens is credited to Emperor Jahangir, the ancient history of
the garden can be traced to the 2nd century when it was built
during the reign of Pravarsena II. Praversena II founded the city
of Srinagar and ruled in Kashmir from 79 AD to 139 AD. He had
built a cottage for his stay at the northeastern corner of the Dal
Lake and had named it Shalimar.

The word Shalimar in Sanskrit means 'abode of love'.

BASIC INFORMATIONS

 Type - Mughal garden

 Location - Srinagar, Kashmir
 Coordinates - 34°8 32.48 N 74°51 46.48 E
 Area - 12.4 hectares (31 acres)
 Opened - 1619 A.D
 Founder - Jahangir
 Owned by - Jammu and Kashmir Tourism
 DepartmentOperated by - Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Department

THE GARDEN WITH THE DAL LAKE IN

THE BACKGROUND
ENTRANCE FROM DAL LAKE
 LAYOUT OF SHALIMAR

 The layout of the garden is an adaptation of another Islamic

garden layout known as the Persian gardens.
 This garden built on a flat land on a square plan with four
radiating arms from a central location as the water source.
 It needed to be modified to suit the hilly terrain and
availability of a well, which could be diverted from a
higher elevation to the planned gardens.
Modifications involved the main channel running
through the garden axially from top to the lowest
point. This central channel, known as the Shah
Nahar, is the main axis of the garden. It runs
through three terraces. This layout left out the radial
arms and the shape became rectangular, instead of a
square plan of the Chahar Bagh.
 The garden, as finally laid out, covers an area of 12.4
hectares (31 acres) built with a size of 587 metres
(1,926 ft) length on the main axis channel and with a
total width of 251 metres(823 ft).
 The garden has three terraces fitted with fountains
and with chinar (sycamore) tree-lined vistas
 The garden was linked to the open Dal Lake water
through a canal of about 1 mile (1.6 km) length and
12 yards (11 m) in width that ran through swampy
quagmire. Willow groves and rice terraces fringed
the lake edge. Broad green paths bordered the lake
with rows of chinar trees. The garden was laid in
trellised walkways lined by avenues of aspen trees
planted at 2 feet (0.61 m) interval.
TOP VIEW OF SHALIMAR

VIEWS
 VIEWS

INTERIORS OF SHALIMAR
Gardens play an important role in establishing our environment as well as maintaining the
health. But due to the poor governance they are getting destroyed and loosing their real
beauty. One such example is The Shalimar Garden Lahore
.
• It has five as ades, i ludi g the great ar le as ade a d Sawan Bhadoon, while the main building
situated in the premises included Sawan Bhadoon pavilions, Naqar Khana (room of coloured
artwork), Khawab Gah of Begum Sahib (resting room of the Queen), Baradaries to enjoy the cool
breeze produced by the surrounding fountains. Two huge gateways and minarets are located in the
corners of the garden called Diwan-eKhas