CONDUCTOR/SEMICONDUCTOR/INSULATOR

CONDUCTORS – Materials that permit the free movement of many electron.

INSULATOR – Materials that do not permit the free movement of many

electrons.

SEMICONDUCTOR – Materials that can, when properly made, function as a

conductor or insulator depending on the direction of current flow.

GOOD CONDUCTOR – Silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, brass, and iron are the
best conductor, listed in the order of their ability to conduct.

GOOD INSULATOR – Dry air, glass, ceramic, mica, rubber, plastic, and slate are
among the best insulator, listed approximately in the order of their ability to
insulate.
 ELECTRIC CHARGES

NEGATIVE CHARGE – An excess of an electron.

POSITIVE CHARGE – A lack of electron.

REPULSION OF CHARGE – Like charge repel each other.

ATTRACTION OF CHARGE – Unlike charge attract each other.

STATIC ELECTRICITY – Electric charge at rest.

FRICTION CHARGE – A charge caused by rubbing one material against another.

ELECTRIC FIELD – A field of force that surrounds charge body.

CONTACT CHARGE – Transfer of a charge from one material to another by

direct contact.

INDUCTION CHARGE – Transfer of a charge from one material to another

without actual contact

CONTACT DISCHARGE – Electron crossing over from a negative charge to

positive charge through contact.
ARC DISCHARGE – Electrons crossing over from a negative charge to positive
charge through an arc.

COULOMB’S LAW – The force of attraction or repulsion is proportional to the

amount of charge on each body and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
 MAGNETISM

MAGNETIC POLES – Points on a magnet where there is a strong concentration

of the magnetic field. If the magnet is allowed to swing freely, the North Pole
points north and the South Pole point to the south.

MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Materials that have magnetic groups of atoms called

domain. In unmagnetized material these domain are randomly oriented but in
magnetized material the domain are all aligned in one direction.

MAGNETIC FIELD – Invisible lines of force that leave the magnet at the North
Pole and enter to the South Pole. These lines are often called flux line.

FLUX DENSITY – A measure of the number flux lines per square centimeter that
will give a picture of the strength of a magnetic field.

REPULSION OF POLES – Like poles repel.

ATTRACTION POLES – Unlike pole attract.

 CURRENT FLOW

CURRENT FLOW – Movement of free electron in the same

direction in a material.

ELECTRON CURRENT – Current flow from negative charge

to positive charge.

CONVENTIONAL CURRENT – Current flow from positive charge to negative

charge.

FREE ELECTRONS – Electrons in the outer orbits of an atom which can easily be
forced out of their orbit.

AMPERE – The unit of measure of current flow. It is equal to one coulomb per
second.

“I” is the symbol of current used to designate current in schematic drawing and
formula.
 CAUSES OF CURRENT FLOW
EMF (ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE) – The force that makes the current flow.
Potential difference between terminal.

“V or A” = VOLTAGE – Symbol used to designate the emf.

THE VOLT – The unit of potential difference. It is equal to the work one joule per
coulomb.

ENERGY – To maintain current flow, the potential difference must be

maintained. This requires energy.

POWER – The rate at which work done. In electrical term, it represents the
energy necessary to maintain current flow.

“P” is the symbol foe power. The unit for power is the watt. When one ampere
flows with a potentials difference of one volt, one watt of power is generated.
 ELECTRICITY IS USE

PRESSURE – If a potential difference is a applied across the faces of certain kinds

of crystal, such as Rochelle salt, the crystal will distort and produce pressure or
mechanical movement. This is the principle used in crystal headphone.

HEAT – When current flows through an imperfect conductor, some of the energy
is used up in getting the electron through. This energy appears as heat. Poor
conductor that do not melt easily, such as nichrome wire, are used as heating
elements.

LIGHT – When enough current is passed through a wire, it can become white hot
or incandescent. This is the way our ordinary light bulb works, and it produces
light as well as heat. To keep the filament (heated wire) from burning up, the
filament is enclosed in a bulb with an insert gas. Electricity can also produce light
by electroluminescence, phosphorescence, fluorescence.

CHEMICAL ACTION – Electricity can cause the decomposition of chemical

compound. This is the principle behind the secondary cells that are used in a
storage batteries. It is also the basis for electroplating and electrolytic action.

ELETROMAGNITISM – Current passing through a wire produces a magnetic

field around the wire as long as the current is flowing. This effect is
electromagnetism.
 ELECTRICITY IS PRODUCED

FRICTION – Electricity produced by rubbing two materials together.

PRESSURE – Electricity produced by applying pressure to a crystal of certain

material.

HEAT – Electricity produced by heating the junction of a thermocouple.

LIGHT – Electricity produced by light striking photosensitive materials.

CHEMICAL ACTION – Electricity produced by chemical reaction in an electric

cell.

MAGNETISM – Electricity produced by the relative movement of a magnet and

wire that result in cutting of line of force. The amount of electricity produced will
depend on: (a) the number of returns in the coil; (b) the speed with which the
relative motion of the coil and the magnet take place; (c) the strength of the
magnet.
 RACEWAY
A raceway (sometimes referred to as a raceway system) is an enclosed
conduit that forms a physical pathway
for electrical wiring. Raceways protect wires and cables from heat,
humidity, corrosion, water intrusion and general physical threats.

RECEPTACLE
An electrical outlet or receptacle is a socket that connects
an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets
are usually installed in the wall, although they can also be installed in the
floor.

CONDUIT OUTLET
An electrical conduit is a tube used to protect and route electrical wiring
in a building or structure. Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic,
fiber, or fired clay. Most conduits is rigid, but flexible conduit is used for
some purposes.
 TYPE OF RACEWAY

Rigid Metal Conduit—RMC and IMC

Rigid metal conduit, or RMC, is heavy-duty galvanized steel tubing that is

installed with threaded fittings. It is typically used outdoors to provide
protection from damage and can also provide structural support for
electrical cables, panels, and other equipment. RMC is sold in 10- and 20-
foot lengths and has threads on both ends.

Electrical Metallic Tubing—EMT

Another example of a rigid electrical conduit is EMT (electrical metal

tubing), which is most commonly made of galvanized steel but can also be
aluminum. EMT is also called "thin-wall" conduit because it is thin and
lightweight, especially compared to RMC. EMT is rigid but can be bent with
a simple tool called a conduit bender.

Electrical Non-Metallic Tubing—ENT

Electrical nonmetallic tubing (ENT) is flexible corrugated plastic tubing that

is moisture-resistant and flame-retardant. It is easy to bend and installs with
snap-lock or glued plastic fittings. Unlike EMT, non-metallic tubing cannot
installed in exposed locations, so it is commonly used inside walls. In
addition to installation in standard wood- or metal-frame walls, ENT can be
installed inside concrete block structures and can be covered with
concrete. Due to the blue color of one common brand of this conduit, ENT
is nicknamed smurf tube, after the Smurfs cartoon characters.
Flexible Metal Conduit—FMC and LFMC

Flexible metal conduit (FMC) is also called "Greenfield," after the name of
its inventor. It has a spiral construction that makes it flexible so it can snake
through walls and other structures. Standard FMC is used in dry indoor
locations, often for short runs between a wall box and a motor or fixed
appliance, such as a garbage disposer.

Liquid-tight flexible metal conduit (LFMC) is a special type of flexible metal

conduit that has a plastic coating and is used with sealed fittings to make it
watertight. It is commonly used with outdoor equipment, such as air
conditioner units.

Rigid PVC Conduit

Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is similar to plastic plumbing pipe and is

installed with plastic fittings that are glued in place. It can be bent after
being heated in a portable heater box. Because the conduit tubing and
fittings are glued together, the conduit assemblies can be watertight,
making PVC suitable for direct burial in the ground for many applications. It
is also allowed in corrosive environments.
 BRANCH CIRCUIT
begins with main service wires that enter your home from an overhead utility
line or underground feeder wires and connect to the main service panel,
usually located in a utility space. Up to this point, the system hardware
belongs to a power utility company. But from the main service panel, the
current is divided into individual branch circuits, each of which is controlled
by a separate circuit breaker.

TYPE OF BRANCH CIRCUIT

General purpose branch circuits

are 120 volts circuits used for supplying lighting fixtures and receptacle
outlets for most small portable appliances. There are usually a number
of general purpose branch circuits supplying lights and outlets in
different rooms around a residence or commercial or industrial building.

SMALL APPLIANCE BRANCH CIRCUIT

A circuit that supplies electrical energy to one or more outlets to which
appliances are to be connected is called an appliance branch circuit. These
circuits are not to have any permanently connected lighting fixtures that are
not a part of an appliance.

Individual Branch Circuit

Installed in permanent locations such as an electric range, a clothes dryer,
or an air conditioner. These circuits usually lead directly from the
distribution panel to the appliance and do not serve any other electrical
devices. These circuits can be any amperage size.

Multi-wire Branch Circuit

(in the electrical code) is defined as a branch circuitthat consists of two or
more ungrounded conductors (two or more "hot" wires) that have a voltage
between them (they are not on the same electrical phase and so are
connected to different buses in the electrical panel), and a grounded .
 FUSE, BREAKER AND PANEL BOARD

FUSE
is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent
protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or
strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby interrupting
the current.

 The low voltage fuses are divided into five types such as rewirable,
cartridge, drop out, striker and switchfuses.
 All types of high voltage fuses are used upon the rated voltage up
to 1.5 Kv to 138 Kv. High voltage fuses are used to protect the
instrument transformers & small transformers. It is made up of silver,
copper & tin. When heat generated, the arc produces which causes
the boric acid to evolve high amount of gases

BREAKER
is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload
or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is
detected.

 The four main types of oil circuit breaker are the air circuit breaker,
air blastcircuit breaker, Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker and
the vacuum circuit breaker.

PANEL BOARD
A distribution board is a component of an electricity supply system that
divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a
protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure.
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
Is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. The
point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the
"source" of electrons. The point where the electrons leave an electrical
circuit is called the "return" or "earth ground".

EARTH RETURN
In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point in an
electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path
for electric current, or a direct physicalconnection to the earth.

SOURCE OF ELECTRON
The point where those electron enter in electrical circuit

TYPE OF CIRCUIT

SERIES CIRCUIT

is a circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain,

so the current has only one path to take. The

current is the same through each resistor.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

has two or more paths for current to flow through.

Voltage is the same across each component of

the parallel circuit. The sum of the currents

through each path is equal to the

total current that flows from the source.

 SINGLE-PHASE
electric power is the distribution of alternating current electric power using a
system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. Single-
phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with
few large electric motors.

THREE-PHASE
electric power systems have at least three conductors carrying alternating
current voltages that are offset in time by one-third of the period. Athree-
phase system may be arranged in delta (∆) or star (Y) (also denoted as
wye in some areas).

DEFERENT BETWEEN SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE

The single-phase power supply has one distinct wave cycle
whereas; three phasehas three distinct wave cycles. Single
phase requires the single wire to connect the circuit whereas; 3-
phase needs 3-wires. The voltage of the single phase is 230V,
whereas three phase voltage is 415V