Power Point 11

TREATMENT, OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED
FACTORS OF TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN

DAGMAWI MENELIK HOSPITAL
MIERAF DEBEBE 104/13

DEC 23/2023
Definition of tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease that usually attacks the lungs. But it
can also attack other parts of the body, including the kidneys, spine, and
brain. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria (germs) becomes sick.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease that can affect the lungs
and other parts of the body. It is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB). TB can spread through the air when someone with the
disease coughs, sneezes, or sings.
.
.
 What is the main cause of tuberculosis?
TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. The germs are spread through the air and
usually infect the lungs, but can also infect other parts of
the body. Although TB is infectious, it doesn't spread
easily.
 What are the 3 stages of TB?
There are 3 stages of TB—exposure, latent, and active
disease. A TB skin test or a TB blood test can diagnose
the disease. Treatment exactly as recommended is
necessary to cure the disease and prevent its spread to
other people.
Sign and symptoms
Most TB infections don't have symptoms. Latent TB doesn't have symptoms,
but a skin or blood test can detect it. TB can also be drug-resistant, meaning
some medications won't work against the bacteria.
Active TB disease.
Cough.
Coughing up blood or mucus.
Chest pain.
Pain with breathing or coughing.
Fever.
Chills.
Night sweats.
Weight loss.
Symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are
growing. TB bacteria usually grow in the lungs (pulmonary TB). TB disease in
the lungs may cause symptoms such as
a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
pain in the chest
coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs)
 Other symptoms of TB disease are
 weakness or fatigue
 weight loss
 no appetite
 chills
 fever
 sweating at night
 Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the
area affected.
 People who have latent TB infection.
 do not feel sick,

 do not have any symptoms, and
 cannot spread TB to others.
Typical symptoms of TB include
.a persistent cough that lasts more than three weeks and usually brings up
phlegm, which may be bloody.
.weight loss.
.night sweats.
.high temperature (fever)
.tiredness and fatigue.
.loss of appetite.
.new swellings that haven't gone away after a few weeks.
 How to diagnose TB
There are two kinds of tests used to detect TB bacteria in the body: the TB
skin test (TST) and TB blood tests. A positive TB skin test or TB blood test
only tells that a person has been infected with TB bacteria. It does not tell
whether the person has latent TB infection (LTBI) or has progressed to TB
disease.
What are the symptoms of tuberculosis second time?

Patients with cavernous lung disease, synonymous with recurrent
tuberculosis, often present with a chronic cough, mainly accompanied by
fever and/or night sweats, and weight loss. Cough can be sputum or non-
sputum in nature. The patient is producing sputum that may be mucus or
coughing up blood.
Where is tuberculosis most common?
TB occurs throughout the world but is much more common in some
countries. Most TB occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Asia.
Some TB bacteria are resistant to the drugs used to treat infection (drug-
resistant TB).
What are the complications of tuberculosis?
Several acute and subacute complications may occur during the course
of TB disease which may impact patient care and TB disease
management.
Tuberculosis sepsis and acute respiratory failure.
Complications associated with comorbidities.
Massive hemoptysis.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis complications.
Metabolic complications.
 TB can be treated with a combination of
antibacterial medications for six to 12
months. The most common treatment is
isoniazid INH combined with rifampin,
pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
When is the best time to take TB medication?
This medicine should be taken on an empty stomach, 1 hour before or 2
hours after a meal, with a full of glass of water. It is important to take this
medicine on a regular schedule. If this medicine upsets your stomach, take
it with food. Antacids may also help. What are the side effects of
tuberculosis treatment?
Adverse Events During Treatment
Unexplained loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, brown urine*, or jaundice
(yellowing of skin or eyes)
Persistent tingling, numbness, or burning of hands or feet.
Persistent weakness, fatigue, fever, or abdominal tenderness.
Easy bruising or bleeding.
Blurred vision or changed vision.
Latent TB Infection and HIV
Someone with untreated latent TB infection and HIV infection is much
more likely to develop TB disease during his or her lifetime than someone
without HIV infection. There are several effective latent TB treatment
regimens available for people with HIV. Health care providers should
prescribe the more convenient shorter regimens, when possible, as patients are
more likely to complete shorter treatment regimens.
Twelve weeks of once-weekly isonaizid and rifapentine (3HP), given by
self-administered therapy or directly observed therapy, is the newest CDC-
recommended treatment regimen for persons with latent TB infection and
HIV and who are taking antiretroviral medications with acceptable drug-
drug interactions with rifapentine.
Four months of daily rifampin is another treatment option. This regimen
should not be used in people with HIV who are taking some combinations
of antiretroviral therapy. In situations where rifampin cannot be used,
sometimes another drug, rifabutin, may be substituted.
For those taking antiretroviral medications with clinically significant drug
interactions with once-weekly rifapentine or daily rifampin, nine months of
daily isoniazid is an alternative treatment.
Which fruit is good for TB patient?
. Fruits such as papaya, oranges, guava, kiwi, and berries are good options
for TB patients as they are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that
can support the immune system. However, it is important to consume them
in moderation and to choose fresh, whole fruits rather than canned or
processed varieties.

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TREATMENT, OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED

FACTORS OF TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN

MIERAF DEBEBE 104/13

 do not feel sick,

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis second time?

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