Automatic Control Systems

Lecture-1
Introduction

Dr. Yehia EL Mashad

TA: Eng. Ahmed ِ Abdelalim
Automatic control theory

A Course

used for analyzing and

designing
automatic control systems
 Brief history of automatic control (I)
• 1868 First article of control ‘on governor’s’ –by Maxwell
• 1877 Routh stability criterion
• 1892 Liapunov stability condition
• 1895 Hurwitz stability condition
• 1932 Nyquist
• 1945 Bode
• 1947 Nichols
• 1948 Root locus
• 1949 Wiener optimal control research
• 1955 Kalman filter and controlbility observability
analysis
• 1956 Artificial Intelligence

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 Brief history of automatic control (II)
• 1957 Bellman optimal and adaptive control
• 1962 Pontryagin optimal control
• 1965 Fuzzy set
• 1972 Vidyasagar multi-variable optimal control and Robust
control
• 1981 Doyle Robust control theory
• 1990 Neuro-Fuzzy

21 century — information age, cybernetics(control theory), system

approach and information theory , three science theory (supports)
in 21 century.

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 Control system analysis and design
• Step1: Modeling
– By physical laws
– By identification methods
• Step2: Analysis
– Stability, controllability and observability
• Step3: Control law design
– Classical, modern and post-modern control
• Step4: Analysis
• Step5: Simulation
– Matlab, Fortran, simulink etc….
• Step6: Implement

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 Course Outline

Classical Control Modern Control

• System Modelling • State Space Modelling
• Transfer Function • Eigenvalue Analysis
• Block Diagrams • Observability and Controllability
• Signal Flow Graphs • Solution of State Equations (state Transition
• System Analysis Matrix)
• Time Domain Analysis (Test Signals) • State Space to Transfer Function
• Frequency Domain Analysis • Transfer Function to State Space
• Bode Plots • Direct Decomposition of Transfer Function
• Nyquist Plots • Cascade Decomposition of Transfer Function
• Nichol’s Chart • Parallel Decomposition of Transfer Function
 Text Books

1. Modern Control Engineering, (5th Edition) By: Katsuhiko Ogata.

University of Minnesota
2. Control Systems Engineering, (6th Edition), By: Norman S. Nise.
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
at California State Polytechnic University
 Prerequisites
• For Classical Control Theory
– Differential Equations
– Laplace Transform
– Basic Physics
– Ordinary and Semi-logarithimic graph papers
• For Modern Control theory above &
– Linear Algebra
– Matrices
 Practical Sessions
• Practicals are divided into two sessions

 Software Based  Hardware Based

 Matlab (Instrument & Control
 Simulink Lab)
 Control System Toolbox  Modular Servo System
 Marks Distribution

Total Marks = 100

Mid Term Exam = 20
• Attendance & Tutorials = 10
marks
• Lab Work =10
marks
• Mini Project = 20
marks
 Final Exam Marks = 40
 What is Control System?
• A system Controlling the operation of another
system.
• A system that can regulate itself and another
system.
• A control System is a device, or set of devices
to manage, command, direct or regulate the
behaviour of other device(s) or system(s).
 Definitions

System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.

Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system

configuration that will provide a desired response.

Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and
output relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the
process.

Input Process Output

Definitions

Controlled Variable– It is the quantity or condition that is measured

and Controlled. Normally controlled variable is the output of the
control system.

Manipulated Variable– It is the quantity of the condition that is varied

by the controller so as to affect the value of controlled variable.

Control – Control means measuring the value of controlled variable of

the system and applying the manipulated variable to the system to
correct or limit the deviation of the measured value from a desired
value.
 Definitions
Manipulated Variable

Input
or Output
Set point Controller Process Or
or Controlled Variable
reference

Disturbances– A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect

the value of the system. It is an unwanted input of the system.
• If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called
internal disturbance. While an external disturbance is generated
outside the system.
 Types of Control System
• Natural Control System
– Universe
– Human Body
• Manmade Control System
– Vehicles
– Aeroplanes
 Types of Control System
• Natural Control System
– Universe
– Human Body

16
 Types of Control System
• Manmade Control System
– Aeroplanes
– Chemical Process

17
 Types of Control System
• Manual Control Systems
– Room Temperature regulation Via Electric Fan
– Water Level Control

• Automatic Control System

– Room Temperature regulation Via A.C
– Human Body Temperature Control
 Types of Control System
• Manual Control Systems
– Room Temperature regulation Via Electric Fan
– Water Level Control

• Automatic Control System

– Home Water Heating Systems
– Room Temperature regulation Via A.C
– Human Body Temperature Control
19
 Types of Control System
Open-Loop Control Systems
Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a controller or control actuator to
obtain the desired response.
• Output has no effect on the control action.
• In other words output is neither measured nor fed back.

Input Output
Controller Process

Examples:- Washing Machine, Toaster, Electric Fan

 Control Systems:

a. Open loop simple-not expensive-not accurate

b. Closed loop: feed back
1.Regulators output=constant despite any unwanted disturbance
2. Follow up-Servo output=input

Examples
1) A water-level control system

* Operating principle……

* Feedback control…… Measurement-Comparison - Correction

 Another example of the water-level control
* Operating principle……
f l oat
l ever
* Feedback control……
wat er
ent r ance
2) A temperature Control system
Wat er exi t
Fi gur e 1. 2
cont ai ner
t her mo
+ uf met er
ur
ampl i f i er
* Operating principle…
e
* Feedback control(error)…

ua=k( ur - uf ) Gear
M assembl y

Fi gur e 1. 3
3) A DC-Motor control system

+
Uk=k( ur - uf ) DC
ur  ua
mot or
e M

r egul at or l oad
t r i gger

Uf ( Feedback) r ect i f i er -
M t echomet er
Fi g. 1. 4 +

* Principle…

* Feedback control(error)…
4) A servo (following) control system

ser vopot ent i omet er

I nput out put
l oad
T r T c

ser vomechani sm
-

M
+ ser vo mot or
ser vomodul at or

* principle……

* feedback(error)……
5) A feedback control system model of the family planning
(similar to the social, economic, and political realm(sphere or field))

excess
procreat e

Desi re
popul at i on government + popul at i on
( Fami l y pl anni ng commi t t ee) soci et y
- Pol i cy or
st at ut es

census
Fig. 1.6
* principle……

* feedback(error)……
 Types of Control System
Open-Loop Control Systems

• Since in open loop control systems reference input is not

compared with measured output, for each reference input there
is fixed operating condition.

• Therefore, the accuracy of the system depends on calibration.

• The performance of open loop system is severely affected by the

presence of disturbances, or variation in operating/
environmental conditions.
 Types of Control System
Closed-Loop Control Systems

Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to compare the actual

output to the desired output response.

Input Output
Comparator Controller Process

Measurement

Examples:- Refrigerator, Iron

 Types of Control System
Multivariable Control System

Temp Outputs
Humidity Comparator Controller Process
Pressure

Measurements
 Types of Control System
Multivariable Control System

Outputs
Temp
Humidity Comparator Controller Process
Pressure

Measurements

29
 Types of Control System
Feedback Control System

• A system that maintains a prescribed relationship between the output

and some reference input by comparing them and using the difference
(i.e. error) as a means of control is called a feedback control system.

Input + error Output

Controller Process
-

Feedback

• Feedback can be positive or negative.

 Types of Control System
Servo System

• A Servo System (or servomechanism) is a feedback control system in

which the output is some mechanical position, velocity or acceleration.

Antenna Positioning System Modular Servo System (MS150)

 Some examples of linear system
• Electrical circuits with constant values of circuit
passive elements
• Linear OPA circuits
• Mechanical system with constant values of k,m,b
etc
• Heartbeat dynamic
• Eye movement
• Commercial aircraft

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 Linear system
A system is said to be linear in terms of the system input
x(t) and the system output y(t) if it satisfies the following
two properties of superposition and homogeneity.

Superposition：

x1 (t ) y1 (t ) x2 (t ) y2 (t )

x1 (t )  x2 (t ) y1 (t )  y2 (t )

Homogeneity：
x1 (t ) y1 (t ) ax1 (t ) ay1 (t )
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 Types of Control System
Linear Vs Nonlinear Control System

• A Control System in which output varies linearly with the input is called a
linear control system.

u(t) Process y(t)

y(t )  2u(t )  1 y(t )  3u(t )  5

y=3*u(t)+5
y=-2*u(t)+1
35
5

30
0
25
-5

y(t)
y(t)

20
-10
15

-15
10

-20 5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
u(t)
u(t)
 Types of Control System
Linear Vs Nonlinear Control System

• When the input and output has nonlinear relationship the system is said
to be nonlinear.

Adhesion Characteristics of Road

0.4
Adhesion Coefficient

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Creep
 Types of Control System
Linear Vs Nonlinear Control System
• Linear control System Does not
exist in practice. Adhesion Characteristics of Road

0.4
• Linear control systems are

Adhesion Coefficient
idealized models fabricated by
0.3
the analyst purely for the
simplicity of analysis and design. 0.2

• When the magnitude of signals 0.1

in a control system are limited to
range in which system 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
components exhibit linear Creep
characteristics the system is
essentially linear.
 Types of Control System
Linear Vs Nonlinear Control System
• Temperature control of petroleum product in a distillation column.

°C

Temperature
500°C

Valve Position

0% 25% 100%
% Open
 Types of Control System
Time invariant vs Time variant

• When the characteristics of the system do not depend upon time

itself then the system is said to time invariant control system.

y(t )  2u(t )  1

• Time varying control system is a system in which one or more

parameters vary with time.

y(t )  2u(t )  3t
 Types of Control System
Lumped parameter vs Distributed Parameter

• Control system that can be described by ordinary differential equations

are lumped-parameter control systems.

d 2x dx
M C  kx
dt 2 dt
• Whereas the distributed parameter control systems are described by
partial differential equations.

2
x x  x
f1  f2 g 2
dy dz dz
 Types of Control System
Continuous Data Vs Discrete Data System

• In continuous data control system all system variables are function of a

continuous time t.
x(t)

• A discrete time control system involves one or more variables that are
known only at discrete time intervals.
X[n]

n
 Types of Control System
Deterministic vs Stochastic Control System

• A control System is deterministic if the response to input is predictable

and repeatable.
x(t) y(t)

t t

• If not, the control system is a stochastic control system

z(t)

t
 Types of Control System
Adaptive Control System

• The dynamic characteristics of most control systems

are not constant for several reasons.

• The effect of small changes on the system

parameters is attenuated in a feedback control
system.

• An adaptive control system is required when the

changes in the system parameters are significant.
 Types of Control System
Learning Control System

• A control system that can learn from the

environment it is operating is called a learning
control system.
 Classification of Control Systems
Control Systems

Natural Man-made

Manual Automatic

Open-loop Closed-loop

Non-linear linear
Non-linear linear

Time variant Time invariant

Time variant Time invariant
Examples of Control Systems
Water-level float regulator
Examples of Control Systems
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Examples of Modern Control Systems
 System response: Output signals due to inputs and ICs.
1. The point of view of Mathematic:

Homogenous solution y h (t ) ＋ Particular solution y p (t )

2. The point of view of Engineer:

Natural response y n (t ) ＋ Forced response y f (t )

3. The point of view of control engineer:

Zero-input response y zi (t ) ＋ Zero-state response y zs (t )
Transient response Steady state response

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Example: solve the following O.D.E
d 2 y (t ) dy(t )  2t dy(0)
2
 4  3 y (t )  e , t  0, y (0)  1, 1
dt dt dt

(1) Particular solution: [ y p (t )]  u (t )

d 2 y p (t ) dy p (t )
4  3 y p (t )  e  2t
dt 2 dt
let y p (t )  e 2t
then y ' p (t )  2e 2t yp (t )  4e 2t

4e 2t  4(2)e 2t  3e 2t  e 2t    1

we have y p (t )  e 2t
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(2) Homogenous solution: [ yh (t )]  0
yh(t )  4 yh (t )  3 yh (t )  0

yh (t )  Aet  Be3t
dy(0)
y (t )  y p (t )  yh (t ) have to satisfy I.C. y (0)  1 , 1
dt
y (0)  1 yh (0)  y p (0) 1
dy(0)
 1 yh (0)  yp (0)  1
dt

5  t 1  3t
yh (t )  e  e
2 2

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(3) zero-input response: consider the original differential equation with no input.

y zi (t )  4 y zi (t )  3 y zi (t )  0, t0 y zi (0)  1, y zi (0)  1

y zi (t )  K1e t  K 2 e 3t , t  0

y zi (0)  K 1  K 2 K1  2
y zi (0)   K 1  3K 2 K 2  1

y zi (t )  2e t  e 3t , t  0

zero-input response

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(4) zero-state response: consider the original differential equation but set all I.C.=0.

y zs (t )  4 y zs (t )  3 y zs (t )  e 2t , t0 y zi (0)  0 , y zi (0)  0

y zs (t )  C1e t  C 2 e 3t  e 2t

1
y zs (0)  C1  C 2  1  0 C1 
2
y zs (0)  C1  3C 2  2  0 1
C2 
2

1  t 1  3t
y zs (t )  e  e  e  2t
2 2
zero-state response
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(5) Laplace Method:
d 2 y (t ) dy(t )  2t dy(0)
2
 4  3 y (t )  e , t  0, y (0)  1, 1
dt dt dt
1
s Y ( s)  sy (0)  y (0)  4sY ( s)  4 y (0)  3Y ( s) 
2

s2

1 1 5
s5 
s  2 2 1
Y (s)  2    2
s  4s  3 s  3 s  2 s 1

1  1  3t  2t 5 t
y (t )   [Y ( s)]  e e  e
2 2

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 Complex response  1  3t 5
y (t )  e  e  2 t  e t
2 2

Zero state response Zero input response

1  t 1  3t
y zs (t )  e  e  e  2t y zi (t )  2e t  e 3t , t  0
2 2

Forced response Natural response

(Particular solution) (Homogeneous solution)
5  t 1  3t
y p (t )  e 2t yh (t )  e  e
2 2
Steady state response Transient response
 1  3t  2t 5 t
y (t )  e e  e
2 2

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