An American National Standard

Designation: F 412 – 09

Standard Terminology Relating to

Plastic Piping Systems1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

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This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope D 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic

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1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of Sheeting
technical terms used in the plastic piping industry. Terms that D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 907 Terminology of Adhesives

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are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily
available sources are not included. D 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which of Transparent Plastics
D 1238 Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics

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Committee F17 is responsible it is included only when judged,
after review, by Subcommittee F17.91 to be a generally usable by Extrusion Plastometer
term. D 1488 Test Method for Amylaceous Matter in Adhesives

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1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by other D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
ASTM committees or other standards organizations are iden- Gradient Technique
D 1527 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
en
tified with the committee number (for example, D20) or with
the abbreviation of the name of the organization (for example, (ABS) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). D 1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plas-
1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor- tic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120
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mation included in notes. D 2104 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe,
1.5 Definitions are followed by the committee responsible Schedule 40
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for the standard(s) (for example, [F17.26]) and standard D 2239 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe
numbers(s) in which they are used (for example, F 714). (SIDR-PR) Based on Controlled Inside Diameter
D 2241 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
se

2. Referenced Documents Pressure-Rated Pipe (SDR Series)

2.1 ASTM Standards:2 D 2282 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
C 114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic (ABS) Plastic Pipe3
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Cement D 2444 Test Method for Determination of the Impact Re-

D 256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum sistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a
Impact Resistance of Plastics Tup (Falling Weight)
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D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics D 2447 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe,
D 648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics Schedules 40 and 80, Based on Outside Diameter
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Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position D 2513 Specification for Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe,
D 747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of Tubing, and Fittings
Plastics by Means of a Cantilever Beam D 2661 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
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D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials and Fittings
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D 2666 Specification for Polybutylene (PB) Plastic Tubing3

D 2680 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic (ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Composite Sewer
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.91 on Editorial
and Terminology. Piping
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally D 2683 Specification for Socket-Type Polyethylene Fittings
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F 412 – 07.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 F 412 – 09
for Outside Diameter-Controlled Polyethylene Pipe and F 1473 Test Method for Notch Tensile Test to Measure the
Tubing Resistance to Slow Crack Growth of Polyethylene Pipes
D 2737 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Tubing and Resins
D 2751 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene F 1488 Specification for Coextruded Composite Pipe
(ABS) Sewer Pipe and Fittings F 1499 Specification for Coextruded Composite Drain,
D 2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Waste, and Vent Pipe (DWV)
Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design F 1668 Guide for Construction Procedures for Buried Plas-
Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Products tic Pipe
D 2846/D 2846M Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl F 1733 Specification for Butt Heat Fusion Polyamide(PA)
Plastic Fitting for Polyamide(PA) Plastic Pipe and Tubing

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Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribu-
tion Systems F 1760 Specification for Coextruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
D 3035 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (PVC) Non-Pressure Plastic Pipe Having Reprocessed-
(DR-PR) Based on Controlled Outside Diameter Recycled Content
F 1924 Specification for Plastic Mechanical Fittings for Use

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D 3139 Specification for Joints for Plastic Pressure Pipes
on Outside Diameter Controlled Polyethylene Gas Distri-
Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals
bution Pipe and Tubing
D 3261 Specification for Butt Heat Fusion Polyethylene

sh
F 1948 Specification for Metallic Mechanical Fittings for
(PE) Plastic Fittings for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe and
Use on Outside Diameter Controlled Thermoplastic Gas
Tubing
Distribution Pipe and Tubing
D 3309 Specification for Polybutylene (PB) Plastic Hot-

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F 1970 Specification for Special Engineered Fittings, Ap-
and Cold-Water Distribution Systems purtenances or Valves for use in Poly (Vinyl Chloride)
D 3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and (PVC) or Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC)

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Fittings Materials Systems
F 402 Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, F 1973 Specification for Factory Assembled Anodeless Ris-
Primers, and Cleaners Used for Joining Thermoplastic Pipe
en
ers and Transition Fittings in Polyethylene (PE) and
and Fittings Polyamide 11 (PA11) and Polyamide 12 (PA12) Fuel Gas
F 405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipe Distribution Systems
and Fittings F 1986 Specification for Multilayer Pipe Type 2, Compres-
yl

F 441/F 441M Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl sion Fittings, and Compression Joints for Hot and Cold
Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80 Drinking-Water Systems
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F 442/F 442M Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl F 1987 Specification for Multilayer Pipe Type 2, Compres-
Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe (SDR−PR) sion Fittings, and Compression Joints for Hydronic Heat-
F 449 Practice for Subsurface Installation of Corrugated ing Systems
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Polyethylene Pipe for Agricultural Drainage or Water Table F 2145 Specification for Polyamide 11 (PA 11) and Polya-
Control mide 12 (PA12) Mechanical Fittings for Use on Outside
F 628 Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Diameter Controlled Polyamide 11 and Polyamide 12 Pipe
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(ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Tubing
With a Cellular Core F 2158 Specification for Residential Central-Vacuum Tube
and Fittings
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F 645 Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of

Thermoplastic Water- Pressure Piping Systems F 2160 Specification for Solid Wall High Density Polyeth-
F 714 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe ylene (HDPE) Conduit Based on Controlled Outside Di-
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(SDR-PR) Based on Outside Diameter ameter (OD)

F 771 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Thermoplastic F 2176 Specification for Mechanical Couplings Used on
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High-Pressure Irrigation Pipeline Systems Polyethylene Conduit, Duct and Innerduct

2.2 ISO Standards:4
F 876 Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX)
ISO 3 Preferred Numbers
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Tubing
ISO 497 Preferred Numbers
F 877 Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX)
ISO R 161 Pipes of Plastics Materials for the Transport of
Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems
Fluids (Outside Diameters and Nominal Pressures) Part I,
F 891 Specification for Coextruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Metric Series
(PVC) Plastic Pipe With a Cellular Core ISO TR 9080 Thermolplastics Pipes for the Transport of
F 948 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Piping Fluids-Methods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic Stress
Systems and Components Under Constant Internal Pres- Rupture Data to Determine the Long-Term Hydrostatic
sure With Flow Strength of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials
F 1025 Guide for Selection and Use of Full-Encirclement- 2.3 ANSI Standard:4
Type Band Clamps for Reinforcement or Repair of Punc-
tures or Holes in Polyethylene Gas Pressure Pipe
F 1335 Specification for Pressure-Rated Composite Pipe 4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
and Fittings for Elevated Temperature Service 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

2
 F 412 – 09
Z17.1 ANSI Preferred Numbers DISCUSSION—The interlaboratory exposure conditions are usually
2.4 PPI Standard:5 intensified beyond those encountered in actual outdoor exposure in an
PPI TR-4 attempt to achieve an accelerated effect.

backfill—all material used to fill the trench from bedding to

3. Terminology
finished surface. [F17.65 ] F 449, F 1668
acceptance testing—testing performed on a product to deter- backfill, final—material used to fill the trench from initial
mine whether or not an individual lot of the product backfill to finished surface. [F17]
conforms with specified requirements. [F17] backfill, initial—material used to fill the trench from top of
DISCUSSION—The number of requirements are usually fewer than for bedding to a designated height over the pipe. [F17]

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qualification testing (see definition). backfill, pipe zone—see pipe zone backfill.
backfill, unconsolidated—noncompacted material in place in
acetal plastics, n—highly crystalline linear thermoplastic ho-
trench. [F17]
mopolymers or copolymers characterized by repeating
oxymethylene units. [F17] beam loading—the application of a load to a pipe between two

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acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) pipe and fitting points of support, usually expressed in newtons (or pounds-
plastics—plastics containing polymers or blends of poly- force) and the distance between the centers of the supports.

sh
mers, or both, in which the minimum butadiene content is [F17]
6%, the minimum acrylonitrile content is 15 %, the mini- bedding, n—materials placed in the bottom of the trench on
mum styrene or substituted styrene content, or both, is 15 %, top of the foundation soil which provides stable bottom

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and the maximum content of all other monomers is not more support for buried pipe including the trench bottom groove
than 5 %; plus lubricants, stabilizers, and colorants. support angle or select material placed around the pipe, and
[F17.61] D 1527, D 2282 [17.62] D 2680, D 2751 envelope or filter materials where used during insulation.

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adhesive—a substance capable of holding materials together [F17.65] F 449, F 1668
by surface attachment. [F17] bedding, v—placement of support materials for buried pipe.
en
adhesive bonded joint—see joint, adhesive bonded. [F17]
adhesive, solvent—see solvent cement. bell-and-spigot joint—see joint, bell-and-spigot gasket.
adiabatic extrusion—a method of extrusion in which, after bell end—the enlarged portion of a pipe that resembles the
yl

the extrusion apparatus has been heated sufficiently by socket portion of a fitting and that is intended to be used to
conventional means to plastify the material, the extrusion make a joint. [F17]
process can be continued with the sole source of heat being bend—a fitting either molded separately or formed from pipe
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the conversion of the drive energy, through viscous resis- for the purpose of accommodating a directional change.
tance of the plastic mass in the extruder. [D20] D 883 [F17]
aging, n—(1) the effect on materials of exposure to an
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environment for an interval of time. DISCUSSION—Also called ell, elbow, or sweep. Bends generally imply
fittings of relatively shorter radii than sweeps.
(2) the process of exposing materials to an environment
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for an interval of time. [D20] D 883 beveled pipe—a pipe with an end chamfered to mate or adjust
alloy, n—in plastics, two or more immiscible polymers united, to another surface or to assist in assembly. [F17]
usually by another component, to form a plastic resin having binder, n—in a reinforced plastic, the continuous phase which
.p

enhanced performance properties. [D20] D 883 holds together the reinforcement. [D20] D 883
antioxidant, n—compounding ingredient used to retard dete-
DISCUSSION—During fabrication, the binder, which may be either
rioration caused by oxidation. [F17]
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thermoplastic or thermoset, usually undergoes a change in state.

apparent density—the weight per unit volume of a material
including voids inherent in the material as tested. [F17] blinding—the placement of soil, bedding material over and on
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DISCUSSION—The term bulk density is commonly used for material the sides of the pipe, tubing or envelope to ensure proper
such as molding powder. grade, alignment, support, and protection of pipe during
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backfilling and after installation. [F17.65] F 449

approving authority—the individual official, board, depart- blister, n—an imperfection, a rounded elevation of the surface
ment, or agency established and authorized by a state, of a plastic, with boundaries that may be more or less sharply
county, city, or other political subdivision, created by law to defined, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the
administer and enforce specified requirements. human skin. [D20] D 883
artificial weathering—exposure to laboratory conditions,
bloom, n—a visible exudation or efflorescence on the surface
which may be cyclic, involving temperature, relative humid-
of a material. [D20] D 883
ity, radiant energy, or any other conditions or pollutants
found in the atmosphere in various geographical areas; or blow molding—a method of fabrication in which a heated
both. [F17] parison (hollow tube) is forced into the shape of a mold
cavity by internal gas pressure. [D20] D 883
blowing agent—a compounding ingredient used to produce
5
Available from Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI), 105 Decker Court, Suite 825, gas by chemical or thermal action, or both, in manufacture of
Irving, TX 75062, http://www.plasticpipe.org. hollow or cellular articles. [D20] D 883

3
 F 412 – 09
brittle failure—a pipe failure mode which exhibits no visible is a derivative of cellulose (obtained from cotton or wool
(to the naked eye) permanent material deformation (stretch- pulp, or both) made by converting some of the hydroxyl
ing, elongation, or necking down) in the area of the break. groups in cellulose to acetate and butyrate groups with
[F17.40] F 1473 chemicals. [F17]
building drain—that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a central vacuum tubing, n—plastic tubing used for residental
drainage system that receives the discharge from soil, waste, central vacuum systems in which outside diameter is con-
and other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building and trolled and where the wall thickness is usually small when
conveys it to the building sewer beyond the foundation walls compared to the diameter. [F17.25] F 2158
of the building or structure. [F17] chalking, n—in plastics, a powdery residue on the surface of
a material resulting from degradation or migration of an

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DISCUSSION—The building sewer generally begins 2 to 5 ft beyond
the foundation walls. ingredient, or both. [D20] D 883
DISCUSSION—Chalking may be a designed-in characteristic.
building drain (sanitary)—a building drain that conveys gray
water or sewage, or both. [F17] chemical cleaner—see cleaner, chemical.

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building drain (storm)—a building drain that conveys storm chemical resistance—the ability to resist chemical attack.
water only. [F17] [F17]

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building sanitary sewer—that part of the horizontal piping of DISCUSSION—The attack is dependent on the method of test and its
a sanitary drainage system which extends from the building severity is measured by determining the changes in physical properties.
sanitary drain, receives the discharge of the building sanitary Time, temperature, stress, and reagent may all be factors that affect the

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drain, and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer, chemical resistance of a material.
individual sewage disposal system, or other point of dis-
chemically formed polymeric material—a cellular material
posal. [F17]

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in which the cells are formed by gases generated from
building storm sewer—that part of the horizontal piping of a
thermal decomposition or other chemical reaction. [D20]
storm drainage system which extends from the building
D 883
en
storm drain, receives the discharge of the building storm
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plastics—plastics based on
drain, and conveys it to a public storm sewer, private storm
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) in which the chlorinated
sewer, or other point of disposal. [F17]
poly(vinyl chloride) is in the greatest amount by weight.
building supply—See water service.
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[D20] D 883
bulk factor, n—the ratio of the volume of a given mass of
chlorofluorocarbon plastics—plastics based on polymers
molding material to its volume in the molded form. ISO/
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made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine, and

[D20] D 883
carbon only. ISO/ [D20] D 883
DISCUSSION—The bulk factor is also equal to the ratio of the density chlorofluorohydrocarbon plastics, n—plastics based on poly-
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of the material to its apparent density in the unmolded form. mers made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine,
hydrogen, and carbon only. ISO/[D20] D 883
burst strength—the internal pressure required to cause a pipe
cleaner, chemical—an organic solvent used to remove foreign
or fitting to fail. [F17]
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matter from the surface of plastic pipe and fittings.

DISCUSSION—This pressure will vary with the rate of buildup of the [F17.20] F 402
pressure and the time during which the pressure is held.
DISCUSSION—Cleaners have essentially no effect on the plastic
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butt-fused joint—see joint, butt-fused. surface being cleaned and may be used prior to joining with a solvent
butylene plastics—plastics based on resins made by the cement or adhesive.
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polymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene with cleaner, mechanical—an abrasive material or device used to
one or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being in remove foreign matter and gloss from the surface of plastic
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greatest amount by weight. [D20] D 883 pipe and fittings. [F17]

cell, n—a small cavity surrounded partially or completely by
walls. [D20] D 883 DISCUSSION—Mechanical cleaners may be used prior to joining with
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a solvent cement or adhesive.

cell, closed—a cell totally enclosed by its walls and hence not
interconnecting with other cells. (See also cell and cell, closed-cell cellular plastics—cellular plastics in which almost
open.) ISO/[D20] D 883 all the cells are noninterconnecting. [D20] D 883 [F17.63]
cell, open—a cell not totally enclosed by its walls and hence F 628
interconnecting with other cells. (See also cell and cell, closed-cell foamed plastics—See closed-cell cellular plastics.
closed.) [D20] D 883 code—(1) a system of symbols, letters or numbers, used to
cellular plastic—a plastic containing numerous cells, inten- convey a message requiring brevity; (2) a set of rules
tionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributed established by a legal or quasi-legal body. [F17]
throughout the mass. [D20] D 883 [17.63] F 628 [17.25] code, classification—a code that identifies a plastic material
F 891 by its properties in accordance with the pertinent ASTM
cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) plastics—plastic made by specification. [F17]
compounding a cellulose acetate butyrate ester with plasti- code, manufacturer’s—a code that provides manufacturing
cizers and other ingredients. Cellulose acetate butyrate ester identity for a piping product. [F17]

4
 F 412 – 09
code, thermoplastic pipe materials designation— letters and wires, cables, or other conductors. [F17.10] F 2176
ciphers for the designation of stress-rated thermoplastic [F17.26] F 2160
compound, which consists of two or three letters to indicate consolidation—reduction in volume of soil as a result of
the abbreviation as listed in Terminology D 1600, for the gravitational forces. [F17]
type of thermoplastic resin—followed by four Arabic contamination—the presence of a substance not intentionally
numerals—two to describe the short-term properties, in incorporated in a product. [F17]
accordance with the ASTM standard being referenced, and continuous waste—a drain connecting two or more plumbing
two to designate the hydrostatic design stress when tested in fixtures or components of plumbing fixtures to a common
water at 73°F (23°C) in units of 100 psi, with any decimal trap. [F17]
figures dropped. [F17] crack—any narrow opening or fissure in the surface that is

om
visible to the naked eye. [F17.65] F 405
DISCUSSION—In some ASTM standards, the short-term properties
with more than two numbers have a table provided to convert to two crater, n—a small, shallow surface imperfection. [D20]
numbers to be used in the code. D 883
DISCUSSION—When the hydrostatic design stress code is less than two crazing, n—apparent fine cracks at or under the surface of a

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numbers, a zero is inserted before the number. plastic. [D20] D 883
DISCUSSION—For polyethylene compound, the short-term properties
DISCUSSION—The crazed areas are composed of polymeric material

sh
are described using two Arabic numerals in accordance with Specifi-
cation D 3350, specifically, the cell classification number value for of lower density than the surrounding matrix.
density followed by the cell classification number value for slow crack creep, n—the time-dependent part of strain resulting from
growth resistance.
stress, that is dimensional change caused by the application

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coextrusion—a process whereby two or more heated or of load over and above the elastic deformation and with
unheated plastic material streams forced through one or respect to time. [D20] D 883, [17.60] F 1025

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more shaping orifice(s) become one continuously formed cross laminate—a laminate in which some of the layers of
piece. [F17.63] D 2661, F 628 [F17.25] F 891, F 1760 material are oriented approximately at right angles to the
remaining layers with respect to the grain or strongest
en
[F17.11] F 1488
cold flow—See creep. direction in tension. (See also parallel laminate.) [D20]
cold molding—a special process of compression molding in D 883
which the molding is formed at room temperature and crosslinking, n—the formation of a three dimensional polymer
yl

subsequently baked at elevated temperatures. [D20] D 883 by means of interchain reactions resulting in changes in
collapse, n—(1) inadvertent densification of cellular material physical properties. [D20] D 883
th

during manufacture resulting from breakdown of cell struc- cure, v—to change the properties of a polymeric system into a
ture; (2) the buckling of the inner liner of composite piping; more stable, usable condition by the use of heat, radiation, or
(3) the buckling or flattening of a plastic rehabilitation liner; reaction with chemical additives. ISO/[D20] D 883
se

(4) the buckling or crushing of a plastic pipe from external DISCUSSION—Cure may be accomplished, for example, by removal of
forces, such as earth loads or external hydrostatic load. solvent or by crosslinking.
[F17]
ar

compaction, soil—act of packing soil with mechanical force to deadload—the static load imposed on the top of the pipe.
increase its density. [F17] [F17]
compatible—(1) a condition wherein components of a plastic deflection temperature—the temperature at which a specimen
.p

piping system or different specific plastic materials, or both, will deflect a given distance at a given load under prescribed
can be joined together for satisfactory joints. (2) in relation conditions of test. (See Test Method D 648.) Formerly called
w

to elastomeric seal joints, a condition wherein the elastomer heat distortion. [F17]
does not adversely affect the pertinent properties of the degradation, n—a deleterious change in chemical structure,
physical properties, or appearance of a plastic. [D20]
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plastic pipe or fittings, or both, when the sealing gasket is in

intimate contact with the plastic for a prolonged period. D 883
[F17] denisty, apparent—see apparent density.
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composite pipe—pipe consisting of two or more different density of plastics—the weight per unit volume of material at
materials arranged with specific functional purpose to serve 23°C expressed as D23c, g/cm3(kg/m3). [F17]
as pipe. [F17] DISCUSSION—Taken from Test Method D 1505.
compound, n—a mixture of a polymer with other ingredients
depth, n—in the case of a beam, the dimension parallel to the
such as fillers, stabilizers, catalysts, processing aids, lubri-
direction in which the load is applied. [D20] D 883
cants, modifiers, pigments, or curing agents. [F17.11]
diffusion—the movement of a material such as a gas or liquid,
F 1488, F 1499
in the body of a plastic. [F17]
compression fitting joint—see joint, compression fitting.
compression gasket joint—see joint, compression gasket. DISCUSSION—If the gas or liquid is absorbed on one side of a piece of
compression molding—the method of molding a material plastic and given off on the other side, the phenomenon is called
already in a confined cavity by applying pressure and usually permeability. Diffusion and permeability are not due to holes or pores
in the plastic.
heat. [D20] D 883
conduit, (duct), n—a tubular raceway for carrying electric dimension ratio (DR)—the average specified diameter of a

5
 F 412 – 09
pipe or tubing divided by the minimum specified wall heat sealing, or other means. [D20] D 883
thickness. The DR values shall be rounded to the nearest 0.5 failure, adhesive—rupture of an adhesive bond, such that the
unless otherwise specified. [F17.10] D 2683, D 3261, plane of separation appears to be at the adhesive-adherend
F 1733 [17.11] D 1488 [F17.26] D 2737, [F17.60] D 2513 interface. [F17]
failure, brittle—see brittle failure
DISCUSSION—Each pipe can have two dimension ratios depending on
whether the outside or inside diameter is used. In practice, the outside failure, ductile—see ductile failure
diameter is used if the standards requirement and manufacturing control failure, slit —see silt failure
are based on this diameter. The inside diameter is used when this filler, n—a relatively inert material added to a plastic to modify
measurement is the controlling one. its strength, permanence, working properties, or other quali-
ties or to lower costs. (See also reinforced plastic.) [D20]

om
dry-blend, n—dry compound prepared without fluxing or D 883
addition of solvent (also called powder blend). [D20] fish-eye, n—small globular mass that has not blended com-
D 883 pletely into the surrounding material. [D20] D 883
ductile failure—a pipe failure mode which exhibits material fitting, n—a piping component used to join or terminate

.c
deformation (stretching, elongation, or necking down) in the sections of pipe or to provide changes of direction or
area of the break. [F17] branching in a pipe system. [F17]
elastomer, n—a macromolecular material that at room tem-

sh
flanged joint—see joint, flanged.
perature returns rapidly to approximately its initial dimen- flare joint—see joint, flare.
sions and shape after substantial deformation by a weak flow rate—rate of extrusion, weight per unit of time, g/10 min
stress and release of the stress. [D20] D 883

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(kg/s), of molten resins through a die of specified length and
elastomeric seal—a material or device that uses an elastomer diameter, under prescribed conditions of temperature, load,
to effect a seal between separable piping components. and piston position in the barrel as the timed measurement is

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[F17] being made. [F17]
elevated temperature testing—tests on plastic pipe above fluorocarbon plastic, n—a plastic based on polymers made
23°C (73°F). [F17]
en
with perfluoromonomers. ISO/[D20] D 883
embedment—the placement of materials completely around
the pipe to provide support. [F17.62] F 1668 DISCUSSION—When the monomer is essentially tetrafluoroethylene,
encasement, n—see incasement, n. the prefix TFE is sometimes used to designate these materials. It is
yl

preferable to use the accepted abbreviation, PFTE. TFE should not be

encasement, v—see incasement, v. used by itself to mean PTFE. When the resins are copolymers of
engineering plastics, n—those plastics and polymeric compo- tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, the resins may be desig-
th

sitions for which well-defined properties are available, such nated with the prefix FEP. Other prefixes may be adopted to designate
that engineering rather than empirical methods can be used other fluorocarbon plastics.
for design and manufacture of products requiring definite
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and predictable performance in structural applications over a fluorohydrocarbon plastics, n—plastics based on polymers
substantial temperature range. [D20] D 883 made with monomers composed of fluorine, hydrogen, and
carbon only. ISO/[D20] D 883
envelope, drainage—the materials completely surrounding a
fluoroplastic, n—a plastic based on polymers made from
ar

pipe to provide support or protection or act as a filter.

monomers containing one or more atoms of fluorine, or
[F17]
copolymers of such monomers with other monomers, the
environmental stress cracking—the development of cracks in
.p

fluorine-containing monomer(s) being in the greatest amount

a material that is subjected to stress or strain in the presence
by mass. [D20] D 883
of specific chemicals. [F17]
w

ethylene plastics, n—plastics based on polymers of ethylene DISCUSSION—For specific examples of fluoroplastic see fluorocarbon
or copolymers of ethylene with other monomers, the ethyl- plastic, chlorofluorocarbon plastics, fluorohydrocarbon plastics,
ene being in greatest amount by mass. ISO/[D20] D 883 and chlorofluorohydrocarbon plastic.
w

exfiltration, pipe—the passage of fluid from a pipe section foamed plastics, n—See cellular plastics (the preferred termi-
through small holes or leaks. [F17] nology).
w

expandable plastic, n—a plastic in a form capable of being forming, n—a process in which the shape of plastic pieces
made cellular by thermal, chemical, or mechanical means. such as sheets, rods, or tubes is changed to a desired
[D20] D 883 configuration. [D20] D 883
expanded plastics—See cellular plastics.
extrusion, n—a process in which heated or unheated plastic is DISCUSSION—The use of the term “forming” in plastics technology
does not include such operations as molding, casting, or extrusion, in
forced through a shaping orifice (a die) in one continuously which shapes or pieces are made from molding materials or liquids.
formed shape as film, sheet, rod, or tubing. [D20] D 883
extrusion, adiabatic—see adiabatic extrusion. frosting, n—a light-scattering surface resembling fine crystals.
fabricating, n—the manufacture of plastic products from See also chalking, haze, bloom. [F17]
molded parts, rods, tubes, sheeting, extrusions, or other fungi resistance—the ability of plastic pipe to withstand fungi
forms by appropriate operations such as punching, cutting, growth or their metabolic products, or both, under normal
drilling, and tapping including fastening plastic parts to- conditions of service or laboratory tests simulating such
gether or to other parts by mechanical devices, adhesives, conditions. [F17]

6
 F 412 – 09
fuse, v—(1) to convert plastic powder or pellets into a different structure. [D20] D 883
homogeneous mass through heat and pressure; (2) to make a gravity flow, n—liquefied medium conveyance that is induced
plastic piping joint by heat and pressure. [F17] by a positive elevation head such as a downward pipeline
gasket joint—see joint, compression gasket and joint, bell- slope or a higher elevation reservoir. [F17]
and-spigot gasket. gravity flow, non-pressure, n—gravity flow of liquefied
gate, n—in an injection mold, a constriction in the flow medium in a piping system that is not pressure-rated and
channel between the runner and the mold cavity. [D20] where flow is regularly less than full (open channel flow)
D 883 except during conditions when the system may become
gel, n—(1) a semisolid system consisting of a network of solid temporarily surcharged in which case, the system is subject
aggregates in which liquid is held; (2) the initial jelly-like to temporary internal hydrostatic pressure that is generally

om
solid phase that develops during the formation of a resin limited to piping system joint capabilities.[F17]
from a liquid; (3) with respect to vinyl plastisols, gel is a gravity flow, pressure, n—gravity flow of liquefied medium in
state between liquid and solid that occurs in the initial stages a pressure-rated piping system where flow regularly fills the
of heating, or upon prolonged storage. [D20] D 883 piping system (closed channel flow) and subjects the piping

.c
DISCUSSION—All three types of gel have very low strengths and do
system to internal hydrostatic pressure that is within the
not flow like a liquid. They are soft, flexible, and may rupture under capabilities of pressure-rated piping system components and

sh
their own weight unless supported externally. joints. [F17]
gray water—the waste water of a system that may be a
gel point—the stage at which a liquid begins to exhibit combination of the liquid and water-carried wastes except
pseudo-elastic properties. [D20] D 883

ki
human wastes. [F17]
DISCUSSION—This stage may be conveniently observed from the groove angle—the angle of support for a pipe when a formed
inflection point on a viscosity-time plot. (See gel (2).) groove is made in bedding or foundation. [F17]

e-
gusset, n—(1) a piece used to give additional size or strength
gel time, n—the period of time from the initial mixing of the
in a particular location of an object.
reactants of a liquid material composition to the time when
en
(2) the folded-in portion of flattened tubular film. [D20]
gelation occurs, as defined by a specific test method.
D 883
[D20] D 883
haunching—the act of placing bedding material around the
DISCUSSION—For a material that must be processed by exposure to haunch of the pipe. [F17]
yl

some form of energy, the zero time is the start of exposure. haunch—that portion of the pipe barrel extending from bottom
glass transition—the reversible change in an amorphous to springline. [F17]
th

polymer or in amorphous regions of a partially crystalline haze—the cloudy or turbid aspect or appearance of an other-
polymer from (or to) a viscous or rubbery condition to (or wise transparent specimen caused by light scattered from
within the specimen or from its surfaces. [D20] D 883
se

from) a hard and relatively brittle one. [D20] D 883

DISCUSSION—For the purpose of Test Method D 1003, haze is the
DISCUSSION—The glass transition generally occurs over a relatively
percentage of transmitted light which, in passing through the specimen,
narrow temperature region and is similar to the solidification of a liquid
deviates from the incident beam through forward scatter more than 2.5°
ar

to a glassy state; it is not a phase transition. Not only do hardness and

on the average.
brittleness undergo rapid changes in this temperature region but other
properties, such as thermal expansibility and specific heat also change heat-fused joint—see joint, heat-fused.
.p

rapidly. This phenomenon has been called second order transition,

rubber transition, and rubbery transition. The word transformation has
heat joining—making a joint by heating the mating surfaces of
also been used instead of transition. Where more than one amorphous the pipe components to be joined and pressing them together
w

transition occurs in a polymer, the one associated with segmental so that they fuse and become essentially one piece. [F17]
motions of the polymer backbone chain or accompanied by the largest
DISCUSSION—Also known as heat fusion, thermal fusion, and fusion.
change in properties is usually considered to be the glass transition.
w

glass transition temperature (Tg)—the approximate mid- heat mark—extremely shallow depression or groove in the
point of the temperature range over which the glass transi- surface of a plastic visible because of a sharply defined rim
w

tion takes place. [D20] D 883 or a roughened surface. (See also sink-mark.) [D20]
D 883
DISCUSSION—The glass transition temperature can be determined high-density polyethylene plastics (HDPE), n—those linear
readily only by observing the temperature at which a significant change polyethylene plastics, g.v., having a standard density of
takes place in a specific electrical, mechanical, or other physical
property. Moreover, the observed temperature can vary significantly
0.941 g/cm3or greater. [D20] D 883
depending on the specific property chosen for observation and on homopolymer, n—a polymer resulting from polymerization
details of the experimental technique (for example, rate of heating, involving a single monomer. [D20] D 883
frequency). Therefore, the observed Tg should be considered only an hoop stress—the tensile stress in the wall of the piping product
estimate. The most reliable estimates are normally obtained from the in the circumferential direction due to internal hydrostatic
loss peak observed in dynamic mechanical tests or from dialatometric pressure. [F17.48] D 2837, F 948
data.
DISCUSSION—Hydrostatic means fluid and is not limited to water.
graft copolymer—a copolymer in which polymeric side Units will be reported as pounds per square inch (psi) or mega pascals
chains have been attached to the main chain of a polymer of (Mpa). Hoop stress is calculated by using ISO equation. Hoop stress

7
 F 412 – 09
should only be determined on straight hollow cylindrical specimens. P = pressure,
Products of more complex shape may be evaluated by Option 2 of ID = average inside diameter,
Appendix X1 of F 948 based on pressure.
OD = average outside diameter, and
hydrostatic design basis—one of a series of established stress t = minimum wall thickness.
values specified in Test Method D 2837 for a plastic com- (See ISO R 161.) [F17.25] D 1785, F 441/F 441M, F 442/
pound obtained by categorizing the long-term hydrostatic F 442M [F17.26] D 2104, D 2239, D 2447, D 2666, D 2737,
strength determined in accordance with Test Method D 3035, F 714, F 876 [F17.61] D 1527, D 2282, D 2846/
D 2837. [F17.48] D 2837 D 2846M, D 3309, F 645, F 771, F 877
hydrostatic design stress (HDS)—the estimated maximum isotactic, adj—pertaining to a type of polymeric molecular
structure containing a sequence of regularly spaced asym-

om
tensile stress the material is capable of withstanding con-
tinuously with a high degree of certainty that failure of the metric atoms arranged in like configuration in a polymer
pipe will not occur. This stress is circumferential when chain. [D20] D 883
internal hydrostatic water pressure is applied. [D20.23] joint—the location at which two pieces of pipe or a pipe and
D 2104 [F17.25] D 1785, D 2241, F 442/F 442M [F17.26] a fitting are connected together. [F17.10] F 2145 [F17.60]

.c
D 2239, D 2447, D 2666, D 2737, D 3035, F 441/F 441M, F 1924, F 1948, F 1973
F 876, [F17.40] D 2837 [F17.61] D 2282, F 771, D 1527 DISCUSSION—The joint may be made by an adhesive, a solvent-

sh
impact, Izod—a specific type of impact test made with a cement, heat joining, or a mechanical device such as threads or a ring
pendulum-type machine on a cantilever beam specimen and seal.
also the values obtained by this method. [F17]
joint, adhesive-bonded—a joint made using an adhesive to

ki
DISCUSSION—See Test Methods D 256. bond the piping components. [F17]
joint, bell and spigot gasket—a connection between piping
impact, tup—a falling weight (tup) impact test developed

e-
components consisting of a bell end on one component, an
specifically for pipe and fittings. [F17]
elastomeric gasket between the components, and a spigot
DISCUSSION—There are several variables that can be selected. (See end on the other component. See joint, push on. [F17]
en
Test Method D 2444.) joint, butt-fused—a joint in which the prepared ends of the
incasement, n—a rigid structure or pipe surrounding a buried joint components are heated and then placed in contact to
pipe to provide additional support or protection. [F17] form the joint. (See Fig. 1.) [F17]
yl

incasement, v—placement of a rigid structure or pipe sur- joint, compression—a mechanical joint made by deforming a
rounding a buried pipe to provide additional support or sealing member to form a pressure seal between the fitting or
th

protection. [F17] pipe bell and the pipe or tube (See Fig. 2). [F17]
infiltration, pipe—the passage of fluid into a pipe section DISCUSSION—Compression joints include, but are not limited to,
through small holes or leaks. [F17] insert fitting joints, compression gasket joints and flare joints.
se

inhibitor, n—a substance used in low concentration which

joint, compression gasket—a mechanical joint that utilizes a
suppresses a chemical reaction. [D20] D 883
compression nut or a gland nut against a gasket to develop a
ar

DISCUSSION—Inhibitors, unlike catalysts, are consumed during the

reaction.

injection molding, n—the process of forming a material by

.p

forcing it, in a fluid state and under pressure, through a

runner system (sprue, runner, gate(s)) into the cavity of a
w

closed mold. [D20] D 883

insert, n—a part consisting of metal or other material which
may be molded into position or may be pressed into the
w

molding after the completion of the molding operation.

ISO [D20] D 883
w

insert-fitting joint—see joint, clamped insert-fitting.

ISO equation—an equation showing the interrelations be-
tween stress, pressure and dimensions in pipe, namely:
S 5 P ~ID 1 t!
2t for inside diameter controlled pipe

or
S 5 P ~OD 2 t!
2t for outside diameter controlled pipe

where:
S = hoop stress,
FIG. 1 Butt Fusion

8
 F 412 – 09
limited to threaded joint, compression gasket joint, compression fitting
joint, push-on joint, clamped insert fitting joint, flanged joint, or flare
joint.)
joint, push on—a joint in which a continuous elastomeric ring
gasket is compressed into annular space formed by the pipe
or fitting socket and the spigot end of the pipe, and forms a
positive seal after being assembled. Details of the joint
design and assembly shall be in accordance with the manu-
facturer’s instructions. [F17.20] D 3139

om
DISCUSSION—Sometimes called a bell-and-spigot gasket joint.
joint, saddle-fused—a joint in which the curved base of the
saddle fitting and a corresponding area of the pipe surface
are heated and then placed together to form the joint.

.c
[F17]
joint, socket-fused or insert-fused—a joint in which the

sh
joining surfaces of the components are heated, and the joint
is made by inserting one component into the other. (See Fig.
FIG. 2 Compression Fitting 4 and Fig. 5.) [F17]

ki
joint, solvent cement—see solvent cement joint.
pressure seal. [F17] joint, solvent-cemented—a joint made using a solvent cement
to unite the components. [F17]

e-
DISCUSSION—There are currently available various designs of com-
pression gasket joints in fittings, transition fittings, and couplings. DISCUSSION—The solvent cement softens the surfaces of the compo-
nents, which then solidify as the solvent evaporates.
en
joint, flanged—a mechanical joint using pipe flanges, a gasket,
and bolts. [F17] joint, solvent—see solvent joint.
joint, threaded—a mechanical joint that utilizes threaded pipe
DISCUSSION—The flanges are normally fastened to the pipe or fittings and fittings. [F17]
yl

but there are some systems in which the flanges are free to rotate.
DISCUSSION—There are many types of threads, and the same thread
joint, flare—a mechanical compression connection between configuration must be used for mating components.
th

flared-end plastic pipe and a fitting specifically designed to

accept flared-end plastic pipe. (See Fig. 3.) [F17] knit-line—see weld-line (preferred terminology).
laminate, n—a product made by bonding together two or more
se

DISCUSSION—A special tool is used to flare plastic pipe.

joint, heat-fused—a joint made using heat and pressure only.

[F17]
ar

DISCUSSION—The surfaces are heated with special tools until the

surfaces have softened. When engaged, the softened surfaces flow
.p

together forming a joint as the material cools. There are three basic
types of heat-fused joints: butt fused, socket or insert fused, and saddle
fused.
w

joint, insert-fitting—a mechanical joint using external metal

clamps, rings, or other devices to form a pressure seal
w

between an insert fitting and the pipe or tube. [F17]

DISCUSSION—These joints are a type of compression joint.
w

joint, mechanical—a connection between piping components

employing physical force to develop a seal or produce
alignment. [F17]
DISCUSSION—Mechanical joints may or may not carry thrust forces
across the joint. (Examples of mechanical joints include, but are not

FIG. 3 Flare Joint FIG. 4 Socket Fusion

9
 F 412 – 09
melt index—the flow rate of PE material when measured in
accordance with Test Method D 1238. [F17]
minimum required pressure—one of a series of established
pressure values for a plastic piping component (multilayer
pipe, fitting, valve, and so forth) obtained by categorizing the
long-term hydrostatic pressure strength in accordance with
ISO 9080. [F17]
minimum required strength—one of a series of established
stress values for a plastic compound obtained by categoriz-

om
ing the long-term hydrostatic strength determined by hydro-
static testing in accordance with ISO 9080. [F17]
molding, blow—see blow molding.
molding, cold—see cold molding.

.c
molding, compression—see compression molding.
FIG. 5 Insert Fusion
molding, contact pressure—a method of molding or laminat-
ing in which the pressure is only slightly more than

sh
layers of material or materials. (See also cross laminate and necessary to hold the materials together during the molding
parallel laminate.) [D20] D 883 operation. This pressure is usually less than 69 kPa (10 psi).
DISCUSSION—A single resin-impregnated sheet of paper, fabric, or [D20] D 883

ki
glass mat, for example, is not considered a laminate. Such a single- molding, high-pressure—a method of molding or laminating
sheet construction may be called a “lamina.” (See also reinforced in which the pressure used is greater than 1400 kPa (200

e-
plastic.)
psi). [D20] D 883
laminate, cross—see cross laminate. molding, injection—see injection molding.
en
laminate, parallel—see parallel laminate. molding, low-pressure—a method of molding or laminating
laying length—the centerline length of an installed pipeline in which the pressure used is 1400 kPa (200 psi) or less.
system, section, or fitting. [F17] [D20] D 883
molding pressure, compression—the calculated fluid pres-
yl

DISCUSSION—Laying length of pipe or fitting with overlapping

joining elements, for example, spigot and socket, include the entire sure applied to the material in the mold. [D20] D 883
length reduced by the portion of the spigot that is overlapped. Laying molding pressure, injection—the pressure applied to the
th

length of pipe or fitting with a spigot on each end is the overall length cross-sectional area of the material cylinder. [D20] D 883
of the uninstalled section.
molding pressure, transfer—the pressure applied to the
se

live load—portion of load transmitted to the pipe from wheel cross-sectional area of the material pot or cylinder. [D20]
or traveling loads or other surcharged load. [F17] D 883
long-term hydrostatic strength (LTHS)—the hoop stress that molding, transfer—see transfer molding.
when applied continuously will cause failure of the pipe at
ar

monomer, n—low–molecular weight substance consisting of

100 000 h (11.43 years). [F17.40] D 2837 molecules capable of reacting with like or unlike molecules
DISCUSSION—These strengths are usually obtained by extrapolation of to form a polymer. (See also polymer.) [D20] D 883
.p

log-log regression equations or plots. Typical conditions are water at multilayer pipe, n—A pipe constructed of multiple layers that
23°C. are bonded to each other and in which at least 60% of the
w

lot, n—a lot shall consist of all pipe and fittings or appurte- wall thickness consists of polymeric material(s). [F17]
nances of the same size produced from one extrusion line or DISCUSSION—The different layers of polymeric or other kinds of
w

molding machine during one designated period. [F17.10] material in a multilayer pipe may provide color, barrier, stiffness,
F 1970 [F17.11] F 1335, F 1488, F 1986, F 1987 [F17.25] strength of other properties for an intended application. In the US and
F 891 [F17.63] D 2661, F 628, F 1499 Canada sometimes multilayer is referred to as composite pipe.
w

low-density polyethylene plastics (LDPE), n—those In the case of multilayer pipes intended for pressure appli-
branched polyethylene plastics, q.v., having a standard cations two types of pipes are recognized as follows:
density of 0.910 to 0.925 g/cm3. [D20] D 883
lubricant, n—(1) a material used to reduce the friction Type 1 multilayer pipe—A pressure rated pipe in which at
between two mating surfaces that are being joined by sliding least 60% of its wall thickness is comprised of a polymeric
contact. (2) an additive that is added to a plastic compound material that has an established HDB (Hydrostatic Design
to lower the viscosity or otherwise improve the processing or Basis) or MRS (Minimum Required Strength) from which
product characteristics. [F17] the pressure rating of the pipe is determined.
mechanical cleaner—see cleaner, mechanical.
DISCUSSION—An example of this type is co-extruded plastic pipe with
mechanical joint—see joint, mechanical. an outer layer for barrier or color purposes. If this outer layer has the
medium density polyethylene plastics (MDPE) , n—those same HDB as the bulk wall, the entire wall thickness is used for
branched polyethylene plastics, q.v., having a standard pressure calculations; if not, only the bulk wall that has an HDB/MRS
density of 0.926to 0.940 g/cm3. [D20] D 883 rating is used for pressure calculations.

10
 F 412 – 09
Type 2 multilayer pipe—A pressure rated pipe in which at parison, n—the shaped plastic mass, generally in the form of
least 60% of the wall thickness is comprised of a polymeric a tube, used in blow molding. ISO/ [D20] D 883
material, and for which the pipe pressure rating has been pimple, n—small, sharp, or conical elevation on the surface of
determined for each pipe size and pipe wall construction a plastic. [F17]
based on the pipe’s experimentally established PDB (Pres- pipe, beveled—see beveled pipe.
sure Design Basis) or MRP (Minimum Required Pressure). pipe, composite—see composite pipe.
pipe, exfiltration—see exfiltration pipe.
DISCUSSION—An example of this type of pipe is PEX/AL/PEX.
pipe, infiltration—see infiltration pipe.
necking, n—the localized reduction in cross section which pipe, multilayer—see multilayer pipe.
pipe, non-pressure—see non-presssure pipe.

om
may occur in a material under tensile stress. [D20] D 883
non-pressure pipe—pipe designed for gravity-conveyed me- pipe, pressure—see pressure-pipe.
dium which must resist only intermittent static pressures and pipe spigot—portion of a pipe or fitting which fits into a bell
does not have a pressure rating. [F17] or socket of a preceeding pipe or fitting. [F17]
pipe zone backfill—backfill in the area of the pipe, may be

.c
non-standard virgin material—a plastic resin or compound
in the form of powder or pellets which does not meet the specified for depth and compaction. [F17]
specification requirements for which it was manufactured, pit, n—an imperfection, a small crater in the surface of the

sh
and has not been subjected to use or processing other than plastic, with its width approximately the same order of
that required for its initial manufacture. [F17] magnitude as its depth. [D20] D 883
plastic(s), n—a material that contains as an essential ingredient

ki
DISCUSSION—“Wide-spec,” “off-spec,” and “non-uniform virgin ma- one or more organic polymeric substances of large molecular
terial” are industry terms synonymous with this definition. weight, is solid in its finished state, and, at some stage in its
manufacture or processing into finished articles, can be

e-
nylon plastics—plastics based on resins composed principally
of a long-chain synthetic polymer amide which has recurring shaped by flow. [D20] D 883
amide groups as an integral part of the main polymer chain. NOTE 1—Rubber, textiles, adhesives, and paint, which may in some
en
[D20] D 883 cases meet this definition, are not considered plastics. See ASTM
olefin plastics—plastics based on polymers made by the definitions of these terms.
polymerization of olefins or copolymerization of olefins with NOTE 2—The above definition may be used as a separate meaning to
yl

other monomers, the olefins being at least 50 mass %. the definitions contained in the dictionary for the adjective “plastic.”
[D20] D 883 NOTE 3—The plural form may be used as an adjective to refer to two or
more plastic materials, for example, plastics industry. However, when the
th

oligomer, n—substance composed of only a few nonomeric intent is to distinguish “plastic products” from “wood products” or “glass
units repetitively linked to each other, such as a dimer, products,” the singular form should be used. As a general rule, if the
trimer, tetramer, etc., or their mixtures. [D20] D 883 adjective is to restrict the noun modified with respect to the type of
se

open-cell cellular plastic, n—a cellular plastic in which there material, “plastic” should be used; if the adjective is to indicate that more
is a predominance of interconnected cells. [D20] D 883 than one type of plastic material is or may be involved,“ plastics” is
permissible.
orange-peel—uneven surface somewhat resembling an orange
ar

peel. [F17] plastic conduit—plastic pipe or tubing used as an enclosure

outdoor exposure—normal weather conditions, that is, the for electrical wiring. [F17]
sun’s rays, rain, air, temperature changes, and wind. [F17] plasticizer, n—a substance incorporated in a material to
.p

DISCUSSION—Exposure to atmospheres containing pollutants in ex-

increase its workability, flexibility, or distensibility. [D20]
cess of imposed federal, state, and local air quality standards is not D 883
w

considered normal “outdoor exposure.” plastic, cellular—see cellular plastic.

plastic, expandable—see expandable plastic.
out-of-roundness—the allowed difference between the maxi-
w

plastic, fluorocarbon—see fluorocarbon plastic.

mum measured diameter and the minimum measured diam- plastic, open-cell cellular—see open-cell cellular plastic.
eter (stated as an absolute deviation). [F17.11] F 1488 pipe, beveled—see beveled pipe.
w

[F17.63] F 1499 plastic pipe—a hollow cylinder of a plastic material in which

ovality—(%), the wall thicknesses are usually small when compared to the
~maximum measured diameter 2 minimum measured diameter! diameter and in which the inside and outside walls are
average measured diameter essentially concentric. [D20] D 883
3 100 plastic, reinforced—see reinforced plastic.
plastic, reprocessed—see reprocessed plastic.
[F17] plastic, rework (thermoplastic)—see rework plastic (ther-
overall length—the total length of the individual pipeline moplastic) .
system, section, or fitting prior to installation. [F17] plastic, semirigid—see semirigid plastic.
parallel laminate—a laminate in which all the layers of plastic, thermally foamed—see thermally foamed plastic.
material are oriented approximately parallel with respect to plastic tubing, n—a particular size of smooth wall plastic pipe
the grain or strongest direction in tension. (See also cross in which the outside diameter is essentially the same as the
laminate.) [D20] D 883 corresponding size of copper tubing. [F17]

11
 F 412 – 09
plastic, virgin—see virgin plastic. polyolefin plastics, n—plastics based on polymers made with
plastics, acetal—see acetal plastics. an olefin(s) as essentially the sole monomer(s). [D20]
plastics, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) pipe and D 883
fitting plastics—see acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polypropylene, n—a polymer prepared by the polymerization
(ABS) pipe and fitting plastics. of propylene as the sole monomer. [D20] D 883
plastics, butylenes—see butylenes plastics. polypropylene plastics—plastics based on polymers made
plastics, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)—see cellulose with propylene as essentially the sole monomer. [D20]
acetate butyrate(CAB) plastics. D 883
plastics, chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride)—see chlorinated polystyrene, n—a polymer prepared by the polymerization of
styrene as the sole monomer. [D20] D 883

om
poly(vinyl chloride) plastics.
plastics, chlorofluorocarbon—see chlorofluorocarbon plas- poly(vinyl acetate), n—a polymer prepared by the polymer-
tics. ization of vinyl acetate as the sole monomer. [D20]
plastics, chlorofluorohydrocarbon—see chlorofluorohydro- D 883
poly(vinyl chloride)—a polymer prepared by the polymeriza-

.c
carbon plastics.
plastics, closed-cell cellular—see closed-cell cellular plas- tion of vinyl chloride as the sole monomer. (vinyl chloride
tics. content in monomer not less than 99%. [D20] D 883

sh
plastics, engineering —see engineering plastics. pot life—the period of time during which a reacting thermo-
plastics, ethylene—see ethylene plastics. setting composition remains suitable for its intended pro-
cessing after mixing with reaction-initiating agents. [D20]
plastics, fluorohydrocarbon—see fluorohydrocarbon plas-

ki
D 883
tics.
pressure—when expressed with reference to pipe, the force
plastics, high-density polyethylene (HDPE)—see high-
per unit area exerted by the test fluid in the piping product .

e-
density polyethylene plastics (HDPE).
Units will be reported as pounds per square inch gage (psig)
plastics, low-density polyethylene (LDPE)—see low-density
or mega pascals gage (MPag). [D17.40] D 2837, F 948
polyethylene plastics (LDPE).
en
pressure design basis (PDB)—one of a series of established
plastics, medium-density polyethylene (MDPE)—see pressure values for a plastic piping component (multilayer
medium-density polyethylene plastics (MDPE). pipe, fitting, valve) obtained by categorizing the long-term
plastics, nylon—see nylon plastics.
yl

hydrostatic pressure strength (LTHPS) determined in accor-

plastics, olefin—see olefin plastics. dance with an industry test method that uses linear regres-
plastics, polybutylene—see polybutylene plastics. sion analysis. [F17.40] D 2837
th

plastics, polyethylene—see polyethylene plastics.

DISCUSSION—Although Test Method D 2837 does not use “pressure
plastics, polyolefin—see polyolefin plastics.
values,” the PPI Hydrostatic Stress Board uses the principles of Test
se

plastics, polypropylene—see polypropylene plastics. Method D 2837 in plotting log pressure versus log time to determine a
plastics, propylene—see propylene plastics. “long-term hydrostatic pressure strength” and the resulting “Pressure
plastics, styrene—see styrene plastics. Design Basis” for multilayer pipe that is listed in PPI TR-4.
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plastics, styrene-rubber (SR) pipe and fitting—see styrene-

pressure pipe—pipe designed to resist continuous pressure
rubber (SR) pipe and fitting plastics.
exerted by the conveyed medium. [F17]
plastics, styrene-rubber —see styrene-rubber plastics.
pressure rating (PR)—the estimated maximum water pres-
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plastics, vinyl chloride—see vinyl chloride plastics. sure the pipe is capable of withstanding continuously with a
vinylidene chloride—see vinylidene chloride plastics. high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not
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polybutylene, n—a polymer prepared by the polymerization of occur. The PR and HDS/HDB are related by the following
butene as the sole monomer. (See polybutylene plastics and equation.
butlenes plastics.) [D20] D 883
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PR 5 2 ~HDB! ~DF!/~SDR–1!5 2 ~HDS!/~SDR–1! (1)

polybutylene plastics, n—plastics based on polymers with
butene as essentially the sole monomer. [D20] D 883 The PR and PDB are related by the following equation:
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polyethylene, n—a polymer prepared by the polymerization of PR 5 ~PDB! ~DF! (2)

ethylene as the sole monomer. [D20] D 883 [F17.11] F 1335, F 1986, F 1987[F17.25] D 1785, D 2241,
polyethylene plastics—plastics based on polymers made with F 441/F 441M, F 442/F 442M [F17.26] D 2104, D 2239,
ethylene as essentially the sole monomer. [D20] D 883 D 2447, D 2737, D 3035, F 876 [F17.40] D 2837 [F17.61]
D 1527, D 2282, F 771
DISCUSSION—In common usage for this plastic, essentially means no
less than 85 % ethylene and no less than 95 % total olefins. primer—an organic solvent or a blend of solvents, which
enhances adhesion, applied to plastic pipe and fittings prior
polymer, n—a substance consisting of molecules characterized to application of a solvent cement. [17.20] F 402
by the repetition (neglecting ends, branch junctions, and propylene plastics, n—plastics based on polymers of propy-
other minor irregularities) of one or more types of mono- lene or copolymers of propylene with other monomers, the
meric units., IUPAC [D20] D 883 propylene being in the greatest amount by mass. ISO
polyolefin, n—a polymer prepared by the polymerization of an [D20] D 883
olefin(s) as the sole monomer(s). [D20] D 883 push-on joint—see joint, push-on.

12
 F 412 – 09
qualification test—an evaluation, generally nonrepetitive, limited to clean plastic that meets the requirements specified for virgin
conducted on an existing, altered, or new product to deter- material, and yields a product equal in quality to one made from only
mine acceptability. [F17] virgin material. See recycled plastic and reprocessed plastic.
qualification testing—testing performed on a product to rubber—a material that is capable of recovering from large
determine whether or not the product conforms to require- deformations quickly and forcibly, and can be, or already is,
ments of an applicable specification. [F17] modified to a state in which it is essentially insoluble (but
quality assurance test—a test in a program which is con- can swell) in boiling solvent, such as benzene, methyleth-
ducted to determine the quality level. [F17] ylketone, and ethanoltoluene azeotrope.
DISCUSSION—Quality assurance includes quality control, quality A rubber in its modified state, free of diluents, retracts

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evaluation, and design assurance. A good quality assurance program is within 1min to less than 1.5 times its original length after
a coordinated system, not a sequence of separate and distinct steps. being stretched at room temperature (18 to 29°C) to twice its
quality control test—an in-plant test that is conducted on a length and held for 1 min before release. (D-11) [D11]
given test frequency to determine whether product is in D 1079

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accordance with the appropriate specification(s). [F17] runner, n—(1) the secondary feed channel in an injection or
quick burst—Not a preferred term (see quick burst test, quick transfer mold that runs from the inner end of the sprue to the
burst pressure, and quick burst strength). cavity gate.

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quick burst pressure—the internal pressure required to bring
a piping component to failure when subjected to a quick (2) the piece formed in a secondary feed channel or
burst test. [F17] runner. [D20] D 883

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quick burst strength—the hoop stress resulting from the saddle-fused joint—see joint, saddle-fused.
quick burst pressure. [F17] sample—one or more units of product randomly selected from
a lot to represent that lot. [F17]

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quick burst test—an internal pressure test designed to produce
failure of a piping component over a relatively short period schedule—a pipe size system (outside diameters and wall
of time, usually measured in seconds. thicknesses) originated by the iron pipe industry. [F17]
en
referee test—a test made to settle a disagreement as to semirigid plastic, n—for the purposes of general classifica-
conformance to specified requirements. [F17] tion, a plastic that has a modulus of elasticity either in
flexure or in tension of between 70 and 700 MPa (10 000 and
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DISCUSSION—Modified from a definition in Test Methods C 114. 100 000 psi) at 23°C and 50% relative humidity when tested
reinforced plastic—a plastic with high strength fillers imbed- in accordance with Test Method D 638, Test Method D 747,
Test Method D 790, or Test Method D 882. [D20] D 883
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ded in the composition, resulting in some mechanical prop-

erties superior to those of the base resin. (See also filler.) service factor—a factor which is used to reduce a strength
[D20] D 883 value to obtain an engineering design stress. The factor may
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vary depending on the service conditions, the hazard, the

DISCUSSION—The reinforcing fillers are usually fibers, fabrics, or length of service desired, and the properties of the pipe.
mats made of biers.
[F17]
set, n—strain remaining after complete release of the force
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release agent, n—a material added to a compound or applied

to the mold cavity, or both, to reduce parts sticking to the producing the deformation. [D20] D 883
mold. [D20] D 883 set, v—to convert an adhesive into a fixed or hardened state by
.p

reprocessed plastic—a thermoplastic prepared from usually physical or chemical action, such as condensation, polymer-
melt processed scrap or reject parts by a plastics processor, ization, oxidation, vulcanization, gelation, hydration, or
or from non-standard or non-uniform virgin material. evaporation of volatile constituents. [D14] D 907
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[D20] D 883 short, n—an imperfection in molded plastic part due to, an
incompletely filled out condition. [D20] D 883
DISCUSSION—Use of the term “scrap” in this definition does not
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connote that the feed stock is necessarily less desirable or usable than DISCUSSION—This may be evident either through an absence of
the virgin material from which it may have been generated. Repro- surface film in some areas, or as lighter unfused particles of material
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cessed plastic may or may not be reformulated by the addition of fillers, showing through a covering surface film, accompanied possibly by
plasticizers, stabilizers, pigments, etc. thin-skinned blisters.
resin, n—a solid or pseudosolid organic material, often of high shrink mark—an imperfection, a depression in the surface of
molecular weight, which exhibits a tendency to flow when a molded material where it has retracted from the mold.
subjected to stress, usually has a softening or melting range, [D20] D 883
and usually fractures conchoidally. [D20] D 883 skin, n—a relatively dense layer at the surface of a cellular
DISCUSSION—In a broad sense, the term is used to designate any polymeric material. [D20] D 883
polymer that is a basic material for plastics. slit failure—a form of brittle failure which exhibits only a very
small crack through the wall of the pipe with no visible (to
rework plastic (thermoplastic)—a plastic from a manufactur- the naked eye) material deformation in the area of the break.
er’s own production that has been reground or pelletized for [F17]
reuse by that same manufacturer. [F17] socket—the portion of a jointing system that is designed to
DISCUSSION—In many specifications the use of reworked material is accept a plain-end pipe or spigot-end pipe. [F17]

13
 F 412 – 09
socket end—the end portion of a piping component which is (See reference: ANSI Preferred Numbers, Z17.1 (Designated
designed to accept a plain-end piping component or spigot- as R 10 in ISO 3 and ISO 497).) [F17]
end piping component. [F17] standard inside diameter dimension ratio (SIDR)—a spe-
socket-fused joint—see joint, socket-fused. cific ratio of the average specified inside diameter to the
soil compaction—see compaction, soil. minimum specified wall thickness (Di/t) for inside diameter-
solvent cement—an adhesive made by dissolving a plastic controlled plastic pipe, the value of which is derived by
resin or compound in a suitable solvent or mixture of subtracting one from the pertinent number selected from the
solvents. The solvent cement dissolves the surfaces of the ANSI Preferred Number Series 10. Some of the values are as
pipe and fittings to form a bond between the mating surfaces follows:
provided the proper cement is used for the particular

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ANSI Preferred Number
materials and proper techniques are followed. [F17] Series 10 SIDR
5.0 4.0
solvent-cemented joint—see joint, solvent-cemented. 6.3 5.3
solvent cementing—making a pipe joint with a solvent ce- 8.0 7.0
ment. (See solvent cement.) [F17] 10.0 9.0

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12.5 11.5
solvent cement joint—a joint made by using a solvent cement 16.0 15.0
to unite the components. [F17] 20.0 19.0

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25.0 24.0
DISCUSSION—The solvent cement softens or dissolves the surfaces of 31.5 30.5
the components, which then solidify as the solvent evaporates. 40.0 39.0
50.0 49.0

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solvent joint—a joint made by using a solvent to unite the 63.0 62.0
components. [F17] (See reference: ANSI Preferred Numbers, Z17.1 (Designated
as R 10 in ISO 3 and ISO 497).) [F17]

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DISCUSSION—The solvent softens or dissolves the surfaces of the
components which then solidify as the solvent evaporates. strain—the change per unit of length in a linear dimension of
a body, that accompanies a stress. [F17]
en
specifying agency—the individual engineer, firm, or political
subdivision charged with and having responsibility for the DISCUSSION—Strain is a dimensionless quantity which may be
measured conveniently in percent, in inches per inch, in millimetres per
design of a facility, product, equipment, or material require-
millimetre, etc.
ments. [F17]
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specimen, n—a piece or portion of a sample used to make a strength—the stress required to break, rupture, or cause a
test. ISO/ [D20] D 883 failure. [F17]
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spring line—a line along the length of the pipe at its maximum strength design basis—one of a series of established stress
width along a horizontal plane. [F17] values (specified in Test Method D 2837) for a plastic
sprue, n—(1) the primary feed channel that runs from the outer molding compound obtained by categorizing the long-term
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face of an injection or transfer mold, to the mold gate in a strength determined in accordance with Test Method F 2018.
single cavity mold or a runner in multiple-cavity mold; (2) [F17]
the piece of material formed in the primary feed channel
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DISCUSSION—The SDB is used only for a material intended for

opening. [F17] molding applications. The SDB shall not be used for pipe applications.
stabilizer—an ingredient added to a plastic to retard possible
degradation. [F17] stress crack, environmental, n—a stress crack, the develop-
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ment of which has been accelereated by the environment to

DISCUSSION—Generally added for processing heat protection or for
environmental protection, or both. which the plastic is exposed. (See stress-crack.) [F17]
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stress, hoop—see hoop stress.

standard dimension ratios (SDR)—a specific ratio of the stress relaxation—the decrease in stress, at constant strain,
average specified outside diameter to the minimum specified with time. [F17]
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wall thickness (D0/t) for outside diameter-controlled plastic styrene plastics, n—plastics based on polymers of styrene or
pipe, the value of which is derived by adding one to the copolymers of styrene with other monomers, the styrene
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pertinent number selected from the ANSI Preferred Number being the greatest amount by mass. ISO [D20] D 883
Series 10. Some of the values are as follows: styrene-rubber (SR) pipe and fitting plastics—plastics con-
ANSI Preferred Number taining at least 50% styrene plastics combined with rubbers
Series 10 SDR and other compounding materials, but not more than 15 %
5.0 6.0
6.3 7.3
acrylonitrile. [F17]
8.0 9.0 styrene-rubber plastics, n—plastics based on styrene poly-
10.0 11.0 mers and rubbers, the styrene polymers being in the greatest
12.5 13.5
16.0 17.0 amount by mass. ISO [D20] D 883
20.0 21.0 sustained pressure test—a constant internal pressure test for
25.0 26.0 an extended period of time. [F17]
31.5 32.5
40.0 41.0 DISCUSSION—One thousand hours is a commonly used period of time.
50.0 51.0
63.0 64.0 sweep—see bend.

14
 F 412 – 09
syneresis, n—the contraction of a gel accompanied by the transition, first order—a change of state, associated with
separation of a liquid. ISO [D20] D 883 crystallization or melting in a polymer. [D20] D 883
telomer, n—a polymer composed of molecules having termi- vinyl chloride plastics—plastics based on polymers of vinyl
nal groups incapable of reacting with additional monomers, chloride or copolymers of vinyl chloride with other mono-
under the conditions of the synthesis, to form larger polymer mers, the vinyl chloride being in the greatest amount by
molecules of the same chemical type. ISO, IUPAC, [D20] mass. ISO/[D20] D 883
D 883 vinylidene chloride plastics—plastics based on polymer res-
test section—portion(s) of a pipe, fitting, or pipeline under ins made by the polymerization of vinylidene chloride or
test. [F17] copolymerization of vinylidine chloride with other unsatur-
test, qualification—see qualification test. ated compounds, the vinylidene chloride being in the great-

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test, quality assurance—see quality assurance test. est amount by weight. [D20] D 883
test, quality control—see quality control test. virgin plastic—a plastic material in the form of pellets,
test, quick burst—see quick burst test. granules, powder, floc, or liquid that has not been subjected
test, referee—see referee test. to use or processing other than that required for its initial

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test, sustained pressure—see sustained pressure test. manufacture. [D20] D 883
testing, acceptance—see acceptance testing. viscosity—the property of resistance to flow exhibited within

sh
testing, elevated temperature—see elevated temperature the body of a material. [D20] D 883
testing. DISCUSSION—This property can be expressed in terms of the relation-
testing, qualification—see qualification testing. ship between shear stress and corresponding rate of strain in shear.

ki
thermally foamed plastic—a cellular plastic produced by Viscosity is usually taken to mean “Newtonian Viscosity,” in which
applying heat to effect gaseous decomposition or volatiliza- case the ratio of shearing strain is constant. In non-Newtonian behavior,
tion of a constituent. [D20] D 883 which is usual with plastic materials, the ratio varies with the

e-
thermoplastic, n—a plastic that repeatedly can be softened by parameters of the experiment. Such ratios are often called “apparent
heating and hardened by cooling through a temperature viscosities.” (See viscosity coefficient.).
en
range characteristic of the plastic, and that in the softened viscosity coefficient—the shearing stress necessary to induce a
state can be shaped by flow into articles by molding or unit velocity flow gradient in a material. [D20] D 883
extrusion. [D20] D 883
DISCUSSION—In actual measurement, the viscosity coefficient of a
thermoplastic, adj—capable of being repeatedly softened by
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material is obtained from the ratio of shearing stress to shearing rate.

heating and hardened by cooling through a temperature This assumes the ratio to be constant and independent of the shearing
range characteristic of the plastic, and that in the softened stress, a condition which is satisfied only by Newtonian fluids.
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state can be shaped by flow into articles by molding or Consequently, in all other cases, values obtained are apparent and
extrusion for example. [D20] D 883 represent one point on the flow curve. The viscosity coefficient is
expressed in pascal-seconds (or poises). (See viscosity.)
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DISCUSSION—Thermoplastic applies to those materials whose change

upon heating is substantially physical. void, n—(1) in a solid plastic, an unfilled space of such size
that it scatters radiant energy such as light.
thermoplastic piping compound—a mixture of a thermoplas-
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tic polymer with other ingredients such as fillers, stabilizers, (2) a cavity unintentionally formed in a cellular material
catalysts, processing aids, lubricants, modifiers, pigments, or and substantially larger than the characteristic individual
curing agents, but not plasticizers except in the case of CAB
.p

cells. ISO [D20] D 883

piping compound. [F17] vulcanization, n—an irreversible process during which a
thermoset, n—a plastic that, after having been cured by heat or rubber compound, through a change in its chemical structure
w

other means, is substantially infusible and insoluble. [D20] (for example, cross-linking), becomes less plastic and more
D 883 resistant to swelling by organic liquids and elastic properties
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thermosetting, adj—capable of being changed into a substan- are conferred, improved, or extended over a greater range of
tially infusible or insoluble product when cured by heat or temperature. [D20] D 883
other means. [D20] D 883 water service—the pipe from the water main or other source
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toe-in—a small reduction of the outside diameter at the cut end of water supply to the building or other point of use or
of a length of thermoplastic pipe. [F17] distribution. [F17]
transfer molding—a method of forming articles by fusing a weld-mark, n—a visible weld line. [D20] D 883
plastic material in a chamber and then forcing essentially the width—in the case of a beam, the cross—sectional dimension
whole mass into a hot mold where it solidifies. [D20] perpendicular to the direction in which the load is applied.
D 883 [D20] D 883

15
 F 412 – 09

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. GLOSSARY – HYPHENATION

om
A1.1 In F17 standards the following word combinations • long term data
should be hyphenated: • fitting failure data
• intercept-values category • long term hydrostatic pressure rating
• pressure-intercept value • long term pressure rating

.c
• pressure-regression line • fitting pressure rating
• pressure-rating categories • socket type fitting
• mechanical end closure

sh
A1.2 In F17 standards the following word combinations • solvent cemented cap
need not be hyphenated: • solvent cement joint
• external pressure test • primary fitting pattern

ki
• internal pressure test • short term data
• tensile strength requirements • Lower Confidence Line (LCL)

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• tensile strength test • water filled pipe
• mechanical joint qualification test • fitting material type and grade
• constant load test • socket wall thickness
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• long term creep • minimum wall thickness
• assembled test specimen • cell class
• mechanical joint performance test • data point requirements
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• medium tensile load • long term testing

• cross sectional area • system pressure needs
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This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
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This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
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address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
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16