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Theophanies in the Climate Alarmism and

Old Testament the Age of the Earth
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VOLUME 48 NUMBER 4
APRIL 2019
Published by
INSTITUTE FOR CREATION RESEARCH
P. O. Box 59029
Dallas, TX 75229
5
214.615.8300
ICR.org feature
Acts & Facts is a free publication.

5 Theophanies in the Old Testament
For subscription information,
call 800.337.0375, research
visit ICR.org/subscriptions,
10 Marine Fossils Mixed with Hell Creek
or write to ICR at the above address.
10 Dinosaurs
EXECUTIVE EDITOR T I M C L A R E Y, P h . D .
Jayme Durant
impact
SENIOR EDITOR
Beth Mull 11 Climate Alarmism and the Age of
EDITORS
the Earth
Michael Stamp J A K E H E B E R T, P h . D .
Truett Billups
Christy Hardy back to genesis
DESIGNER
15 Recent Humans with Archaic Features
Dennis Davidson
11

Upend Evolution
J E F F R E Y P. T O M K I N S , P h . D .
No articles may be reprinted in whole or in
part without obtaining permission from ICR.
Copyright © 2019
17 New Distributed Problem-Solving
Institute for Creation Research Model for Population Adaptation
All Scripture quotations are from the New King
PHIL B. GASKILL and
James Version unless otherwise indicated. R A N D Y J . G U L I U Z Z A , P. E . , M . D .
creation q & a
15 20 Are Fossils Just Rocks Shaped like
Bones?
BRIAN THOMAS, M.S.
apologetics
21 Termite Skyscrapers Hidden in Plain
View
JAMES J. S. JOHNSON, J.D., Th.D.
stewardship
22 T. rex, Tours, and Testimonies
22 H E N RY M . M O R R I S I V
APRIL 2019 | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | ICR.ORG

3
T
from the editor
Changing Lives One at a Time
I
recently worked a booth at a Dallas women’s conference, to-read approach to creation topics with plenty of illustrations in a
where ICR sponsored a table. We provided free books, maga- beautiful format. Begin with Guide to Creation Basics to get a good
zines, devotionals, and information to anyone who stopped by foundation. If you have children, start with the Science for Kids series
our display. or the Little Creation Books for your preschoolers.
That first evening, my colleagues and I visited with dozens of Perhaps you’ve noticed that the Creation Q&A articles in Acts
women. The next day, a woman returned to our table and told us she & Facts are written at a level for general readers. These engaging col-
had picked up our Creation Q&A booklet the night before, and she umns answer many of the basic questions people have when they’re
wondered if she could have more copies. She said she used it to share first introduced to creation science, such as this month’s focus on
the gospel with another woman and that the woman had prayed to what fossils are and how they fit with a young earth (“Are Fossils Just
receive Christ. God used the booklet to change someone’s life, and Rocks Shaped like Bones?” page 20).
she wanted more to share with others. What’s interesting about that And our serious science articles include highlights to help you
48-page booklet is that it doesn’t have a dedicated gospel presenta- navigate some of the more complicated information. These articles
tion in it—it simply shows how science confirms what the Bible tells present current scientific research on important issues in the cre-
us about creation and assures the reader they can trust God’s Word. ation-evolution debate, such as Dr. Jeff Tomkins’ discussion of recent
I don’t know details about the woman who accepted Christ, but studies that refute the human evolution story (“Recent Humans with
I’m guessing she’s like many of the people we encounter who have Archaic Features Upend Evolution,” page 15) and Dr. Jake Hebert’s
doubts about God because they think the Bible doesn’t fit with science. examination of how old-earth beliefs influence the climate change
We’ve discovered that when we show people that scientific evidence debate (“Climate Alarmism and the Age of the Earth,” pages 11-14).
lines up with what the Bible says, then they are free to accept that God’s Through our conferences, our social media posts, our weekly
Word is true in what it says about salvation as well as science. The in- online news articles, our publications, and more, we work to equip
formation we share at events and in our resources often removes the believers with the knowledge they need to challenge the misinforma-
obstacles that have somehow kept people from trusting God. tion that is rampant in our world. Our goal is to clearly communicate
Creation Q&A is just one of the many resources we offer to help the message that you can trust God’s Word, and He uses it to change
others understand how science confirms Scripture. Our 12-DVD people, one life at a time.
series Unlocking the Mysteries of Genesis is a good introductory pre-
sentation that provides information about dinosaurs, the Flood, the
Ice Age, the age of the universe, and more. We also offer a correspond- Jayme Durant
Executive Editor
ing student workbook. Our Guide to… book series provides an easy-
ICR.ORG | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | APRIL 2019

4
Theophanies in the Old Testament
The Creator
at Work in
His World
article highlights
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
 Jesus Christ existed before His birth in
Bethlehem—He is our Creator.
 A human’s encounter with God before
Jesus’ incarnation is known as a theophany.
 Jesus visited multiple people in the Old
Testament, many times appearing in vis-
A s Easter approaches, we tend to focus our reflections on the life, death,
and glorious resurrection of Christ. We even mark the timeline of his-
tory by whether events happened before (BC) or after (AD) Christ’s
birth. But Christ’s existence didn’t begin with His time on Earth.
The apostle John emphasizes this when he begins his gospel account.
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was
God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through Him,
and without Him nothing was made that was made. (John 1:1-3)
ible form.
 The ICR Discovery Center will feature sev- The apostle Paul also affirms this truth in the book of Colossians.
en of the visible theophanies to highlight
the Creator’s work throughout history. He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. For by Him
all things were created that are in heaven and that are on earth, visible and in-
visible….And He is before all things, and in Him all things consist. (Colossians
1:15-17)
The Lord Jesus Christ was present at the beginning of creation—He was and
is our Creator. His pre-existence is further affirmed by His many appearances docu-

5
feature
mented throughout the Old Testament. Theophany is a theological  Miraculous actions and knowledge
term that refers to an encounter with God prior to Christ’s incarna-  Comforting statements
tion. There are over 50 possible theophanies recorded throughout the  Worship of God as a result of the encounter
Old Testament, primarily concentrated in Genesis, in the Exodus and
conquest events, in Judges, and in the prophets. The Lord Appears to Abraham (Genesis 18:1-15)
Generally speaking, theophanies take three primary forms:
In this passage, it says that “the Lord appeared to [Abraham] by
1) Visible manifestations most often involve the Angel of the Lord the terebinth trees.” Note Abraham’s immediate reaction. He looked
appearing in human form, but could also include other visible and saw three men standing near him. He “ran…to meet them, and
encounters such as the fire and smoke on Mount Sinai. bowed himself to the ground” (vv. 1-2). It seems plausible that Abra-
2) Auditory manifestations are indicated by the many “and the Lord ham may have recognized the pre-incarnate Lord Jesus Christ from
said unto...” statements found throughout the Old Testament, previous encounters in Genesis 12:7 and 14:18-20.
but also include unique encounters like the “still small voice” that
spoke to Elijah in the cave (1 Kings 19:12).
Only one of these men—the Lord Jesus—spoke with authority.

Not only does He prophesy that Sarah will have a son in her old age
3) Visions and dreams also exhibit theophany characteristics, such (v. 10) but He knows that Sarah privately laughed in her tent when
as Jacob’s ladder dream (Genesis 28:12), Daniel’s man in linen vi- she overheard the news. He responds by asking, “Why did Sarah
sion (Daniel 10–12), and Zechariah’s man among the myrtle trees laugh?…Is anything too hard for the Lord?” (vv. 13-14).
vision (Zechariah 1:7-17). However, whether or not visions and
dreams should be considered theophanies is controversial among The Man Wrestles with Jacob (Genesis 32:24-30)
scholars since they involve a metaphysical or spiritual presence
rather than a physical one. Jacob spent the night alone as he was
waiting to meet his estranged brother
John 1:18 tells us that “no one has seen God at any time.” Does Esau. The passage says “a Man wres-
this contradict the many visible manifestations mentioned through- tled with him until the breaking of
out the Old Testament? Not at all, for John also explains in the same day” (v. 24). When Jacob continued
verse that “the only begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, fighting after long hours of struggle,
He has declared Him.” In other words, whenever the omnipresent, the Man touched the socket of Ja-
invisible God has chosen to appear to people, He has done so in the cob’s hip and instantly maimed him
person of His Son, Jesus Christ. (v. 25). Still, Jacob refused to release
Let’s take a moment to review seven visible manifestations that Him, even while experiencing excruci-
clearly represent physical encounters with the pre-incarnate Christ. ating pain. Jacob cried out, “I will not let
As you reflect on these miraculous events, you’ll notice that theoph- You go unless You bless me!” (v. 26).
anies documented in the Bible share five similar characteristics: The Man said, “Your name shall no longer be called Jacob, but
 A God-initiated encounter Israel; for you have struggled with God and with men, and have pre-
 Declarations of deity vailed” (v. 28). And Jacob, recognizing the divinity of Christ, the Man

6
with whom he wrestled, responded with a bold proclamation: “For I as he passed by. The donkey crossed over into a field, pushed herself
have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved” (v. 30). against a wall, and even lay down in the middle of the road.
Balaam, unaware of the Lord’s presence, struck the donkey
The Angel of the Lord Speaks from a Burning Bush (Exodus 3:2-10) for her disobedience to his commands. Then, “the Lord opened the
mouth of the donkey, and she said to Balaam, ‘What have I done
Moses, a fugitive from Egypt, was tending to his father-in-law’s
to you, that you have struck me these three times?...Am I not your
flock when the “Angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire
donkey on which you have ridden, ever since I became yours, to this
from the midst of a bush….The bush was burning with fire, but the
day? Was I ever disposed to do this to you?’” (vv. 28-30).1 Animals’
bush was not consumed” (v. 2). God called to Moses from the bush,
mouths, tongue muscles, and brains are not designed for human
telling him, “Do not draw near this place. Take your sandals off your
speech, so supernatural intervention was absolutely necessary for this
feet, for the place where you stand is holy ground” (v. 5).
to happen.
We know this was no ordinary angel because He clearly re-
“The Lord opened Balaam’s eyes, and he saw the Angel of the
vealed His identity to Moses: “I am the God of your father—the God
Lord standing in the way with His drawn sword in His hand; and he
of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” The passage
bowed his head and fell flat on his face” (v. 31). God has the power
tells us that Moses “was afraid to look upon God” as the Lord called
to use whatever means necessary to accomplish His will. In this case,
him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt (vv. 6-10).
the Lord used a wicked and perverse false-prophet-for-hire (v. 32) to
Many artistic interpretations of this event depict the flaming
bless and protect His chosen people.
bush that did not burn, but the text clearly states that the Angel of the
Commander of the Lord’s Army Appears to Joshua (Joshua 5:13-15)
After the Israelites were delivered out of Egypt and had wan-
dered in the wilderness for 40 years, God charged Joshua to lead the
next generation to conquer Canaan. When Joshua was near Jericho,
he “lifted his eyes and looked, and behold, a Man stood opposite him
with His sword drawn in His hand.” Joshua approached the Man and
asked, “Are You for us or for our adversaries?” (v. 13).
“So [the Man] said, ‘No, but as Commander of the army of the
Lord I have now come.’ And Joshua fell on his face to the earth and
worshiped” (v. 14).
The Man, the Lord Jesus Christ, let Joshua know exactly who
Lord was visible to Moses. It is possible that the shekinah glory of God
emanating from the Angel—the pre-incarnate Christ—standing in
the midst of the bush gave the appearance of fire.
The Angel of the Lord Confronts Balaam (Numbers 22:22-35)
When Balaam saddled his donkey and headed to Moab with

instructions from King Balak to curse Israel, the Bible tells us that the
“Angel of the Lord took His stand in the way as an adversary against
him” (v. 22). Balaam’s donkey did everything she could to avoid
crossing paths with the Lord Jesus Christ, who planned to kill Balaam

7
feature
was and is in charge. “Then the Commander of the Lord’s army said hair of their head was not singed nor were their garments affected,
to Joshua, ‘Take your sandal off your foot, for the place where you and the smell of fire was not on them” (v. 27).
stand is holy.’ And Joshua did so” (v. 15). Joshua’s encounter with Scholars debate whether the fourth man in the fire was the
Christ encouraged him to begin the conquest of Canaan and fulfill pre-incarnate Christ or one of God’s mighty angels. Nebuchadnez-
God’s promise to Abraham (Genesis 12:7). zar described the man as one “like a son of the gods” [literal transla-
tion] and later calls him “His Angel.” But the dramatic imagery of this
The Angel of the Lord Visits Manoah and His Wife (Judges 13) event, followed by praise for God by a pagan king, is undeniable.
“ Nebuchadnezzar spoke, saying, ‘Blessed be the God of
The Lord Jesus Christ appeared again in the time of the Judges
Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego, who sent His Angel and deliv-
during a 40-year period when Israel was oppressed by the Philistines.
ered His servants who trusted in Him, and they have frustrated the
He visited an unnamed woman who had been unable to bear chil-
king’s word, and yielded their bodies, that they should not serve nor
dren for many years: “Indeed now, you are barren and have borne no
worship any god except their own God’” (v. 28).
children, but you shall conceive and bear a son….and no razor shall
When God enacts a miracle, He supernaturally controls all details
come upon his head, for the child shall be a Nazirite to God from
so that His power is unmistakable, and there is no other explanation!
the womb; and he shall begin to deliver Israel out of the hand of the
Philistines” (vv. 3-5). This prophecy foretold the life of Samson.
Old Testament Theophanies in the Discovery Center
When the woman told her husband, Manoah, about the en-
counter, Manoah prayed that the “Man of God” would come again The Creator has been at work in His creation throughout
and teach them what to do (v. 8). The Lord Jesus visited and spoke Earth’s history. In these seven theophanies, we see the Lord Jesus
with both of them. Manoah offered to feed his guest. “The Angel of Christ visiting people during significant times in their lives, meeting
the Lord said to Manoah, ‘Though you detain Me, I will not eat your their needs, revealing His character, and intervening in a personal
food. But if you offer a burnt offering, you must offer it to the Lord.’ way.
(For Manoah did not know He was the Angel of the Lord)” (v. 16). These events will be featured in the ICR Discovery Center for
“So Manoah took the young goat with the grain offering, and Science and Earth History. The goal of this center is to glorify and
offered it upon the rock to the Lord. And He did a wondrous thing reveal our Creator. So, after the main exhibits displaying the scientific
while Manoah and his wife looked on—it happened as the flame evidence for God’s creation, visitors will be introduced to the Creator
went up toward heaven from the altar—the Angel of the Lord as- Himself. The scenes of the Old Testament theophanies will precede a
cended in the flame of the altar!” (vv. 19-20). dramatic hologram-based exhibit of the life of Christ, who revealed
Manoah and his wife fell on their faces to the ground. “When Himself as never before when He was born in the flesh and walked
the Angel of the Lord appeared no more to Manoah and his wife, then this earth for 33 years. His perfect, sinless life culminated in a horrific
Manoah knew that He was the Angel of the Lord. And Manoah said death on the cross. He paid the penalty for our sins, so that we could
to his wife, ‘We shall surely die, because we have seen God!’” (vv. 21- become children of God.
22). But she contended that God would not have accepted their burnt Just as Christ’s existence didn’t begin with His earthly birth,
offering or foretold Samson’s birth had He intended to kill them. neither did it end with His earthly death. After three days, He rose
“So the woman bore a son and called his name Samson; and from the grave, ascended to heaven, and sat down at the right hand
the child grew, and the Lord blessed him” (v. 24). of God, where He ever lives to intercede for us (Mark 16:19; Hebrews
1:3; 7:25). God’s presence now lives in each believer through the Holy
The Fourth Man in the Fire (Daniel 3:16-28) Spirit. What a joy it is to know that the Holy Spirit of God is always
with us (John 14:16-17; 16:7-14).
King Nebuchadnezzar commanded the people of Babylon to
The God who has appeared throughout all of history, whose
bow down to his idol at the trumpet’s sound. Shadrach, Meshach,
work we see in creation, and whose sacrifice assured our salvation
and Abed-Nego, exiles from Israel, refused to worship anyone but
will appear again one day before our eyes. In that day, the whole
the Lord. Their refusal angered the king, and he commanded they be
world will respond in worship and praise to Him (Philippians 2:9-
thrown into a fiery furnace, a seemingly unlikely place for a glorious
11). What a day that will be!
theophany. Reference
“ Then King Nebuchadnezzar was astonished…‘Did we 1. In his study Bible notes, Dr. Henry Morris commented that Balaam’s apparent lack of sur-
prise at hearing the donkey speak “was probably due both to his direct encounter with God the
not cast three men bound into the midst of the fire?...Look!...I see previous night (Numbers 22:20) and also his unthinking rage, accompanied by physical pain,
caused by the stubbornness of the animal.” Morris, H. M. 2012. The Henry Morris Study Bible.
four men loose, walking in the midst of the fire; and they are not hurt, Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 278.
and the form of the fourth is like the Son of God’” (vv. 24-25). The Portions of this article were adapted from Sunday school materials prepared by Henry M.
king called the men to come out of the fire and discovered that “the Morris IV, ICR Director of Operations.

8
events
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Redding, CA | Alpha Omega Conference | (J. Johnson) 530.221.4275
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W e s t b y, W I | C r e a t i o n Fa m i l y C a m p a t L i v i n g W a t e r s B i b l e C a m p |
27 ( R . G u l i u z z a ) LW B C . o r g o r 6 0 8 . 6 3 4 . 4 3 7 3
S A V E T H E D A T E
MADE IN HIS IMAGE

A C r e a t i o n A p o l o g e t i c s Co n fe r e n c e
J U LY
27-28
Randy J. Guliuzza, P.E., M.D. Jeffrey P. Tomkins, Ph.D.
Oceanside, CA
Calvary Chapel Oceanside
760.754.1234
For information on event opportunities, call 800.337.0375 or email Events@ICR.org

9
research T I M C L A R E Y , P h . D .
For the serious science reader
Marine Fossils Mixed with Hell Creek Dinosaurs
R
ecently, a new species of shark was found at the site where
T. rex “Sue” was extracted.1 While this didn’t surprise Flood
geologists,2 it required some special pleading by evolutionary
scientists to explain away another apparent marine animal in article highlights
the “wrong” place. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Sue was discovered in South Dakota in a sedimentary rock unit  The Hell Creek Formation holds shark and other ma-
rine fossils mixed with land-dwelling animal fossils such
known as the Hell Creek Formation (HCF).1 This formation also cov-
as T. rex.
ers parts of North Dakota and Montana and resides near the top of a  Secular scientists have trouble explaining ocean and
massive pile of sedimentary rocks called the Williston Basin. land creatures found together.
A few years ago, I researched the HCF and showed that it was  A global flood is the best explanation for the fossil mix
encapsulated, top and bottom, by sedimentary rocks that even secular found in Hell Creek and elsewhere.
scientists agree are marine in origin. Figure 1 shows the Upper Creta-
ceous and Paleogene stratigraphic units in the Williston Basin, with
the marine rocks shaded in gray.3
fish,1 in spite of the more reasonable conclusion that they represent
Secular scientists have found numerous marine invertebrate fos-
marine organisms.
sils throughout the HCF.4 Using the informal subdivisions identified
The bottom line is that the Fox Hills Formation directly below
by earlier scientists,5,6 they determined there were marine fossils in
the HCF is accepted as a marine deposit (Figure 1), and the unit im-
three of the four subunits (shown by the letter “M” in Figure 1). Brack-
mediately above the HCF, the Cannonball Member of the Fort Union
ish-water and marine bivalves called Crassostrea (oysters) and Corbic-
Formation, is accepted as a marine deposit, yet Hell Creek itself is
ula (clams), gastropod Pachymelania (snails), and the crustacean trace
claimed to be terrestrial solely because it contains dinosaur fossils. But
fossil Ophiomorpha were common throughout the formation.
it’s filled with marine fossils from top to bottom.
A variety of animal groups
This is nothing new for the global rock record. We see this same
are found in the Upper Creta-
fossil mix across all continents. Even most European Cretaceous dino-
ceous HCF and in the overlying
saurs are found not just mixed with marine fossils but in actual ma-
Paleogene Fort Union Forma-
rine rocks like chalk and limestone.8 Spinosaurus, the largest theropod
tion.3 The data show multiple
dinosaur ever discovered, was found in Morocco with car-size fossils
examples of mixed land, fresh-
of coelacanth fish, which today are only found in the deep ocean.9
water, and marine influences
The best explanation of the mix of land and marine organisms is
in the upper HCF. These results
not fluctuating sea levels as most secularists claim, but a massive global
mesh well with the marine in-
flood that covered all the continents just as Genesis describes.
fluence found in North Dakota.4 References
Surprisingly, in two vol- 1. Gates, T. A., E. Gorscak, and P. J. Makovicky. New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the
latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America. Journal of Paleontology. Published
umes of papers published on online on Cambridge.org January 21, 2019.
2. Thomas, B. A T. rex Swimming with Sharks? Creation Science Update. Posted on ICR.org Feb-
the HCF in the last 20 years, ruary 19, 2019.
3. Clarey, T. L. 2015. The Hell Creek Formation: The Last Gasp of the Pre-Flood Dinosaurs. Cre-
little is mentioned of the occur- ation Research Society Quarterly. 51 (4): 286-298.
4. Hartman, J. H. and J. I. Kirkland. 2002. Brackish and marine mollusks of the Hell Creek Forma-
rences of five (now six) species tion of North Dakota: Evidence for a persisting Cretaceous seaway. In The Hell Creek Formation
and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental
of sharks, the 14 species of fish, Record of the End of the Cretaceous. J. H. Hartman, K. R. Johnson, and D. J. Nichols, eds. Geo-
logical Society of America Special Papers. 361: 271-296.
and the bivalves that indicate a 5. Frye, C. I. 1967. The Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota. Ph.D. dissertation. Grand Forks,
marine influence on the forma- ND: University of North Dakota, 411 p.
6. Frye, C. I. 1969. Stratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota. North Dakota
tion.7 Secular scientists either Geological Survey Bulletin. 54: 65 p.
7. Hartman, J. The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern
ignore these findings4 or dismiss Great Plains; Wilson, G. P. et al. 2014. Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality
of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America
them as freshwater sharks and Special Papers 503.
8. Csiki-Sava, Z. et al. 2015. Island life in the Cretaceous—faunal composition, biogeography,
evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Creta-
Figure 1. Stratigraphic units in the Williston Basin of the Dakotas, ceous European archipelago. ZooKeys. 469: 1-161.
showing the formations and members above and below the Hell Creek 9. Ibrahim, N. et al. 2014. Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory
dinosaur. Science. 345 (6204): 1613-1616.
Formation. The shaded units are secular-accepted marine deposits. The
white units are purported to be terrestrial deposits. The “M” designates Dr. Clarey is Research Associate at the Institute for Creation Research and
earned his Ph.D. in geology from Western Michigan University.
layers with fossils providing a positive identification of marine taxon.4

10
impact J A K E H E B E R T , P h . D .
For the serious science reader
Climate Alarmism
and the
Age of the Earth
M
a r t i c l e any evangelical Christians think global warming is a serious
h ig h l i g h t s issue that demands drastic action.1 At the Institute for Cre-
• • • • • • • • • • • • ation Research we tend to be skeptical of the claim that in-
 Many secular scientists believe Earth’s cli- creasing amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) will cause Earth
mate is extremely sensitive to changes in atmo- to overheat. Climate change proponents say their case is built on scientific
2
spheric carbon dioxide because the astronomical evidence. However, old-earth beliefs actually make a major contribution to
theory, built on old-earth assumptions, demands it.
climate change alarmism.
 ICR research has shown that evidence for the astro-
nomical theory is weak to nonexistent.
 Scientists use computer models to argue for high Climate Sensitivity
climate sensitivity, but these models likely contain
The real issue in the climate change debate is climate sensitivity.3 If
flawed assumptions.
 It appears Earth’s climate has a low sen- the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere were to double while everything else
sitivity to change. We don’t need to stayed the same, the increase in global average surface temperatures would
buy in to climate change be small, only about 1°C (less than 2°F).4
alarmism. However, our climate is complicated, and a change in one thing

11
impact
inevitably causes a response somewhere else. Some of these responses think the Genesis Flood caused this Ice Age about 4,500 years ago and
are called negative feedbacks, which minimize or oppose a warming that it lasted just hundreds of years.7
tendency. On the other hand, positive feedbacks enhance the initial In the secular view, our climate slowly alternates between colder
warming. If climate sensitivity is high, then the effect of positive feed- glacials (ice ages) and warmer interglacials. Secular scientists think
backs will dominate and there will be a large increase in temperature the timing of ice ages is controlled by changes in the way sunlight
after the climate has settled down. But if climate sensitivity is low, striking the Earth is distributed with latitude and season. They think
then the negative feedbacks will tend to balance the positive feed- these sunlight changes are themselves caused by variations in Earth’s
backs, resulting in a smaller temperature increase. orbital and rotational motions. This particular belief about past cli-
Scientists worried about climate change tend to think climate mate change is called the astronomical or Milankovitch ice age theory.
sensitivity is very high. Those who are less concerned believe climate The astronomical theory has many problems. First, evidence
sensitivity is low. If we ignore questionable research, there are two for the theory is weak, as discussed below. Second, the changes in
main reasons some researchers think climate sensitivity is high. sunlight are so small that it’s difficult to see how they alone could
cause ice ages. Well-known secular astronomer Fred Hoyle once ridi-
Computer Climate Models culed the Milankovitch theory for this very reason.7 The astronomi-
cal theory only works if these small changes in sunlight can somehow
The first reason arises from predictions made by computer cli-
be amplified.
mate models. Many of these models have predicted large amounts of
warming. However, the climate is a complex system, and scientists Paleoclimatologists [scientists who study ancient climates] have
long recognized that the amount of Milankovitch-induced
don’t fully understand it. So, these computer models use simplifying
change in solar heating is too small to melt glaciers or to send
assumptions, premises that may be in error.5 In fact, there’s good rea- Earth into a deep freeze, unless some as yet unidentified part of
son to think these assumptions are in error. Most climate models have, the climate system amplifies it.8
in the past, predicted more warming than we later actually observed.2
One can also use basic physics to estimate climate sensitivity. The Astronomical Theory and Climate Sensitivity
This is hard to do, but it theoretically should be more reliable than
So, what do secular scientists think is amplifying these small
the results of computer models. Interestingly, one such recent study
changes in sunlight? If you guessed carbon dioxide, go to the head of
suggests that climate sensitivity is relatively low.5,6
the class!
The Astronomical Theory Simulations with global climate models show that the ampli-
tude [size] of glacial-interglacial temperature changes can only
The second argument for high climate sensitivity comes from be reproduced if CO2 changes are accounted for.…This leads us
old-earth beliefs about past climate change. Secular scientists inter- to conclude that CO2 changes are an important (feedback) fac-
pret chemical “wiggles” in deep seafloor sediments as a record of 50 tor in determining glacial-interglacial temperature changes al-
though the ultimate cause of the ice age cycles are Earth’s orbital
or so ice ages within the past 2.6 million years. However, creation sci-
cycles.9
entists think secular scientists are seriously misinterpreting the sedi-
ment data and that there’s strong evidence for only one Ice Age. We Do you follow the reasoning? Secular scientists have convinced

12
themselves that the Milankovitch theory is correct. However, they re- He goes on to say:
alize the changes in sunlight predicted by the theory are too small The main limit on the [climate] sensitivity value is that it has to
to alone cause ice ages. Furthermore, computer models can only re- be consistent with paleoclimate data. A sensitivity which is too
produce supposed past temperature changes if the models assume low will be inconsistent with past climate changes – basically if
that CO2 helps amplify the effect of these small changes (Figure 1). In there is some large negative feedback which makes the sensitivity
too low, it would have prevented the planet from transitioning
from ice ages to interglacial periods, for example.10
Obviously, these conclusions are only correct if the astronomical

theory itself is correct. So, how strong is the evidence for the theory?
The Astronomical Theory: What’s the Evidence?

Evidence for the astronomical theory is not strong at all. I am
aware of only two papers that come anywhere close to providing
objective evidence for the astronomical theory, even by secular, old-
earth reckoning. Original ICR research revealed very serious prob-
lems with the first paper.11,12 The second paper purports to confirm
the theory but is not very convincing. In fact, it appears to be an at-
tempt to discreetly “prop up” the first paper.8,13,14
Two factors make the theory seem much stronger than it really
Figure 1. The circular reasoning used by uniformitarian (old-earth) sci- is. One is the sheer number of published papers on the subject. An in-
entists to conclude that climate sensitivity is high. ternet search for “Milankovitch theory” produces more than 100,000
results! However, nearly all the technical papers on the subject sim-
ply assume the theory to be correct. Secular scientists then use that
other words, they assume CO2 is a major positive feedback. They also
assumption to assign ages to ice and deep-sea cores and/or to draw
assume that the negative feedbacks that are known to exist will not
conclusions about past or future climate change.
be large enough to resist this CO2-enhanced warming. One scientist
The second factor is the existence of charts such as the one in
makes the argument this way:
Figure 2. These kinds of charts are extremely common in both popu-
Thus when arguing for low climate sensitivity, it becomes dif- lar and technical science publications. The blue and green lines are
ficult to explain past climate changes. For example, between
changes in temperature inferred from the chemistry of two deep
glacial and interglacial periods, the planet’s average temperature
changes on the order of 6°C (more like 8-10°C in the Antarctic). Antarctic ice cores. The red line is global ice volume inferred from
If the climate sensitivity is low, for example due to increasing the chemistry of deep-sea sediments. Note that the red pattern is
low-lying cloud cover reflecting more sunlight as a response upside down, with “high” ice volumes at the bottom and “low” ice
to global warming, then how can these large past temperature volumes at the top. The three sets of wiggles seem to track very well
changes be explained?10 with each other. Ice volume increases when temperature falls and de-
GOD HAS DESIGNED EARTH AND ITS

SYSTEMS AND GAVE HIS PROMISE TO
NOAH AFTER THE FLOOD FOR AN OVER-
ALL CLIMATE STABILITY (GENESIS 8:22).

13
impact
and ice cores. With this freedom, there’s a good chance that the tuner
can force the pattern to look like those shown in Figure 2. This is
true even if the wiggles have nothing at all to do with climate. This
means you can force the patterns to agree with the Milankovitch
theory even if the theory is wrong! Even secular scientists have given
pointed warnings about the dangers of circular reasoning in orbital
tuning.14-16 This is why Figure 2, despite appearances, is really not a
strong argument for the astronomical theory. The wiggly patterns
agree with the theory because orbital tuning made them agree!
An Informed Response
Before Christians jump on the climate change bandwagon, they

need to understand why secular scientists are making the claims they
Figure 2. Chart showing a close agreement, apparently lasting hundreds
do. These scientists say our climate is very sensitive to changes in car-
of thousands of years, between inferred temperatures and global ice vol-
ume. The blue and green lines reflect temperature changes inferred from bon dioxide (CO2) because of the results of computer climate models
chemical measurements in two Antarctic ice cores. The red line is global and their old-earth interpretation of chemical wiggles in deep-sea
ice volume inferred from chemical measurements in deep-sea sediment sediments. However, the computer models are likely overestimating
cores. Despite appearances, charts such as these are not strong arguments climate sensitivity. Likewise, the old-earth interpretation of deep-sea
either for an old earth or for the astronomical theory.
Copyright © Robert A. Rohde. Used in accordance with federal copyright (fair use doctrine) law. Usage by ICR does
sediment data is coming from the astronomical (Milankovitch) ice
not imply endorsement of copyright holder. age theory. Yet there is little, if any, evidence for this theory, even by
secular reckoning.
creases when temperature rises. It looks like all three lines are telling Although Christians should certainly practice good steward-
a consistent story about climate change over the last 450,000 years. ship over the earth, we don’t need to succumb to demands for drastic
Furthermore, it’s not too hard to show that the times of greatest ice action based on faulty science and millions-of-years manipulations.
volume agree with Milanovitch expectations. We’d expect climate sensitivity to be low because God has designed
This might seem to be an incredibly powerful argument for Earth and its systems and gave His promise to Noah after the Flood
both an old earth and the astronomical theory. If independent data-
for an overall climate stability (Genesis 8:22).
sets are telling the same story about climate change over hundreds
References
of thousands of years, how can any reasonable person doubt either 1. Sacks, E. The gospel of climate change: Green pastors bringing environmentalism to evangeli-
cals. NBC News. Posted on nbcnews.com April 22, 2018, accessed January 14, 2019.
millions of years or the astronomical theory? 2. Cupps, V. R. and J. Hebert. 2016. A Realistic Look at Global Warming. Acts & Facts. 45 (4): 10-13.
3. Biello, D. The Most Important Number in Climate Change: Just how sensitive is Earth’s climate
to increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide? Scientific American. Posted on scientificameri-
Orbital Tuning Tailors the Results can.com November 30, 2015, accessed February 26, 2019.
4. Chandler, D. L. Explained: Climate sensitivity. MIT News. Posted on news.mit.edu March 19,
2010, accessed February 26, 2019.
But the appearance of this argument’s validity is actually su- 5. Spencer, R. New Lewis & Curry Study Concludes Climate Sensitivity is Low. Posted on dr-
royspencer.com April 24, 2018, accessed October 8, 2018.
perficial because the datasets are not independent. When scientists 6. Hebert, J. Important Climate-Change Realism Paper Published. Creation Science Update. Post-
ed on ICR.org June 12, 2018, accessed January 14, 2019.
extract cores from the ocean floor and ice sheets, the cores don’t come 7. Hebert, J. 2018. The Bible Best Explains the Ice Age. Acts & Facts. 47 (11): 10-13.
with marked ages. Secular scientists recognize that radioisotope dat- 8. Kerr, R. A. 1997. Upstart Ice Age Theory Gets Attentive But Chilly Hearing. Science. 277 (5323):
183-184.
ing methods are of little help in dating the cores. For this reason, they 9. Schmittner, A. Paleoclimate. Introduction to Climate Science. Online text for Oregon State
University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. Posted on library.open.oregon-
use the astronomical theory to assign ages to the cores in a process state.edu, accessed January 4, 2019.
10. Nuccitelli, D. How sensitive is our climate? Skeptical Science. Posted on skepticalscience.com,
called orbital tuning.15 They think that maximum and minimum accessed November 13, 2018.
11. Hays, J. D., J. Imbrie, and N. J. Shackleton. 1976. Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of
values of chemical wiggles in the cores indicate the deepest parts of the Ice Ages. Science. 194 (4270): 1121-1132.
12. Hebert, J. ‘Big Science’ Celebrates Invalid Milankovitch Paper. Creation Science Update. Posted
cold glacials and the warmest parts of warm interglacials. Further- on ICR.org December 26, 2016, accessed January 14, 2019.
more, they think the astronomical theory gives them the times in the 13. Raymo, M. E. 1997. The timing of major climate terminations. Paleoceanography and Paleocli-
matology. 12 (4): 577-585.
prehistoric past at which these climate changes occurred. The tuning 14. Monastersky, R. 1997. The Big Chill: Does dust drive Earth’s ice ages? Science News. 152 (14):
220.
process requires some sections of the wiggly patterns to be “squished” 15. Hebert, J. 2016. Deep Core Dating and Circular Reasoning. Acts & Facts.
45 (3): 9-11.
and other sections to be “stretched” in an accordion-like fashion. 16. Neeman, B. U. 1993. Orbital Tuning of Paleoclimatic Records: A Re-
assessment. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Orbital tuning involves a huge potential for self-deception be- LBNL-39572, UC-412.
cause it gives the “tuner” the freedom to selectively stretch and com-
Dr. Hebert is Research Associate at the Institute for Creation Research
press different parts of the chemical wiggle patterns in the sediment and earned his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Texas at Dallas.

14
back to genesis J E F F R E Y P . T O M K I N S , P h . D .
Recent Humans with Archaic Features

Upend Evolution
I
deas shaping the concept of human evo-
Figure 1. Salkhit skullcap found in Mongolia.
lution have largely played out through Image credit: Copyright © Institute of History and Archaeology, Mon-
images. Characters with large brow golian Academy of Sciences. Used in accordance with federal copy-
right (fair use doctrine) law. Usage by ICR does not imply endorse-
ridges and sloping foreheads— ment of copyright holder.
including Homo neanderthalensis and

Homo erectus—have consistently been Numerous studies have shown that
depicted as the earliest forms of evolv- Australopithecines are extinct apes
ing humans. Now, new fossil evidence with many chimp-like anatomical
is turning the whole paradigm traits. Homo is the human
upside down. genus that includes all of us
article highlights modern folks along with our
A skull fossil found in • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Mongolia in 2006 was linked  A “recent” human fossil with “archaic” features found in assumed archaic ancestors. In
to evolutionary icons like H. Mongolia conflicts with the story of evolution. the Royal Society paper, the
neanderthalensis and H. erectus  Human fossils with archaic features that have recent dates are researchers bluntly state:
bad enough for evolutionists, but the fact these traits are still
because of its alleged “archaic” Although the transition
found in humans today is far worse.
features. A recent study now from Australopithecus to
 So-called archaic humans have always coexisted with modern
dates it at about 34,000 years, Homo is usually thought
humans, just as creationists expect.
of as a momentous trans-
which puts it in the same age
formation, the fossil re-
range (evolutionarily speak- cord bearing on the origin and earliest
ing) as very recent humans.1 This study evolution of Homo is virtually undocu-
also extracted mitochondrial DNA from mented.4
the skull and placed it within the range of
Not only is there no fossil evidence
modern Eurasian humans. Considering that
for the evolution of humans from apes, but
secular scientists have dated other human
the so-called archaic features of alleged early
skulls with “anatomically modern” features
evolving humans have in reality coexisted
at over 300,000 years,2 these new findings of
with those of anatomically modern humans
“recent” humans with archaic features high-
throughout the Homo fossil record and are
light the abject futility of the human evolu-
even found in humans today. Human skull
tion story.
Image credit: Russian boxer Nikolai Valuev. Copyright © 2015 Allrus. trait diversity merely demonstrates the cre-
This discrepancy is reminiscent of hu- me. Used in accordance with federal copyright (fair use doctrine) law.
Usage by ICR does not imply endorsement of copyright holder. ated variability that was placed there by the
man skulls found in Kow Swamp, Australia,
ingenuity of the Creator.
reported in the journal Nature in 1972. In Nikolai Valuev. A profile picture of Valuev
References
that study, researchers stated, “Analysis of clearly shows he possesses a very prominent 1. Devièse, T. et al. 2019. Compound-specific radiocarbon
dating and mitochondrial DNA analysis of the Pleistocene
the cranial morphology of more than thirty brow ridge along with a distinctly sloping hominin from Salkhit Mongolia. Nature Communications.
10: 274.
individuals reveals the survival of Homo forehead. 2. Hublin, J.-J. et al. 2017. New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Mo-
rocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature.
erectus features in Australia until as recently As things stand, the so-called fossil 546: 289-292.
3. Thorne, A. G. and P. G. Macumber. 1972. Discoveries of
as 10,000 years ago.”3 record for human evolution is still nothing Late Pleistocene Man at Kow Swamp, Australia. Nature.
But evolution’s problem of human but a collection of apes and humans with no 238: 316-319.
4. Kimbel, W. H. and B. Villmoare. 2016. From Australopithe-
fossils with archaic features persisting into transitional forms linking the two groups. cus to Homo: the transition that wasn’t. Philosophical Trans-
actions of the Royal Society B. 371
the very recent evolutionary past pales This inconvenient fact was the subject of a (1698): 20150248.
in light of the fact that these traits are still 2016 Royal Society research paper bearing Dr. Jeffrey Tomkins is Director of Life
Sciences at the Institute for Creation Re-
found in living humans. One of the best ex- the provocative title “From Australopithecus search and earned his Ph.D. in genetics
amples is former Russian boxing champion to Homo: the transition that wasn’t.”4 from Clemson University.

15
ICR Discovery Center Update
T he outside of the ICR Discovery Center
for Science and Earth History is near-
ing completion! The nine giant fossil replica
record. The trilobite, cephalopod, paddle-
fish, ichthyosaur, mosasaur, pterodactyl, Ar-
chaeopteryx, and T. rex were catastrophically
sil wall in place, people passing by will have
a glimpse of the compelling evidence that
awaits them inside!
panels were recently lifted into place on the buried during the Genesis Flood. Rather
outer wall next to Royal Lane. Each one is than showing evidence of evolution, this
Help Us Complete the
12ʹ ×12ʹ and weighs 3,500 pounds—that’s as sequence demonstrates the Flood’s progres-
Exhibits
much as a car! Artisans carved the replicas sion. The fully human Neanderthal fossil
out of modeling clay and cast them in du- at the end dates from the immediate post- We’re developing exhibits that point
rable concrete. Flood Ice Age. people to our Creator and Redeemer,
The sequence of the panels from left Other exhibits are taking shape, and the Lord Jesus Christ. Visit ICR.org/
to right reflects the relative order in which the content for the final Life of Christ exhibit DiscoveryCenter and partner with us!
these creatures were entombed in the fossil is being filmed. Now that we have the fos-
The Neanderthal fossil replica panel is set in The Discovery Center is beautiful at night
place
A few of the
Garden of
Eden’s animals
The Life of Christ

exhibit is being
filmed exclusively
for the Discovery
Center
Young Mary holds baby Jesus
The Grand Canyon exhibit’s final colors

and sky mural make it come to life

16
engineered adaptability
New Distributed Problem-Solving

Model for Population Adaptation
P H I L B . G A S K I L L a n d R A N D Y J . G U L I U Z Z A , P . E . , M . D .
article highlights
• • • • • • • • • • • •
 Evolutionists emphasize competition in competition, where both the individual and
which a few emerge victorious at the expense the population are valuable.
of the many.  In this decentralized population adaptation
 An engineering-based model could see a pop- model, new traits are produced and distrib-
ulation of problem-solving organisms that uted in a targeted, problem-solving manner
functions like a human-designed distributed rather than randomly.
computing system.  This model expects rapid convergence on
 This model emphasizes cooperation over solutions rather than slow, gradual evolution.
T
he Engineered Adaptability series of articles in Acts & Facts At the population level, natural selection envisions these or-
has argued that most adaptations—broadly mischaracterized ganisms locked in mortal competition with each other, with a few
as “evolution” by secular science—are highly regulated, often individuals emerging victorious at the expense of the rest of the
rapid, and so clearly targeted to specific conditions that they are population. They pass on their genes while the “weaker” genes are
predictable. eliminated. Evolutionary scientists imagine that the survivors were
To explain the regulated, rapid, and targeted characteristics of lucky enough to be endowed with superior genes through random
adaptation, the Institute for Creation Research developed a design- mutations.
based, organism-focused model called continuous environmental In stark contrast, an engineering-based model would suggest
tracking (CET). It hypothesizes that as an organism monitors en- that both the individual and the population are vitally important.
vironmental changes, it makes adaptive self-adjustments. Recent Thus, in order to arrive at optimal solutions to environmental chal-
discoveries have identified internal tracking lenges, individuals and populations work together in a targeted, non-
mechanisms that have elements that corre- random approach to problem solving. Such a model has the potential
spond to those in human tracking systems. to liberate biologists from the selectionist mindset. What character-
These findings show that organisms izes this mindset?
are active, problem-solving entities.
Thus, the evolutionary depiction of A Selectionist Mechanism Is Exceedingly Slow
individual organisms as passive mod-
As natural selection acts solely by accumulating slight, succes-
eling clay actively shaped by their en- sive, favourable variations, it can produce no great or sudden
vironment is exactly backwards. modifications; it can act only by short and slow steps.1
— Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species
Neo-Darwinism is the almost universally accept-

ed model of evolution. It is invoked to explain the
remarkable adaptation of both individual
organisms and entire populations
to their natural surroundings.
Neo-Darwinism was devel-
oped in order to prevent the
demise of the Darwinian the-
ory of evolution, which was not
widely accepted around the turn of

17
engineered adaptability
the 19th century due to its perceived lack of a viable mechanism. In why the correspondence of ecological and evolutionary time was not
the early 1900s, the work of R. A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall recognized.”13
Wright in the emerging field of population genetics laid the ground- Of course, the reason evolutionists are surprised by the abun-
work for the eventual acceptance of the construct of natural selection dant evidence for rapid adaptation is that their envisioned mecha-
as the driving force behind evolution.2 nism of evolution—natural selection—is by its very nature exceed-
In 1957, Haldane developed a mathematical description of how ingly slow. Rather than acknowledge the serious challenge this dis-
beneficial mutations become fixed in a population over time. But in connect poses for the neo-Darwinian theory, many scientists simply
doing so, he uncovered a significant problem. Haldane reasoned that incorporate these unexpected findings into the theory. They adopt
a beneficial mutation must substitute for non-mutated genes in or- terms such as “contemporary evolution” or “eco-evolutionary dy-
der to be distributed throughout the population. The rate at which namics”—the assertion that ecological and evolutionary changes
this occurs is limited by an organism’s reproductive rate. Given that interact in a feedback loop over observable timescales.14 A 2009 pa-
mutations are likely to occur initially in only a few individuals, he per discussing eco-evolutionary dynamics went so far as to say that
calculated that there hasn’t been enough time to generate the world’s the previous characterization of evolution as a slow process is simply
observed genetic diversity, even assuming vast eons. wrong.
This is particularly true for organisms with low reproduction Species as diverse as single-celled algae, annual plants, birds,
rates and long generation times. For example, only 0.02% of the ob- fishes, crustaceans, insects and sheep are found to undergo rapid
served differences between the human and ape genome could have contemporary evolutionary changes in traits that adapt them
been generated in the supposed 10 million years since divergence within a few generations to changing or new environments….
Thus, the old assumption that evolutionary change is negligible
from an assumed common ancestor.3 This problem is known as
on the time-scale of ecological interactions is now demonstrably
Haldane’s dilemma. It was further clarified and validated in Walter incorrect.14
ReMine’s 1993 book The Biotic Message and again in his 2005 paper,4
but the problem has still not been resolved and today is simply ig- A growing number of evolutionary biologists are recognizing
nored. And recently, the problem has gotten much worse. the conceptual and mathematical limits to selectionism and are
searching for alternative mechanisms.15
Research Shows Rapid Adaptation
Needed: Populations to Solve Problems as
Over the last 20 years, numerous studies have Efficiently as Individuals
demonstrated the surprisingly rapid adaptation
of populations to changing environmental con- The Engineered Adaptability series makes
ditions. The observed adaptations involve a wide the case that adaptation results from “immanent
variety of traits in many kinds of organisms, in- selection” (i.e., from internal, engineered mecha-
cluding nisms) coupled with CET.16 However, the focus
of these articles has been on changes that occur at
• Changes in maturation timing and body size the individual organism level. Does this new frame-
in guppies5 work have explanatory power when considering ad-
• Diverging characteristics in freshwater and oce- aptation at the population level?
anic populations of threespine stickleback fish6 The problem at hand is how to change the frequency
• Increased thermal tolerance in phytoplankton7 of adaptive traits in a population so that it is resilient in the face of
• Increased heavy metal tolerance and herbicide resistance in significant environmental change, and how to do so quickly enough
plants8 that the rate of adaptation is nearly the same as the rate of environ-
• Changes in the frequency of plumage coloration in tawny owls9 mental change. In other words, how can a population of organisms
• Morphological changes in finch beak and body size10 and rapidly and reliably adapt to changing environmental conditions?
• Morphological changes in lizards (toe pad size, head size, bite Specifically, what is needed is rapid convergence on an opti-
strength, even digestive tract structure).11,12 mal solution by the majority of the individuals in the population. If a
All of these observed adaptations occurred in response to envi- population of organisms can achieve this, it can exploit new environ-
ronmental changes in only a few generations (in most cases less than mental niches—which is exactly what rapidly adapting populations
50 years). A 2011 paper summarized mounting evidence for rapid appear to be doing. If we are looking for correspondence between
adaptation of populations and noted that such observations have human-engineered mechanisms and those found in living things, we
taken evolutionary scientists by surprise: “In retrospect, we can ask should ask: How might an engineer solve this problem?

18
A New View of Populations: Distributed Problem-Solving adapt to extreme environmental change. This is precisely what many
Applications of the recent studies of rapid adaptation appear to demonstrate.
One likely approach an engineer could take would be to lever-

Conclusion
age the power of distributed computing. Distributing computing
uses multiple networked computers to solve complex problems that This model of adaptation in populations stands in sharp con-
can’t be solved within a reasonable amount of time using a single trast to neo-Darwinism’s selectionist model. It emphasizes coopera-
computer. This kind of computer system enables the execution of tion over competition and asserts that new traits are generated and
distributed algorithms, which are particularly good at solving prob- distributed in a targeted, problem-solving manner rather than ran-
lems for which a consensus must be reached regarding which solu- domly. Thus, it expects widely observed rapid convergence on solu-
tion is best.17 tions rather than slow progress over vast eons.
What if we supposed that a population of problem-solving The hypothesis that populations are analogous to distributed
organisms could function like a distributed computing system? The problem-solving applications (i.e., algorithms) enables predictions
hypothesis is plausible when we consider the definition of a distrib- and could guide research. And just as human-designed distributed
uted system: systems are a brilliant approach to solving complex problems, so
A distributed system is one in which components located at net- populations of problem-solving organisms demonstrate the intelli-
worked computers communicate and coordinate their actions gence of the Master Designer. The creatures of His world are indeed
only by passing messages. This definition leads to the following fearfully and wonderfully made (Psalm 139:14).
especially significant characteristics of distributed systems: con- References
currency of components, lack of a global clock and independent 1. Darwin, C. 1882. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. New York: D. Appleton
and Co., 413-414.
failures of components.18 2. Williams, A. 2014. Beneficial mutations: real or imaginary?—part 1. Journal of Creation. 28 (1):
122-127.
3. Batten, D. 2005. Haldane’s dilemma has not been solved. Journal of Creation. 19 (1): 20-21.
Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that populations of 4. ReMine, W. J. 1993. The Biotic Message: Evolution Versus Message Theory. St. Paul, MN: St. Paul
Science; ReMine, W. J. 2005. Cost theory and the cost of substitution—a clarification. Journal of
organisms do in fact communicate and coordinate their actions Creation. 19 (1): 113-125.
through an amazing array of biochemical and behavioral signaling.19 5. Reznick, D. N. et al. 1997. Evaluation of the Rate of Evolution in Natural Populations of Gup-
pies (Poecilia reticulata). Science. 275 (5308): 1934-1937.
In one remarkable example, overcrowded adults in a population of 6. Lescak, E. A. et al. 2015. Evolution of stickleback in 50 years on earthquake-uplifted islands.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (52): E7204-E7212.
nematodes (roundworms) signal still-developing juveniles to de- 7. O’Donnell, D. R. et al. 2018. Rapid thermal adaptation in a marine diatom reveals constraints
and trade-offs. Global Change Biology. 24 (10): 4554-4565.
velop a specialized mouth form they can use to consume alternative 8. Bone, E. and A. Farres. 2001. Trends and rates of microevolution in plants. Genetica. 112-113
(1): 165-182.
foods.20 9. Karell, P. et al. 2011. Climate change drives microevolution in a wild bird. Nature Communica-
tions. 2: 208.
Let’s examine the correspondence more closely. In a population 10. Grant, P. R. and B. R. Grant. 2006. Evolution of Character Displacement in Darwin’s Finches.
Science. 313 (5784): 224-226.
of organisms, all individuals are simultaneously undergoing develop- 11. Stuart, Y. E. et al. 2014. Rapid evolution of a native species following invasion by a congener.
Science. 346 (6208): 463-466.
ment by interacting with and adapting to their surrounding environ- 12. Herrel, A. et al. 2008. Rapid large-scale evolutionary divergence in morphology and perfor-
ment (concurrency); individual organisms develop at slightly differ- mance associated with exploitation of a different dietary resource. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. 105 (12): 4792-4795.
ent rates and are at different stages of development (lack of a global 13. Schoener, T. W. 2011. The Newest Synthesis: Understanding the Interplay of Evolutionary and
Ecological Dynamics. Science. 331 (6016): 426-429.
clock); and though the death of an individual organism removes in- 14. Jones, L. E. et al. 2009. Rapid contemporary evolution and clonal food web dynamics. Philo-
sophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 364 (1523): 1579-1591.
formation from the gene pool, the rest of the population continues 15. Laland, K. et al. 2014. Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? Nature. 514 (7521): 161-164.
16. Guliuzza, R. J. 2019. Engineered Adaptability: Trait Selection Is Internal, Not External. Acts &
to interact with and adapt to the environment (independent failure). Facts. 48 (2): 18-20.
17. Lynch, N. A. 1997. Distributed Algorithms. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kauffman Publishers,
In this view, a population rapidly reaches an optimal solution as Inc.
18. Coulouris, G. et al. 2012. Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design, 5th ed. Boston, MA: Addi-
individual “computers” (organisms) running the same “distributed son-Wesley.
19. Thomas, B. ‘Simple’ Amoebas Can Farm Bacteria. Creation Science Update. Posted on ICR.org
algorithm” (immanent selection) generate similar “solutions” (traits). February 10, 2011, accessed January 30, 2018; Guliuzza, R. J. Sorghum and Bacteria Coopera-
tive Design. Creation Science Update. Posted on ICR.org October 16, 2018, accessed January 30,
They then reproduce and redistribute the traits, with the consensus 2019.
solution becoming dominant in just a few generations. This rapidly 20. Werner, M. S. et al. 2018. Adult Influence on Juvenile Phenotypes by Stage-Specific Pheromone
Production. iScience. 10: 123-134.
adapts the population to changing environmental conditions or a
Mr. Gaskill is an independent researcher. He earned a B.A. in history from Lawrence Univer-
new environmental niche. Just as in a distributed computing sys- sity, worked as a systems engineer for several IT firms, and was a science writer for Cramer
Fish Sciences. He is currently Scientific & Technical Information Specialist for Idaho National
tem, increasing the number of individual computers (organisms) Laboratory.
increases the speed at which an optimal solution to a problem can
Dr. Guliuzza is ICR’s National Representative. He
be achieved. earned his M.D. from the University of Minnesota,
his Master of Public Health from Harvard Univer-
Furthermore, a population that has a large number or wide geo- sity, and served in the U.S. Air Force as 28th Bomb
graphic distribution of organisms should develop a greater diversity Wing Flight Surgeon and Chief of Aerospace Medi-
cine. Dr. Guliuzza is also a registered Professional
of solutions (i.e., genetic diversity) and can more easily and rapidly Engineer.

19
creation q & a B R I A N T H O M A S , M . S .
Quick and easy answers for the general science reader
Are Fossils Just Rocks article highlights

• • • • • • • • • • • •
Shaped like Bones?

 I was taught as a child that fos-
sils formed over millions of years
as minerals slowly replaced the
original materials.
 Recent finds show that not all fos-
I picked up my first fossil from cesses brought them back to Earth’s surface
sils turned into rock.
beneath a swing in Kansas when I in places like Canada’s Burgess Shale. There,  Different processes produced dif-
was six years old. Fossils have fas- researchers peel apart thin mudstone sheets ferent types of fossils.
cinated me ever since. Soon after, to reveal blackish residues—all that’s left of  Some fossils contain undecayed
our family visited a dinosaur museum. The ancient sea creatures. The heat and pressure tissue that confronts evolution’s
nice lady there explained that dinosaur fos- baked original biomaterials including pro- long ages.
sils are actually rocks in the shape of bones. teins and sugars into the black, carbonized
After all, she said, the process of fossilization material we find today.
tion. In these cases and others, longer-lasting
takes millions of years. Over that much time,
minerals replaced the original biomaterials.
minerals would fully replace all the original
I felt new shock when I read a study of
bone. That sounded fine, so I believed it.
original biomaterial in Burgess Shale sea
Decades later, I saw pictures that chal- sponge fossils. Not rock, not mineral, not
lenged all that. Published in the journal phosphatized, not blackened, but sponges
Science, color photographs showed blood- with original proteins and carbohydrates in-
red flesh with white, flexible connective tact. Perhaps these sponges landed in a spot
tissue from inside a T. rex leg bone.1 Wow, that didn’t get quite as hot. Secular scientists
that’s not rock. I was taught to think that wa- insist they were buried 505 million years
ter carried dissolved minerals through tiny ago,3 but nobody has shown any biomate-
holes deep into bones. The water went away rial with properties that would allow it to
and left the minerals behind in a process last much longer than a mere one million
Burgess Shale
called permineralization. It did happen that Image credit: science.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/97226.html. Adapted for years. This means they could have lasted for
way for many fossils—but not all. use in accordance with federal copyright (fair use doctrine) law. Usage by
ICR does not imply endorsement of copyright holder. the thousands of years since Noah’s Flood
buried them but not for the millions of years
that so many people claim.
So, what does fossilize mean? Differ-
ent fossils show different origins. Some were
replaced with mineral, like the nice lady at
the museum said. Others show mineral out-
lines of original organs or carbon films from
baked bodies. But a growing number of
fossils look virtually unchanged, and these
T. rex soft tissue fossil original biomaterial fossils confront evolu-
Image credit: Copyright © 2005 American Association for the Advancement of Science.1 Adapted for use in accordance with federal copyright (fair use
doctrine) law. Usage by ICR does not imply endorsement of copyright holder. tion’s long ages.
References
Scientific evidence of soft, flexible, Other fossils show mineral outlines of 1. Schweitzer, M. H. et al. 2005. Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cel-
lular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science. 307 (5717):
original biomaterial from this and scores of original soft organs like brains or guts. As 1952-1955.
2. Thomas, B. 2013. A Review of Original Tissue Fossils and
similar finds from around the world forced creatures decayed inside drying mud, bacte- Their Age Implications. In Proceedings of the Seventh Inter-
national Conference on Creationism. M. Horstemeyer, ed.
me to rethink the meaning of “fossil.”2 It ria clung to the outer surface of each organ. Pittsburgh, PA: Creation Science Fellowship.
3. Ehrlich, H. et al. 2013. Discovery of 505-million-year old
turns out that different fossils formed in dif- The bacteria made chemical waste products chitin in the basal demosponge
Vauxia gracilenta. Scientific Reports.
ferent ways. Some fossils are mostly mineral- that attracted nearby sulfur, iron, or phos- 3: 3497.

ized, but others look like dried-out carcasses. phorus. Today, we see organs outlined in Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the
Some creatures got flattened and yellows and reds from bacterial-influenced Institute for Creation Research and
earned his M.S. in biotechnology from
heated beneath tons of sediment. Later pro- sulfurization, pyritization, or phosphatiza- Stephen F. Austin State University.

20
apologetics J A M E S J . S . J O H N S O N , J . D . , T h . D .
Termite Skyscrapers Hidden in Plain View

M
any evolutionists fail to see what is “hidden in plain view” for
article highlights
the same reason British Celts saw the wrong thing when Ju- • • • • • • • • • • • •
lius Caesar attacked them in 54 BC. Since the Britons never  Evolutionists often miss significant
recruited multi-ethnic mercenaries, instead of seeing one things that are in plain view.
invading force, they reported Caesar’s beach landing as an attack by  Ecologists who study how creatures
combined armies of Rome, Libya, and Syria.1 They saw what their alter their environments tend to think
only big environmental changes are
presuppositions led them to see. Likewise, evolutionists misinterpret
important.
many facts in plain view due to their erroneous assumptions.  But small-creature changes can have
Last month’s article examined the evolutionary concept of a big impact.
ecosystem engineering, which considers the proactive way in which  God designed and purposefully engin-
animals alter their environments.2 Although this is an improvement eered both big and small creatures to
on the evolutionary view that organisms are passive recipients rather play important roles in Earth’s
than active participants, it still misses the best lessons these animals ecology.
teach. Two examples of such misunderstanding are considered below.
depleted “dead zones.”4
“Bigger Is Better” Thankfully, oyster reefs,
bolstered by attached mus-
Some ecologists try to limit the application of the ecosystem en- sels, filter huge volumes of the
gineering concept to the impactful and “big” habitat alterations made bay’s water and consume the otherwise unrestrained picoplankton.
by animals. Thus, beaver dams and coral reefs are “big enough” to This filtering ultimately benefits the dissolved oxygen and accessible
qualify as ecosystem engineering habitat modifications, but bird nests underwater sunlight needs of the interactive Chesapeake Bay’s eco-
and prairie burrows are often dismissed as de minimis—not worthy of system.4
comparable attention.2 Humans might discount the teeming gazillions of picoplank-
This is a “bigger is better” fallacy, which is a manifestation of an ton simply because they’re too small for us to see, but we shouldn’t
anthropocentric (human-centered) viewpoint that evaluates a situa- discount the importance of the bivalves’ impact in keeping their en-
tion only from the human perspective. If something doesn’t seem big vironmental waters clear enough of picoplankton to sustain life. The
to us, it must not be significant. But ecologically speaking, which is combined filtering of eastern oysters and hooked mussels provides
more important: a huge elephant or a microscopic yet deadly virus? estuarial water clean-up services “hidden in plain sight.”
Which can ultimately have the bigger impact?
An anthropocentric perspective is unrealistic when evaluating Who Engineered These Small-Yet-Great Ecosystem Benefits?
whether animal activity is “big enough” to be ecologically important.
Like the ancient Britons, ecologists who embrace ecosystem
For example, consider how deadwood-eating termites aggressively
engineering can miss what’s happening because they see what their
modify their neighborhoods. They use saliva-soil mud to build air-
presuppositions lead them to expect. But even more, they can miss
conditioned mud “chimneys” above interconnected underground
the significance of what they see. Creatures proactively engage with
tunnels. Mounds built by Australia’s Amitermes meridionalis termites
and change their environments, but they don’t “engineer” anything.
can be 12ʹ tall, 8ʹ wide, and 3ʹ deep.3
That glory goes to creation’s Architect and Bioengineer, the Lord Jesus
Consider that Amitermes worker termites are about a third of an
Christ, who designed, built, and maintains all of these small-yet-great
inch long. The termites-to-mound height ratio is thus 432:1. This is
super-interactive ecosystems (Revelation 4:11).
comparable to humans constructing spit-mud mounds 2,592ʹ high—
References
in relative terms, almost double the height of the Empire State Build- 1. Cooper, B. 1995. After the Flood. Chichester, UK: New Wine Press, 58-59.
2. Ecosystem engineering analysis improves upon earlier “keystone species” concepts yet ulti-
ing. To a human, the mound chimney might be just a big mud pile, mately fails to identify the true cause and logic underlying animal successes in filling various
habitats. Johnson, J. J. S. 2019. Ecosystem Engineering Explanations Miss the Mark. Acts &
but to a worker termite it’s an enormous skyscraper! Facts. 48 (3): 20-21, illustrating 2 Timothy 3:7.
3. Grigg, G. C. 1973. Some Consequences of the Shape and Orientation of ‘Magnetic’ Termite
Another example is found in Chesapeake Bay, which is bur- Mounds. Australian Journal of Zoology. 21 (2): 231-237. (Amitermes meridionalis termite
mounds are sometimes four meters high.)
dened with excess nitrogen and organic nutrients that people release 4. Gedan, K. B., L. Kellogg, and D. L. Breitburg, 2014. Accounting for
Multiple Foundation Species in Oyster Reef Restoration Benefits. Res-
into its tributaries. The nitrogen compounds fuel picoplankton, which toration Ecology. 22 (4): 517-524. See also Pipkin, W. 2018. Freshwater
comprise ~15% of bay phytoplankton biomass during the summer. bivalves flexing their muscles as water filterers. Chesapeake Bay Journal.
28 (7): 1.
If left unchecked, their growth would lead to algal blooms that would
Dr. Johnson is Associate Professor of Apologetics and Chief Academic Of-
block sunlight from submergent aquatic plants, leading to oxygen- ficer at the Institute for Creation Research.

21
stewardship H E N R Y M . M O R R I S I V
N T. rex, Tours,
early a year has passed since work A supporter who works in construc-
began on the internal exhibits of the tion wrote: “I have 30 yrs in this industry, so
ICR Discovery Center for Science and I know a thing or two about quality crafts-
Earth History. Our lifelike anima-
tronic T. rex was the first major installation
and manship. The Discovery Center is truly top-
notch….Kudos to ICR for contracting with
Testimonies
in April 2018, and many additions have been the best. This is a magnificent facility! You
made since then. It’s been my privilege dur- are in our prayers as you work to finish it….
ing this time to lead dozens of tours for lo- We know how difficult the ‘last mile’ can be.
cal supporters, potential donors, and special Keep up the great work for God.”
guests. From the feedback they’ve given, it’s A group of visiting pastors respond-
article highlights
clear this remarkable facility will have a great • • • • • • • • • • • • ed: “God bless you, brother Morris, for the
impact on many people for the Lord and His  Even in its unfinished state, the marvelous tour last night! Your enthusiasm
Word. Their notes are a great blessing to me, ICR Discovery Center’s great po- for the science that confirms God’s Word is
and it’s my pleasure to share some recent fa- tential is clear. contagious, and your challenge to preach the
 Visitors have put on hard hats truth of creation from our pulpits was both
vorites.
and safety glasses to get a sneak
Here’s an encouraging note from a gen- motivating and convicting. We are excited to
peek at the exhibits.
erous supporter from Houston: “‘Henry the  Their feedback shows the impact share this amazing project with our church
Fifth’ [our T. rex] is AWESOME, and my wife the Discovery Center will have on families back home. May God use ICR to
and I are so excited about the progress! ICR many people. reach many lives for eternity.”
has had a profound impact on both of our Finally, from the entire staff of a small
lives…and we are now even more amazed toward the ICR Discovery Center. May it be creation museum in the Midwest: “We just
and thankful for what ICR is building for the wanted to let you know that everyone is still
used to showcase our Creator’s handiwork
public. With great delight, we offer this gift talking about the tour you gave us and how
and bring many to Him.”
much it impacted them. Your hospitality was
Long-time partners in Washington had
tremendous. Thanks again for taking the
this to say: “The Discovery Center is abso-
time to accommodate us. ICR is truly a bless-
lutely fantastic! We’ve visited most cre-
ing, and the ICR Discovery Center is simply
ation museums in the USA, both big and
the best!”
small, but none of them rise to the level of
It’s my hope these wonderful testimo-
quality you folks are doing. (Who knew you
nies will inspire our supporters—as well as
could carve concrete like that? Wow!) God
encourage new ones—to keep on praying
bless you for the work you are doing. We’ve
and giving as the Lord leads. God has used
got ICR’s back, both financially and in prayer.”
ICR’s ministry to bless many people over the
From friends in Florida: “Your ap-
last 50 years, and our new Discovery Center
proach is unique and quite impressive.
has the potential to reach even more with
Frankly, none of us knew there was so much
the truth of creation and of our Creator, the
evidence that supports the Bible, and you
Lord Jesus Christ. Please prayerfully consider
present it in creative, engaging, and enter-
joining with us. Your earthly investment with
taining ways without ‘preaching.’ The gospel
ICR today will impact lives
exhibit at the end [hologram of the return-
for eternity.
ing King of kings] especially brings joy to
our hearts, and we hope to partner with Mr. Morris is Director of Opera-
tions at the Institute for Creation
ICR soon.” Research.
P R A Y E R F U L LY
CONSIDER Online Stocks and IRA Matching CFC (Federal/ Gift Planning
SUPPORTING Donations Securities Gifts Gift Programs Military Workers) • Charitable
ICR
Gift Annuities
Visit ICR.org/give and explore how you can support the vital work of ICR ministries. • Wills and
Trusts
G A L A T I A N S 6 : 9 - 1 0 Or contact us at stewardship@icr.org or 800.337.0375 for personal assistance.
ICR is a recognized 501(c)(3) nonprofit ministry, and all gifts are tax-deductible to the fullest extent allowed by law.

22
letters to the editor
—————
❝ ————— pro-evolution, anti-creationist postings. threatening, inviting approach. It’s not
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
We encourage readers to contact condescending toward those who believe
I just read Dr. [Henry] Wikipedia about their obvious bias evolution—it simply points out flaws in
Morris’ article in the and attempt to edit the Wikipedia the logic. It comes across as authentic
[February 2019] Acts & Facts— posts. Tell the pastor that affirming and informative without putting people
“The Importance of Recent Crea- Genesis is not “cultic,” it’s Christ-
down. I’m thrilled that my kids can watch
tion.” It’s a clearly written masterpiece. approved (John 5:45–47).
this with me—as they are both studying
— A. C.
biology in public school this year. I would
—————
❝ —————
—————
❝ —————
never be able to get them to read a
Thanks to ICR for book on creation, but these videos are
I really enjoyed Dr. [Jim] Johnson’s [Feb-
your articles—I so engaging and entertaining that it’s
ruary 2019 Acts & Facts] article “[Beware
share them with easy for us to be informed in just 20 min-
the Bait of] False Hypotheticals.”
others…the utes at a time. Keep up the great work!
These concise snippets of
research tools — M. B.
truth are wonderful. I was in
are also a very
a courtroom the other day
when a judge snapped at
good resource. “Grace from the Ark and
—————
❝ —————
the Flood” [January 2019 Acts & Facts] by I’ve been a part of ICR’s “fan base” for a
a person who had brought
Brian Thomas, M.S., was a resource I used long time and have always been fascina-
unsubstantiated allegations.
to share with grandchildren and great- ted with how you connect Bible and Earth
The judge said sternly, “Next time, have
grandchildren about the goodness left history. Now I am homeschooling my 1st
your facts in order.” We should as well,
after the great Flood of Noah’s day. It’s grader, and I use some of your resources
as Christians, when presenting the truth
entertaining as well as inspirational. with my curriculum. I look forward to con-
to the unbeliever. We are reminded: “Test
— P. W. tinuing to do this throughout her educa-
all things; hold fast what is good” (1 Thes-
tion. We look forward to visiting the Dis-
salonians 5:21).
— S. Y. F.
—————
❝ —————
covery Center! Thank you for offering so
many amazing resources and being an
encouragement to biblical homeschooling!
—————
❝ —————
— D. J.
I’m so sad today. A friend’s pastor
“reprimanded” me for believing [that]
the gap theory and Scofield were wrong.
—————
❝ —————
He called ICR a cult….I sent him a link

to your website and tried to offer him I’m in the process of watching
some Acts & Facts—I give them out at Unlocking the Mysteries of
church and also to my daughter who Genesis through RightNow Media with
homeschools her children. He wouldn’t my 15- and 12-year-old children. We’ve
read your material but pulled up criticism currently watched the first two discs.
from Wikipedia and other websites. Can I’m really impressed with the video This article makes great points about
someone on your staff go online and edit content, quality, and message. I’ve seen animal teeth.
the Wikipedia site and others who malign other creation videos in the past from — T. S.
you and correct the misinformation? various organizations. This video series
— K. J. is the best I’ve seen. First, the video Have a comment?
quality is extremely well done— Email us at Editor@ICR.org
Editor’s note: We have tried numer- or write to Editor,
ous times to fix the misinformation, high-definition, engaging, with a
P. O. Box 59029, Dallas, Texas 75229.
but Wikipedia prevents ICR from lot of variety. Second, the information
Note: Unfortunately, ICR is not able to
making corrections to its is superb. I especially like the non- respond to all correspondence.

23
!
W
Little
NE
Creation P. O. Box 59029, Dallas, TX 75229
Books!
ICR.org
How do we help our kids separate fact from

fiction? By laying a solid foundation of truth
during their earliest years. ICR developed the
Little Creation Books series to help you teach
creation basics to your preschooler.
6 Days of
Creation
$5.99 Dinosaurs
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From the stars in the
sky to the land, animals, Some dinosaurs were big,
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very good creation in children will discover
this sturdy little book that introduces our dinosaurs at creation, on
youngest children to their very big Creator. the Ark, and in the ground.
Call 800.628.7640 or visit ICR.org/store | Please add shipping and handling to all orders. Offer good through April 30, 2019, while quantities last.

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ACTS&FACTS

Theophanies in the Climate Alarmism and

Marine Fossils Mixed Recent Humans with Archaic

• Unlocking the Mysteries of Genesis

Acts & Facts is a free publication.

James Version unless otherwise indicated. R A N D Y J . G U L I U Z Z A , P. E . , M . D .

APRIL 2019 | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | ICR.ORG

Changing Lives One at a Time

ICR.ORG | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | APRIL 2019

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Only one of these men—the Lord Jesus—spoke with authority.

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Commander of the Lord’s Army Appears to Joshua (Joshua 5:13-15)

The Angel of the Lord Confronts Balaam (Numbers 22:22-35)

When Balaam saddled his donkey and headed to Moab with

APRIL 2019 | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | ICR.ORG

ICR.ORG | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | APRIL 2019

Dallas, TX | Highland Park United Methodist Church | (F. Sherwin) 214.521.3111

Dallas, TX | Highland Park United Methodist Church | (J. Johnson) 214.521.3111

MADE IN HIS IMAGE

Randy J. Guliuzza, P.E., M.D. Jeffrey P. Tomkins, Ph.D.

For information on event opportunities, call 800.337.0375 or email Events@ICR.org

APRIL 2019 | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | ICR.ORG

For the serious science reader

Marine Fossils Mixed with Hell Creek Dinosaurs

ICR.ORG | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | APRIL 2019

For the serious science reader

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Obviously, these conclusions are only correct if the astronomical

The Astronomical Theory: What’s the Evidence?

GOD HAS DESIGNED EARTH AND ITS

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Before Christians jump on the climate change bandwagon, they

ICR.ORG | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | APRIL 2019

Recent Humans with Archaic Features

including Homo neanderthalensis and

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The Life of Christ

Young Mary holds baby Jesus

The Grand Canyon exhibit’s final colors

ICR.ORG | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | APRIL 2019

New Distributed Problem-Solving

Neo-Darwinism is the almost universally accept-

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ICR.ORG | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | APRIL 2019

One likely approach an engineer could take would be to lever-

APRIL 2019 | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | ICR.ORG

Are Fossils Just Rocks article highlights

Shaped like Bones?

ICR.ORG | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | APRIL 2019

Termite Skyscrapers Hidden in Plain View

APRIL 2019 | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | ICR.ORG

ICR.ORG | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | APRIL 2019

He called ICR a cult….I sent him a link

APRIL 2019 | ACTS & FACTS 48 (4) | ICR.ORG

Creation P. O. Box 59029, Dallas, TX 75229

How do we help our kids separate fact from

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