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6. TISSUES
Q.1 what is a tissue? Or define the term tissue.
Tissue: A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to
achieve a particular function is called a tissue.
Plant tissues: are of two types’ Meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
I. Meristematic tissue (dividing tissue):
These tissues are at those points where the growth of plants occurs. As the cells
of this tissue are very active, they have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls
and prominent nuclei. They lack vacuoles. Meristematic tissues are classified as
apical, lateral and intercalary.
Q.2 where is apical meristem lateral meristem and intercalary meristem
found?
Ans-apical meristem is present at the growing tips of stems and roots and
increases the length of the stem and the root.
-The girth of the stem or root increases due to lateral meristem (cambium).
-Intercalary meristem is the meristem at the base of the leaves or internodes
(on either side of the node) on twigs.

II. Permanent tissue:

-Meristematic tissue takes up a specific role and loses the ability to divide. As a
result, they form a permanent tissue.
-This process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called
differentiation.
Q.3 Name types of simple permanent tissue.
a. Simple permanent tissue:
Tissues made of one type of cells, which look like each other are called simple
permanent tissue.
Q.4 Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
i. Parenchyma-
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It consists of a few layers of relatively unspecialized cells with thin cell walls
form the basic packing tissue. They are live cells.
Structure-They are usually loosely packed, so that large spaces between cells
(intercellular spaces) are found in this tissue.
-In some situations, it contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis,
and then it is called chlorenchyma.
-In aquatic animals, large air cavities are present in parenchyma to give
buoyancy to the plants to help them float. Such a parenchyma type is called
aerenchyma.
Location-The parenchyma of stems and roots also stores nutrients and water.
Function-This tissue provides support to plants and also stores food.
ii. Collenchyma-
Structure- The cells of this tissue are living, elongated and irregularly thickened
at the corners. There is very little intercellular space.
Location-this tissue in leaf stalks below the epidermis.
The flexibility in plants is due to another permanent tissue, collenchyma.
Function-It allows easy bending in various parts of a plant (leaf, stem) without
breaking. It also provides mechanical support to plants.
Q.5 Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?
iii. Sclerenchyma- It is the tissue which makes the plant hard and stiff.
Sclerenchyma is the tissue which makes the husk of the coconut. The
cells of this tissue are dead.
Structure-They are long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to lignin (a
chemical substance which acts as cement and hardens them). Often these
walls are so thick that there is no internal space inside the cell.
Location- This tissue is present in stems, around vascular bundles, in the veins
of leaves and in the hard covering of seeds and nuts.
Function- It provides strength to the plant parts.
Q.6 Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the
basis of their cell wall.
PARENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA SCLERENCHYMA
The cells of parenchyma The cells of this tissue The walls of
have thin walls made of have cell wall thickened sclerenchyma are
cellulose. at the corners due to thickened due to lignin
cellulose deposition. deposition.

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Q.7 What is the role of epidermis in plants? How does the cork act as a
protective tissue?
 Epidermis(skin) :The outermost single layer of cells is called epidermis
(protective tissue)
Structure-cells of epidermal tissue form a continuous layer without
intercellular spaces. Most epidermal cells are relatively flat. Often their outer
and side walls are thicker than the inner wall.

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Location-The entire surface of a plant has this outer covering of epidermis.

Function-
(i) It protects all the parts of the plant.
(ii) Epidermal cells of the roots, whose function is water absorption, bear long
hair-like parts that greatly increase the total absorptive surface area.
In plants living in very dry habitats like desert plants, epidermis has or secrets a
thick waxy coating of cutin (chemical substance with waterproof quality or
water resistance layer) on its outer surface. This aids in protection against loss
of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi. Since it has a
protective role to play.
As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue changes. Secondary meristem
replaces the epidermis of the stem. Cells on the outside are cut off from this
layer. This forms the several-layer thick cork or the barks of the tree
(protective tissue).Cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged without
intercellular spaces. They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that
makes them impervious to gases and water.
Q.8 What are the functions of the stomata?
 Stomata: small pores in the epidermis of the leaf called stomata.
-stomata are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.
Function- (i) they are necessary for exchanging gases with the atmosphere.
(ii) Transpiration (loss of water in the form of water vapour) also takes place
through stomata.
a. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE :
Complex tissues like xylem and phloem (cells) coordinate to perform a
common function.
They are both conducting tissues and constitute a vascular bundle. Vascular or
conductive tissue is a feature of plants, which made possible for survival in the
terrestrial environment.
How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue?
 XYLEM- It consists of tracheids, vessels, and xylem parenchyma and
xylem fibres.
The cells have thick walls, and many of them are dead cells.
Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures.
This allows them to transport water and minerals vertically.
The parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water.
Fibres are mainly supportive in function.
Q.9 What are the constituents of phloem?

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 PHLOEM-It is made up of four types of elements: sieve tubes,

companion cells, phloem fibres and the phloem parenchyma.
Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls
Phloem in that material can move in both directions in it.
Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts of the plants. Except for
phloem fibres, phloem cells are living cells.

Q.10 How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
ANIMAL TISSUE:
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissues.
Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also forms a
barrier to keep different body systems separate .Epithelial tissue cells are
tightly packed and form a continuous sheet. They have only a small amount of

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cementing material between them and almost no intercellular spaces.

Permeability of the cells of various epithelia play an important role in
regulating the exchange of materials between the body and the external
environment and also between different parts of the body.
 SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 Selectively squamous epithelium -transportation of substance occurs
through a selectively squamous epithelium
Location: lining blood vessels or lung alveoli.
 Simple squamous epithelial cells-
Structure -These are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining.
Location The covering of oesophagus and the inner lining of the mouth.
 Stratified squamous epithelium-
Structure-Skin epithelial cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and
tear. Since they are arranged in a pattern of layers, the epithelium is called
stratified squamous epithelium.
Location- the skin
Function- protects body.
 COLUMNAR EPITHELIA
Structure-The columnar (meaning pillar-like) epithelium present where
absorption and secretion occur,
Location- in the inner lining of the intestine, tall epithelial cells are present.
Function The epithelium facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier.
 CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Structure-The columnar epithelial tissue also has cilia, which are hair-like
projections on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells.
Function These cilia can move, and their movement pushes the mucus forward
to clear it.
Location -respiratory tract
 CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Structure-These are cube shaped cells
Location the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands,
Function- it provides mechanical support.
 GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
Epithelial cells acquire additional specialization as gland cells, which can
secrete substances at the epithelial surface. tissue folds inward, and
multicellular gland is formed. These is glandular epithelium.

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 CONNECTIVE TISSUE-The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced

and embedded in an intercellular matrix. The matrix may be jelly like,
fluid, dense or rigid.
Functions-1.It connects different tissues and organs.
2. It provides support to different parts of the body by
forming packing around different organs of the body.
 Blood-Blood is a type of connective tissue.
Structure -It has a fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma, in which red blood cells
(RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets are suspended.
Plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones.
Function- blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and
waste materials to different parts of the body.
 Bone-Structure-Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is
composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds.
Function-It forms the framework that supports the body. It also anchors the
muscles and supports the main organs of the body. It is strong and nonflexible
tissue.
The following two are another type of connective tissue.

Q.11 Differentiate the following.

 LIGAMENTS  TENDONS
i. Two bones connected to i. It connects muscles to
each other by ligaments bones.
ii. It contains very little ii. Tendons are fibrous tissue.
matrix.
iii. It has considerable iii. It has great strength
strength.
iv. It is very elastic. iv. It has limited flexibility.
 Cartilage-
It has widely spaced cells
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Structure-The solid matrix is composed of proteins and sugars.

Function-It smoothens bone surfaces at joints.
Location-in the nose, ear, trachea, larynx.
 Areolar tissue -
Location-It found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and
nerves and in the bone marrow.
Q.12 What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Function-It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps
in repair of tissues.
 Adipose tissue -
Structure- The cells of these tissues are filled with fat globules.
Location-Below the skin and between internal organs.
Function-Storage of fats in our body acts as an insulator. (which do not
transform heat)

Q.13 Name the tissue responsible for the movement in out body.
 MUSCULAR TISSUE
Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells, also called muscle fibres. This tissue
is responsible for movement in out body. Muscles contain special proteins
called contractile protein, which contract and relax to cause movement.
 Striated muscles-Voluntary muscles( or skeletal muscles)

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Structure- These muscles show alternate light and dark bands or striations
when stained, so they are called striated muscles. The cells of this tissue are
long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate
Function-They mostly attached to bones and help in body movement.
Location-muscles of our limb.
Thus these muscles which move according to our will are called voluntary
muscles.
 Unstriated muscles-Involuntary muscles( or smooth muscles)
Location-in the iris of the eye, in ureters and in the bronchi of the lings, in the
alimentary canal, in blood vessels
Structure- The cells are long with pointed ends (spindle-shaped) and
uninucleate.

Function-The movement of food in the alimentary canal, The contraction and

relaxation of blood vessels.
Thus these muscles which do not move according to our will are called
involuntary muscles.
Q.14 Give three features of cardiac muscles? What is specific function of
cardiac muscles?
 Cardiac muscles-
Structure-Heart muscle cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleate.
Location-the heart.
Function-The muscles of the heart show rhythmic contraction and relaxation
throughout life.
Thus these are also involuntary muscles.
Q.15 Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the
basis of their structure and site (location) in the body.
Q.16 diagrammatically shows the difference between the three types of
muscle fibres.
Q.17 Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle
fibres. AND Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles.

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CHARACTER STRIATED(SKELETAL) UNSTRIATED(SMOOTH) CARDIAC

i. shape Long cylindrical, Short, spindle shaped Short branched
non-tapering, with pointed, and cylindrical
unbranched unbranched with flat ends.
ii. nucleus Multinucleate, Uninucleate, nucleus in One or two nuclei
nuclei peripheral centre. in the centre.
iii. striations Dark and light bands Striations are absent. Faint striations
are present.
iv. Mode of They are voluntary They are involuntary in They are
contraction in action. action. involuntary in
action.
v. location Hands, legs and Walls of stomach, Present in heart.
attached to bones intestine, ureter, etc.

 NERVOUS TISSUE-
Q.17 what does a neuron look like Draw a labeled diagram of a neuron.
Nervous tissue-
Structure- The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons. A neuron
consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-
like parts arise. Each neuron has a single long part, called the axon, and many
short, branched parts called dendrites.
An individual nerve cell may be up to a metre long. Many nerve fibres bound
together by connective tissue make up a nerve.

Location- The brain, spinal cord and nerves are composed of the nervous
tissue.
Function- Cells of the nervous tissue are highly specialized for being stimulated
and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another
within the body. Nerve impulses allow us to move our muscles. The functional
combination of nerve and muscle tissue enables animals to move rapidly in
response to stimuli.

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