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Investigatory

project

Name : Diptesh Kumar Jana


Subject : Biology
Class : 12-B
School : Kendriya Vidyalaya 2,
Ahmedabad Cantt.
Roll No: 15
Tuberculosis
Symptoms
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious
infectious disease that mainly affects your
lungs. The bacteria that cause TB are
spread through droplets released through
infected person from one person to
another.
(1) Latent TB : In case u have a TB
infection, but the bacteria remain in
your body in a inactive state and cause
no infection. Latent TB is not contagious
but it turn into contagious so treatment
is important.
(2) Active TB : This condition make u sick
and can spread to others. It can occur in
first few weeks after TB infection or
after years.
A person having TB infection will have no
symptoms. A person may have any or all of
the following symptoms.
(1) A persistent cough
(2) Constant fatigue
(3) Weight loss
(4) Loss of appetite
(5) Fever
(6) Coughing up blood
(7) Night sweats

These symptoms can also occur with other


diseases, so it is necessary to see a health
care provider and let them find out if you
have a TB infection. A person with TB
disease may feel perfectly healthy or may
have only a cough from time to time. If you
think you have TB, get a TB test.
Cause of TB
It is mainly caused due to Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. When an infected person
sneezes, coughs or laughs then the
droplets released in air are inhaled by other
healthy persons which then causes the
pathogen to enter the human body and
cause TB.
Most of the TB infections result from
activation of latent TB infections or old
infections in people with weakened immune
systems. People with clinically active TB
will often but not always display symptoms
and spread disease to others. You are most
likely to catch TB from someone you work
with or live with. Most people with active TB
who have taken appropriate drug treatment
for two weeks are no longer contagious.
Risk factors of TB
The chances of getting infected by the TB
germ are highest for people that are in
close contact with others who are infected.
This includes:
 Family and friends of a person with

infectious TB disease.
 People from parts of the world with high

rates of TB, including India and parts of


Asian and Africa.
 People in groups with high rates of TB

transmission, including the homeless persons,


injection drug users, and people living with
HIV infection.
 People who work or reside in facilities or

institutions that house people who are at high


risk for TB such as hospitals, homeless
shelters, correctional facilities, nursing
homes, and residential homes for those with
HIV.
Not everyone who is infected with the TB
germ (latent TB) develops clinically active
TB disease. People at highest risk for
developing active TB disease are those
with a weak immune system, including:

 Babies and young children, whose immune


systems have not matured
 People with chronic conditions such as
diabetes or kidney disease
 People with HIV/AIDS
 Organ transplant recipients
 Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
 People receiving certain specialized
treatments for autoimmune disorders such as
rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease

Preventing TB

If you have become infected with TB, but do


not have active TB disease, you may get
preventive therapy. This treatment kills
germs that are not doing any damage right
now, but could so do in the future. The most
common preventive therapy is a daily dose
of the medicine isoniazid (INH) for 6 to 9
months.
If you take your medicine as instructed by
your healthcare provider, it can keep you
from developing active TB disease.

There is a vaccine against TB called BCG,


or bacillus Calmette-Guerin. It is used in
many foreign countries where TB is more
common. However, it is not used very often
in the United States because the chances of
being infected with TB in the U.S. is low. It
can also make TB skin tests less accurate.
Recent evidence has shown that BCG is
effective at reducing the incidence of TB in
children by about half in populations with a
high prevalence of active TB but is much
less effective in adults.

Complications
Without treatment, tuberculosis can be
fatal. Untreated active disease typically
affects your lungs, but it can spread to
other parts of your body through your
bloodstream. Examples of tuberculosis
complications include:
 Spinal pain. Back pain and stiffness are
common complications of tuberculosis.
 Joint damage. Tuberculosis arthritis
usually affects the hips and knees.
 Swelling of the membranes that cover
your brain (meningitis). This can
cause a lasting or intermittent headache
that occurs for weeks. Mental changes
also are possible.
 Liver or kidney problems. Your liver
and kidneys help filter waste and
impurities from your bloodstream. These
functions become impaired if the liver or
kidneys are affected by tuberculosis.
 Heart disorders. Rarely, tuberculosis
can infect the tissues that surround your
heart, causing inflammation and fluid
collections that may interfere with your
heart's ability to pump effectively. This
condition, called cardiac tamponade, can
be fatal.

Prevention
If you test positive for latent TB infection,
your doctor may advise you to take
medications to reduce your risk of
developing active tuberculosis. The only
type of tuberculosis that is contagious is
the active variety, when it affects the lungs.
So if you can prevent your latent TB from
becoming active you will not transfer it to
anyone.

Protect your family and friends


If you have active TB, keep your germs to
yourself. It generally takes a few weeks of
treatment with TB medications before
you're not contagious anymore. Follow
these tips to help keep your friends and
family from getting sick:
 Stay home. Don't go to work or school or
sleep in a room with other people during
the first few weeks of treatment for active
tuberculosis.
 Ventilate the room. Tuberculosis germs
spread more easily in small closed
spaces where air doesn't move. If it's not
too cold outdoors, open the windows and
use a fan to blow indoor air outside.
 Cover your mouth. Use a tissue to cover
your mouth anytime you laugh, sneeze or
cough. Put the dirty tissue in a bag, seal
it and throw it away.
 Wear a mask. Wearing a surgical mask
when you're around other people during
the first three weeks of treatment may
help lessen the risk of transmission.

Finish your entire course of medication


This is the most important step you can
take to protect yourself and others from
tuberculosis. When you stop treatment
early or skip doses, TB bacteria have a
chance to develop mutations that allow
them to survive the most potent TB drugs.
The resulting drug-resistant strains are
much more deadly and difficult to treat.
Vaccinations

In countries where tuberculosis is more


common, infants often are vaccinated with
bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine
because it can prevent severe tuberculosis
in children. The BCG vaccine isn't
recommended for general use in the United
States because it isn't very effective in
adults. Dozens of new TB vaccines are in
various stages of development and testing.

What is Directly Observed Therapy


(DOT)?
DOT is when a person with TB disease
meets with a health care worker every day
or several times per week. The person with
TB disease and the health care worker
meet at a place that both agree on.
Medicines are taken at this place while the
health care worker watches the person
with TB disease. DOT helps in several ways.
The health care worker can help the person
with TB disease remember to take all
his/her medicines and complete treatment.
This means the person with TB disease will
get well as soon as possible. The health
care worker will make sure that the
medicines are working as they should. This
health care worker will also watch for side
effects and answer questions that the
person with disease may have about TB.
What is multidrug-resistant
tuberculosis (MDR-TB)?
This refers to the ability of some strains of
TB to grow and multiply even in the
presence of certain drugs which would
normally kill them.
What is extensively drug-resistant
tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?
Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is a
subset of MDR-TB in which the strains of TB
bacteria are resistant to nearly all
medicines used to treat TB disease. These
strains are very difficult to treat.
Who gets MDR-TB?
People with drug sensitive TB disease may
develop drug resistant tuberculosis if they
fail to take their TB medications as
instructed, as well as people with TB
disease who have not been given a
treatment plan that works against the TB
germs. People with MDR-TB can transmit
the drug resistant germs to other people.
What is the treatment for multidrug-
resistant tuberculosis?
People with disease due to drug resistant
germs, should have a health care provider
who is an expert in treating drug resistant
TB. People with drug resistant disease
must be treated with special medications
which are not as good as the usual
medications for TB. Treatment takes much
longer than regular TB and drugs have
more side effects.
What can be done to prevent the spread
of MDR-TB?
Ensuring people with MDR-TB take all their
medication and teaching patients to cover
their mouth and nose when coughing and
sneezing can reduce the risk of spread of
MDR-TB. In addition, directly observed
therapy should be used to ensure people
with drug resistant TB complete their
treatment.

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