Instrumentasi Elektronika

(Electronic Instrumentation)

BAB 2
TRANSDUCER
Arsitektur Dasar Sistem Pengukuran
Instrumentasi Elektronika
 To digital
Signal controller /
Digital Display Computer
interface

Transducer
A2D Digital Printer
Converter
Signal
Filter Digital Storage
Conditioner

Controller Tape Recorder

Excitation Analog
Power Supply Interface
Subsystem
Oscilloscope
Micro-
Analog
processor
Display Oscillograph

To Process
D2A Control System XY Plotter
Converter 3
TRANSDUCER, SENSOR DAN ACTUATOR
• Transducer adalah perangkat yang digunakan untuk mengubah suatu
energi ke energi lainnya.
• When a transducer converts a measurable quantity (sound pressure level,
optical intensity, magnetic field, etc) to an electrical voltage or an electrical
current we call it a sensor.
• When the transducer converts an electrical signal into another form of
energy, such as light, mechanical movement, it is called an actuator..
• A sensor can be considered in its bare form, or bundled with some
electronics (amplifiers, decoders, filters, and even computers). We will use
the word instrument to refer to a sensor together with some of its
associated electronics. The distinction between a sensor and an instrument
is extremely vague, as it is increasingly common to manufacture integrated
sensors.
 SENSOR
Sensor didefiniskan sebagai sebuah elemen yang memproduksi sinyal
terkait dengan kuantitas yang diukurnya.
According to the Instrument Society of America, sensor can be
defined as “A device which provides a usable output in response to a
specified measurand.”
Here, the output is usually an ‘electrical quantity’ and measurand is a
‘physical quantity, property or condition which is to be measured’.

Thus in the case of, say, a variable

inductance displacement element, the
quantity being measured is displacement
and the sensor transforms an input of
displacement into a change in
inductance.
 TRANSDUCER
• It is defined as an element when subjected to some physical
change experiences a related change, or an element which
converts a specified measurand into a usable output by using
a transduction principle.
• It can also be defined as a device that converts a signal from
one form of energy to another form.
• A wire of Constantan alloy (copper-nickel 55-45% alloy) can be
called as a sensor because variation in mechanical
displacement (tension or compression) can be sensed as
change in electric resistance. This wire becomes a transducer
with appropriate electrodes and input-output mechanism
attached to it. Thus we can say that ‘sensors are transducers’.
 DEFINISI SENSOR DAN TRANSDUSER
Sensor adalah suatu peralatan yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi
gejala-gejala atau sinyal-sinyal yang berasal dari perubahan suatu
energi seperti energi listrik, energi fisika, energi kimia, energi biologi,
energi mekanik dan sebagainya. D Sharon, dkk (1982).

Transduser adalah sebuah alat yang bila digerakan oleh suatu

energi di dalam sebuah sistem transmisi, akan menyalurkan energi
tersebut dalam bentuk yang sama atau dalam bentuk yang berlainan
ke sistem transmisi berikutnya. Transmisi energi ini bisa berupa listrik,
mekanik, kimia, optic (radiasi) atau panas. William D.C, (1993)

Gb. 2.1 Sensor dan Aktuator

 KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR
1. Range
The range of a sensor indicates the limits between which the input
can vary. For example, a thermocouple for the measurement of
temperature might have a range of 25-225 °C.
2. Span
The span is difference between the maximum and minimum values
of the input. Thus, the above-mentioned thermocouple will have a
span of 200 °C.
3. Error
Error is the difference between the result of the measurement and
the true value of the quantity being measured. A sensor might give a
displacement reading of 29.8 mm, when the actual displacement had
been 30 mm, then the error is –0.2 mm.
 KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR (lanjutan)
4. Accuracy
The accuracy defines the closeness of the agreement between the actual
measurement result and a true value of the measurand. It is often
expressed as a percentage of the full range output or full–scale deflection.
A piezoelectric transducer used to evaluate dynamic pressure phenomena
associated with explosions, pulsations, or dynamic pressure conditions in
motors, rocket engines, compressors, and other pressurized devices is
capable to detect pressures between 0.1 and 10,000 psig (0.7 KPa to 70
MPa). If it is specified with the accuracy of about ±1% full scale, then the
reading given can be expected to be within ± 0.7 MPa.

5. Sensitivity
Sensitivity of a sensor is defined as the ratio of change in output value of a
sensor to the per unit change in input value that causes the output change.
For example, a general purpose thermocouple may have a sensitivity of 41
μV/°C.
 KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR (lanjutan)
6. Nonlinearity
The nonlinearity indicates the maximum
deviation of the actual measured curve of a
sensor from the ideal curve. Figure 2.2 shows
a somewhat exaggerated relationship
between the ideal, or least squares fit, line
and the actual measured or calibration line.
Linearity is often specified in terms of
percentage of nonlinearity, which is defined
as:
Nonlinearity (%) = Maximum deviation in input
⁄ Maximum full scale input..
Nonlinearity is dependent upon environmental
factors, including temperature, vibration,
acoustic noise level, and humidity. Therefore
it is important to know under what conditions
the specification is valid.
Gb. 2.2 Nonliearity
 KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR (lanjutan)

7. Hysterisis
The hysteresis is an error of a sensor,
which is defined as the maximum
difference in output at any
measurement value within the
sensor’s specified range when
approaching the point first with
increasing and then with decreasing
the input parameter. Figure 2.3 shows
the hysteresis error might have
occurred during measurement of
temperature using a thermocouple.
The hysteresis error value is normally Gb. 2.3 Hysterisis
specified as a positive or negative
percentage of the specified input
range.
 KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR (lanjutan)
8. Resolution
Resolution is the smallest detectable incremental change of input
parameter that can be detected in the output signal. Resolution can be
expressed either as a proportion of the full-scale reading or in absolute
terms. For example, if a LVDT sensor measures a displacement up to
20 mm and it provides an output as a number between 1 and 100 then
the resolution of the sensor device is 0.2 mm.
9. Stability
Stability is the ability of a sensor device to give same output when used
to measure a constant input over a period of time. The term ‘drift’ is
used to indicate the change in output that occurs over a period of time.
It is expressed as the percentage of full range output.
 KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR (lanjutan)
10. Repeatability
It specifies the ability of a sensor to give
same output for repeated applications of
same input value. It is usually expressed
as a percentage of the full range output:
Repeatability (δr) =
(maximum – minimum values given)
/FS X 100%
 KARAKTERISTIK SENSOR (lanjutan)
11.Response time
Response time describes the speed of
change in the output on a step-wise
change of the measurand. It is always
specified with an indication of input step
and the output range for which the
response time is defined.

12.Dead band/time
The dead band or dead space of a
transducer is the range of input values
for which there is no output. The dead
time of a sensor device is the time
duration from the application of an
input until the output begins to respond
or change.
 KLASIFIKASI SENSOR

A. Displacement, position and proximity sensors

B. Velocity and motion
C. Force
D. Fluid pressure
E. Liquid flow
F. Liquid level
G. Temperature
 KLASIFIKASI SENSOR (lanjutan-1)

A. Displacement, position and proximity sensors

• Potentiometer
• Strain-gauged element
• Capacitive element
• Differential transformers
• Eddy current proximity sensors
• Inductive proximity switch
• Optical encoders
• Pneumatic sensors
• Proximity switches (magnetic)
• Hall effect sensors
 KLASIFIKASI SENSOR (lanjutan-2)
B. Velocity and motion
• Incremental encoder
• Tachogenerator
• Pyroelectric sensors
C. Force
• Strain gauge load cell
D. Fluid pressure
• Diaphragm pressure gauge
• Capsules, bellows, pressure tubes
• Piezoelectric sensors
• Tactile sensor
 KLASIFIKASI SENSOR (lanjutan-3)

E. Liquid flow
• Orifice plate
• Turbine meter

F. Liquid level
• Floats
• Differential pressure
 KLASIFIKASI SENSOR (lanjutan-4)

G. Temperature
• Bimetallic strips
• Resistance temperature detectors
• Thermistors
• Thermo-diodes and transistors
• Thermocouples
• Light sensors
• Photo diodes
• Photo resistors
• Photo transistor
 Latihan soal:
1. Tentukan sensor dan daftar berbagai spesifikasi yang perlu
dipelajari dengan seksama sebelum menggunakan
thermocouple untuk membaca suhu tungku.
2. Jelaskan perbedaan antara range dan span dari suatu
tranduser.
3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan kesalahan non-linear?
Bagaimana itu berbeda dari kesalahan histeresis?
4. Jelaskan pentingnya informasi berikut yang diberikan
dalam spesifikasi transduser:
Sensitivitas thermocouple dengan bahan kromium nikel /
nikel aluminium sama dengan 0.039 mV / ºC, dan
bagaimana ketika junctionnya pada suhu 0 ºC !
SENSOR POTENSIOMETER
JENIS POTENSIOMETER DAN APLIKASINYA

Potensiometer dapat untuk mengukur:

- level fluida ?
- Poisi ?
- Jarak ?
- Sudut ?
 STRAIN GAUGE

Prinsip dasar

Jenis

ε = strain Aplikasi
R0 = resistansi ketika tidak ada gaya
∆R = perubahan resistansi setelah diberikan gaya
k = rasio perubahan fraksional resistansi terhadap
perubahan fraksional panjang (strain), untuk
metalic foil = 2
 TIMBANGAN DIGITAL

- Sensor digunakan
strain gauge
- Pengkondisi sinyal
digunakan operational
amplifier TS951/2
- Pemroses digunakan
MCU dan inputnya
melalui A0
- D0 dan D1 dapat diatur
untuk memberikan
tegangan supply
kepada rangkaian
jembatan
- Outputnya berupa data
serial
Menggunakan 4 strain gauge
 CAPACITIVE ELEMENT

Aplikasi pengukuran beda

tekanan tekanan
C = εr εo A / d
εr = relative permittivity of the dielectric between the plates,
εo = permittivity of free space,
A = area of overlap between two plates and d the plate
separation.
 LVDT

Kurva tegangan output terhdap

Simbol LVDT
perubahan armature

The sensitivity of an LVDT is expressed as mV (output voltage) per mm (displacement)

per V (inputvoltage) and ranges from 10 to roughly 200 mV/mm·V.
 LVDT (lanjutan)

Bentuk tegangan output untuk berbagai posisi armature

 PROXIMITY SENSOR

Prinsip dasar proximity sensor

Sinyal output fungsi jarak
jenis induktif. Perubahan jarak
menyebakan perubahan
induktansi
Objek Rusak

Contoh aplikasi pada

mesin pemeriksa objek
berbahan ferromagnetic
Objek Baik
 PROXIMITY INDUCTIVE

Electromagnetic proximity sensor with eddy currents

(a). Sensor with the shielded
front end (b); Unshielded sensor (c)
 OPTICAL ENCODER

Incremental (a) and absolute (b) optical encoding disks. When the wheel
rotates clockwise (CW), channel a signal leads b by 90 (c); When the wheel
rotates counter-clockwise (CCW), channel b signal leads a by 90 (d)
HALL EFFECT

Analog output

Digital output
 SENSOR HALL EFFECT
CONTOH:KONFIGURASI KAKI ACS712
RANGAKAIN INTERNAL ACS712
SENSOR FOTO DIODE
Data Acquistion System

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