Lecture 1

By Arega G.
 Outlines
1. Introduction to sewage(WW) treatment
1.1 General about Wastewater Treatment
1.2 Objectives of Wastewater Treatment
1.3 Types of sewage, sources and collection methods
1.4 Flow Sheets for Wastewater Treatment Systems
 Chapter One
Introduction to sewage(WW) treatment
 Wastewater or sewage is the by product of many uses of water.

 Is water by mass (99.9%) and contaminants in either floating,

suspended/dissolved form.

 Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from

wastewater and household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and
biological processes.
 WW treatment: Any process to which wastewater is subjected to make it
suitable for subsequent use.
Wastewater Contaminants
 Suspended solids
• Biodegradable organics (e.g., BOD)
• Pathogenic bacteria
• Nutrients (N & P)
Objectives of Wastewater Treatment

 To remove pollutants from waste water for its recycling.

 To promote health concern and public hygiene.
 To preserve aquatic life and wildlife habitat.
 To promote recreation and quality of life.
Another important aim of waste water treatment include
Energy production
Nutrient recovery &
Water reuse
Wastewater Treatment Standards
Effluents from different establishments should be treated before being discharged
to receiving bodies so that it should be:
 Free from materials and heat in quantities which are harmful to human, animal,
aquatic life.
 Free from anything that will settle in receiving waters forming putrescence or
otherwise objectionable sludge deposits, or that will adversely affect aquatic
life.
 Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other materials in amounts sufficient to
be noticeable in receiving waters;
 Free from materials and heat that alone, or in combination with other materials
will produce color, turbidity, taste or odor in sufficient concentration to create a
nuisance or adversely affect aquatic life in receiving waters;
 Free from nutrients in concentrations that create nuisance growths of aquatic
weeds
 Specific Limits
Effluents discharged to receiving water bodies should achieved the
following minimum wastewater quality limits:

MPN- Most Probable Number

 Types of sewage
Sewage: It is a liquid waste or foul water of the community conveyed by
sewer.
Depending on the nature and sources sewage can be classified as:
-Domestic Sewage: The sewage from residential buildings, business
centers, institutions also contain human body waste (faeces and urine)
and also sullage.
- Industrial Sewage: The liquid wastes obtained from industrial
process such as dying, papermaking etc.
- Sanitary Sewage: is a combination of domestic and industrial
sewages. It contains organic matters and other pollutant that are
harmful in nature.
- Storm sewage : is surface run-off which is flowing in sewer during or
following a period of rainfall.
-Sullage: It is the waste water resulting from personal washing, bathing,
laundry, food preparation and cleansing of utensils.
Garbage: It is the dry refuse of town containing organic, inorganic solids,
semisolids, combustible, noncombustible, putrescible and non
putrescible substances.
Sources of sewage
 Sources of sewage -----
Domestic (also called sanitary) sewage:. From residential and
commercial districts
• Other sources include institutional and recreational facilities.
Industrial waste water (Non-domestic): wastewater in which
industrial wastes predominate.
Infiltration: groundwater entering sewers through defective joints,
and broken or cracked or broken pipes and manholes.
High during wet period, especially sewers constructed in or close to
streambeds
Inflow is storm water that enters the sewer system from storm drain
connections, roof leaders, foundation and basement drains, or through
manhole covers.
Storm Sewage
• During rainfall, a part of rainfall water percolates into the ground
and a part is evaporated in the atmosphere.
• The remaining part flows over the ground surface and is termed as
surface run off, flood water, or storm water or storm sewage.
SYSTEMS OF SEWARAGE

Basic Terms

Sewer: Individual pipe

Sewerage: the line used to collect Sewage:
system that is sewage / Underground municipal
used for conduit (drain) through wastewater and
collecting sewage which sewage is storm runoff
conveyed
 SEWARAGE SYSTEMS
Building sewers/connections: bring wastewater from the houses to the
laterals/branch lines
Laterals/ branch sewers: They are used to collect wastewater from one or
more building sewers and convey it to a main sewer.
Main sewers are used to convey wastewater from one or more lateral to
trunk sewers or intercepting sewers.
Trunk sewers are large sewers that are used to convey wastewater from
main sewers to treatment or other disposal facilities or large intercepting
sewers.
Intercepting sewers are large sewers that are used to intercept a number of
main or trunk sewers and convey the wastewater to treatment or other
disposal facilities.
• Relief sewer- built to carry a portion of the flow in a system with
inadequate capacity.
• Outfall sewer- carries the collected waste to a point of treatment or
disposal.
Based on the of the function of the sewers, the principal types found in
most collection system are
Building sewers -Trunk sewers
Lateral or branch sewers -Intercepting sewers
Main sewers
SEWARAGE SYSTEMS
Based on the method (systems) of collection and conveyance,
sewers are divided in to three:.
 Sanitary sewer is one, which carries sanitary sewage and excludes
storm sewage as far as possible.
 Storm sewer carries storm water only, including surface runoff and
street wash.
 Combined sewer is designed to carry all types of sewage, such as
domestic sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water.
Stages in Sanitary Engineering Projects
Collection Conveyance Treatment

Disposal
of
sewage
 Sewerage System: - is the system of sewers including all
appurtenances required for sewage disposal. A sewerage system
will consist of mainly:
i.) collection work
ii.) Treatment works if any
iii.) Disposal works.
I. Collection works: are provided for collecting sewage from
different points of occurrence and conveying sewage to any desired
points with the help of a sewer system.
II. Treatment work: sewerage treatment covers any process to which
the sewage is subjected in order to remove or alter its objectionable
constituents so as to render it less dangerous or offensive.
III. Disposal work: sewage disposal applies to the act of disposing of
sewage by any method to a body of water or on land.
 Collection and Conveyance of Sewage
 System of sanitation is classified on the basis of collection and
conveyance of waste produced in a community.
 This is mainly related to excreta disposal.
 The methods of collection adopted are mainly the following two types:
(a) Non-water carriage sanitation systems /Dry or Conservancy system
(b) Water carriage sanitation system.
Non-water carriage / Dry or Conservancy system
 Old and outdated system of disposal
 This is adopted where no sewerage system exists.
 In this system all sorts of refuse from a community is collected first in
dust bins or garbage vats, which are located at suitable points inside the
township.
 Disposal of refuse is done by means of land filling, incineration,
composting or dumping in the sea.
 Mostly used in villages / undeveloped urban areas
 Sewerage system (wastewater collection and treatment) is not
available for the disposal of sanitary wastes in most towns and all rural
areas of our country.
 Therefore, privies are in use for collection and disposal of
night soils.
 Conservancy is chosen and in such system human excreta is
collected in various types of privies
 The types of privies that may be adopted are the following:
 Bore -hole latrines

 Pour- flush latrines

 Conventional unimproved pit latrines

 Ventilated improved pit latrines(VIP)

 Double tank latrines

 Septic tank latrines

 Aqua privy

 Chemical toilets

 Working type privy

The following are the merits of the conservancy system
 It is very cheap in initial cost
 Storm water is carried in usually surface drains, hence no problem
of pumping the storm water.
 The quantity of waste liquid reaching the disposal point is less,
hence it can be disposed of without any treatment
 As the storm water is carried in open drains, the sewer section will
be small and will run full for the major portion of the year, due to
which there will be no silting and deposits in the sewer lines.
Disadvantage
 Liquid from latrines get into ground
 Cause contamination of groundwater
 Openly disposed non-liquid wastes also cause diseases
 Water Carriage Systems
 Collection, Conveyance and Disposal of the Wastes is done with
the help of water
 Latrines used are of special design called Water Closets (WCs)
 Flushing of WCs is done with water 5 to 10 l
 WC’s waste and Sullage from kitchen and bathroom form
sewage
 Sewage flows through underground pipes to treatment plants
and disposed of for irrigation or as dilution
 Water Carriage …
 In such a system
 Garbage is disposed as in conservancy system
 Storm water may or may not be allowed to enter the
sewers (storm water can also be disposed off through
an open surface drains / not dirty)
 Water carriage system is most modern method of
disposal and is recommended
 Initial cost of installation is very high and might be
difficult to install it for poor communities
 It might need to be implemented by phase
 Sanitary System Choice
 Water carriage system is the most modern
 It has so many advantages over conservancy
 It is more advantageous for big cities where there is large
concentration of population
 Can be economical for big cities where there is a possibility to raise
fund
 However for small cities and towns adoption of water carriage system
becomes difficult as it is not easy to raise fund
 Thus conservancy system is recommended for small cities and towns
as they prove to be economical
 Availability of space in small towns and lack of it in big cities is also
the cause for the different choice of the system
Comparison of water-carriage and non water-carriage system
Comparison of water-carriage and non water-carriage cont’d…
 Factors in Sewerage Project
 Population of the city to be served
• Availability of funds
• Quality of sewage to be handled
• Rainfall in the locality
• Rate of sewage expected
• Sources of sewage
• Present disposal arrangements of disposal
• Topographical features of the area
• Treatment methods
• Trend of town development
Flow Sheets for Wastewater Treatment Systems
 The term "flow sheet" is used to describe a particular combination
of unit operations and processes used to achieve a specific
treatment objective.
 Unit Operation: this involves removal of contaminants by
physical forces.
 Unit Process: this involves biological and/or chemical removal
of contaminants.
 Physical Unit Operations: Screening, mixing, flocculation,
sedimentation, floatation, filtration.
 Chemical Unit Processes: Coagulation flocculation,
precipitation, adsorption.
 unit operations and processes
PHYSICAL UNIT OPERATIONS

OPERATION APPLICATION

Screening Removal of coarse and settleable solids by surface straining

Comminution Grinding of coarse solids

Flow Equalization Equalization of flow and mass loadings of BOD suspended solids.

Mixing of chemicals and gases with waste water and maintaining solids
Mixing
in suspension

Flocculation Promotion of aggregation of smaller particles into larger ones.

Sedimentation Removal of settleable solids and thickening of sludge

Removal of fine residual suspended solids remaining after

Filtration
biological or chemical treatment.
Removal of finely divided suspended solids and particles. Also
Floatation
thickens biological sludge
Micro screening Same as filtration. Also removal of algae from stabilization
Biological Unit Processes: Aerobic and anaerobic treatment
processes
 Flow sheet preparation is important step in overall design of
wastewater treatment and requires thorough understanding
of the treatment units which are generally described as,
 preliminary treatment (large suspensions and floating
matter removal)
 primary (suspended solids removing units)
 Secondary (biological organic matter removal units)
 Tertiary treatment system (polishing units)
 Sludge treatment (stabilizing and dewatering units)
 One can select unit operations and processes depending on
the
– characteristics of the sewage,
– required level of contaminants in the treated
effluents,
– available area and cost.
Flow Sheets for Wastewater Treatment Systems