Internal Fields in Solids: (Lorentz Method)
Internal Fields in Solids: (Lorentz Method)
Field E1
E1 is the filed intensity at A due to the charge density on the
plates. From the field theory
(1)
Field E2
E2 is the field intensity at A due to the charge density
induced on the two sides of the dielectric.
(2)
Field E3
E3 is the field intensity at A due to other atoms contained in the cavity. We
are assuming a cubic structure, so E3 = 0 because of symmetry.
E3 = 0 (3)
Field E4
E4 is the field intensity due to polarization charges on the surface of the
cavity and was calculated by Lorentz as given below.
then dA = 2π(PQ)(QR)
but sinθ = PQ/r, PQ = r sinθ
and dθ=QR/r, QR=r dθ
Hence dA = 2π r sinθ rdθ = 2π r2 sinθ dθ (6)
Thus the total field E4 due to the charges on the surface of the entire cavity
is obtained by integrating
(9)
The total internal field may be expressed as
Eq.(1) + (2) + (3) + (9)
(10)
(2)
Hence polarization P = N αe Ei
From the internal field Ei
(3)
(4)
(5)
The equation (5) is known as Clausius – Mosotti equation. Where N is
the number of molecules per unit volume, one can determine the value
of polarizability knowing the value of relative permittivity.
HYSTERESIS:
A striking property of the ferromagnetic materials is the
relation between magnetization and the strength of the
magnetizing field. This property is called hysteresis.
R O H
Next coming to the curve 2 of the loop, M does not decrease in phase
with the decreasing H. The lagging of M behind H is significant as H
attains zero value. We notice that enough amount of M = Mr is left
behind instead of tending to zero along with H at H = 0. This value of M
which persists at H=0 is called the residual magnetization.
As we proceed with the negative H, values, M comes back to its initial
value of zero only at certain magnitude of the reversed field Hc. Hc is
known as the coercivity of the specimen. Going further the saturation
of magnetization is reached in the opposite direction.
The remaining part of the loop follows. In one cycle of operation the
complete loop can be obtained. This loop does include some area.
The area indicates the amount of energy wasted in one cycle of
operation.
SOFT AND HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Hard Magnetic Materials:-
Ferromagnetic materials are classified as soft or hard. The classification
is mainly based on the hysteresis characteristics. Magnetically soft
materials have low coercivity (HC) while those with high values of HC are
called hard magnetic materials.
B or M
Hc P
2
Q
Mr 1
R O H
S
Characteristics of Hard Magnetic materials:
High coercivity
Low permeability
Low susceptibility
Hard magnetic materials are used to manufacture permanent
magnets:-
Magnetic steels:- Caron and other slightly soluble atoms in iron precipitate
out as an ordered phrase. In these materials domain walls are anchored.
This leads to high values of HC. They are used in hysteresis motors
.
Fine particle alloys:- Elongated single domain particles of ion alloys have
been with high HC which are used in battery powdered unit watch, hearing
aids, space applications.
Soft Magnetic materials:-
These materials are characterized by:
B or M