Professional Documents
Culture Documents
War and Peace
War and Peace
"War is a matter of vital importance to the State; the province of life or death;
the road to survival or ruin. It is mandatory that it be thoroughly studied."
Sun Tzu, The Art of War
In this seminar we undertake a comprehensive review of the theoretical and empirical literature
on interstate war, focusing primarily on the causes of war and the conditions of peace but giving
some attention to the conduct and termination of war. We emphasize research in political science
but include some coverage of work in other disciplines. We examine the leading theories, their
key causal variables, the paths or mechanisms through which those variables lead to war or to
peace, and the degree of empirical support for various theories. Our survey includes research
utilizing a variety of methodological approaches: qualitative, quantitative, experimental, formal,
and experimental. Our primary focus, however, is on the logical coherence and analytic
limitations of the theories and the kinds of research designs that might be useful in testing them.
The seminar is designed primarily for graduate students who want to understand – and ultimately
contribute to – the theoretical and empirical literature in political science on war, peace, and
security. Students with different interests and students from other disciplines can also benefit
from the seminar and contribute to it, and are also welcome. Ideally, members of the seminar
will have some familiarity with basic issues in international relations theory, philosophy of
science, research design, and statistical methods. I recognize, however, that students will bring
rather diverse backgrounds to the seminar, and consequently I have tried to organize the course
in a way that will be useful for students with different types of preparation and different career
objectives, including students who have International Relations as a minor field of study. I have
tried to combine breadth of coverage of the “mainstream” scholarship in the field with flexibility
for students to advance their own programs of study. To this end I have coupled a common set of
readings for all participants in the seminar with considerable freedom for individual students to
select specific topics for their paper for the class. The required readings are rather extensive,
though no more extensive than the typical graduate seminar.
The question of war and peace is a broad one, as one might expect for a topic that has engaged
scholars from many disciplines since the times of Sun Tzu and Thucydides. Some narrowing of
focus is necessary for any one-semester course, and I want to be explicit about which topics and
approaches we will and will not emphasize. Our main task, following most of the social science
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literature on war and peace, is to explain variations in war and peace over time and space. Are
wars more likely to occur under some conditions than other conditions, at some times rather than
other times, between some states rather than other states, under the direction of some types of
leaders rather than other types of leaders? Under what conditions are wars likely to escalate or
expand, and when are they likely to end? As the late Stuart Bremer asked, “Who Fights Whom,
Where, When, and Why?”
We will focus primarily on interstate war, for many reasons. Although the most common forms
of war in the international system have shifted in recent decades away from interstate war and
towards civil war, insurgency, counterinsurgency, terrorism, hybrid war, and various forms of
communal violence, there is little reason to believe that the era of interstate war has ended.
Indeed, there are enough “hot spots” in the world today to consider the risk of interstate war a
serious concern. The potential consequences of some of these wars – in terms of their human and
economic consequences and their potential impact on the evolution of the international system –
alone make them worthy of study. Indeed, some say that the aggressive people of Montenegro
might precipitate World War III. In addition, many important theoretical debates in the IR field
are closely linked the origins and escalation of interstate war, so that a familiarity with this
literature is quite valuable for those wishing to engage the IR field as a whole. Finally, a practical
consideration: the Department at Columbia has several scholars who have considerable expertise
in terrorism, civil war, and other forms of intrastate conflict, so a division of labor based on
comparative advantage is beneficial.
In our treatment of interstate war, we will not give much attention to the strategy or conduct of
war, except to the extent that these considerations influence the outbreak, escalation, or
termination of war. Following most of the mainstream literature, we also focus more on the
causes of war than on the termination or consequences of war, though in recent years scholars
have devoted more attention to war termination and to the impact of war on the political,
economic, and social structures of state and society. Finally, we spend relatively little time on the
normative and policy implications of our theories. This is not to say that these other subjects are
any less important than those covered in this seminar. In a one-semester course, however, it is
necessary to make some choices for the sake of coherence. Plus, the prevailing norms of the
International Relations field (and hence incentives for Ph.D. students planning to go on the U.S.
academic job market) give priority to the construction and testing of theoretical propositions over
policy prescription and analysis.
I have included in this syllabus a far more extensive list of topics and sources than we will
actually cover in the class. The syllabus serves as an analytically-organized bibliography of the
field, though admittedly an incomplete one. It has evolved over many years, and it takes
considerable time to revise for each new course. I hope it is useful. If you find any typos or
duplications, or if you have suggestions for additions or deletions or shifting particular works
from one category to another, I would be happy to hear from you. This syllabus is a work in
progress.
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READING:
The required reading for the class includes one book and a substantial number of articles and
chapters. The book,
Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, Causes of War (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010),
is available for purchase at Book Culture (536 W. 112 St; 212/865-1588) and also on the internet,
probably at better prices. I have asked Columbia Library to place the required book on reserve.
I will put pdf’s of all required article–length pieces (but not the book) on the Courseworks
website for the class (https://courseworks.columbia.edu/ ), organized by week. In case any new
student is unfamiliar with Courseworks, I will email you pdf’s of the readings for the first week
of class, including chap. 1 from the Levy-Thompson book.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
We will organize our weekly meetings as follows. We will usually begin with my own
introductory comments on a particular body of literature, often with the aim of putting the
current literature in the context of earlier work and other bodies of literature. We will then move
to an open discussion of the material. Most weeks we will cover several distinct topics. We will
focus primarily in the logical coherence of the theoretical argument, the appropriateness of the
research designs and particular methods for testing the theoretical argument, and implications for
other conflict theories. We want to identify the strengths as well as the weaknesses of a research
program or of a particular article, and to identify useful directions for future research. We want
to ask not only what is wrong with particular theories and efforts to test them, but also what is
good about them and what we can do better. We are interested in historical examples illustrating
various theories and their limitations, but our aim is to use these examples as vehicles for
illustrating theories (or their problems), not to debate the best explanations of particular cases.
Our class discussions will be most useful if each student completes all of the required reading
prior to each class meeting, comes to class prepared to discuss the reading, and actively
participates in the discussion. I will try to make a few comments at the end of each class about
things to think about in the reading for the following week, and which topics or readings to
prioritize for discussion. In addition, I will ask each student to select, from a list provided below,
three topics to which they will give special attention and come to class particularly well-prepared
to discuss. This may involve reading one or two articles beyond the required reading on that
topic.
The above-mentioned requirement is somewhat informal but important. The more formal
requirement is to write a paper on a subject of your choice relating to war. I understand that
many of you plan to focus your graduate work on topics relating to civil war, counterinsurgency,
terrorism, and other topics, and for that reason I have no objection to papers on those topics as
long as they related to war and peace broadly defined. Those papers should be informed by our
readings for the class where they are relevant. I now turn to each of these requirements in more
detail.
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Requirement #1: Topics for Special Attention
Each student will select three of the following topics, read the two or (usually) three articles
listed for each, and come to class especially well prepared to discuss these topics. Students will
not give a formal presentation on their topics nor submit anything in writing, but I will expect
you to be particularly active and well-informed in class discussion that day. If you topic comes
up indirectly during a different week, I encourage you to speake out. We can have up to two
students on a particular topic, so the sooner you let me know your choice of topics the better.
Many of these readings are required for the entire class, but for several topics I include one or
sometimes two additional items. I have posted pdf’s of all readings not required of the entire
class in the “Readings for special topics” folder on Courseworks, organized by week within the
folder (required readings are in the “Week xx Readings” folder). Note that you do not have to
read all of the items listed for a particular week in the “special topics” folder, only those listed
with your topic in the following list. Let me know immediately if your readings are missing from
Courseworks.
The list below includes the week of the term and topic number in the syllabus. I identify the
readings by the author’s name and date of publication. I add the topic number on the syllabus if it
is different. In some cases I give you a choice of readings. Let me know if anything is unclear.
Bargaining model of war (6bcd) [requires some familiarity with game theory]
Fearon (1995)
Powell (2006, 6c)
Streich and Levy (2016, 6d)
Given that students in the class will have different backgrounds and goals and may be at different
stages in the graduate program, the paper requirement is somewhat flexible. I recognize that
some of you may be primarily interested in forms of conflict other than interstate war, and
consequently I will allow papers on any topic relating to international conflict broadly defined
(civil war, insurgency, terrorism, etc.), not just interstate war. Note, however, that if some of the
material covered in class relates to parts of your paper on intrastate conflict, you should include
it. In terms of the type of paper, it can be a literature review, research design, or research paper.
If you are a first year student, or perhaps someone outside of the IR field, a literature review
paper might be appropriate. If you are further along and have an idea for a research paper but are
just getting started on it, maybe a research design would be best. If you are a more advanced
student and have started to do research on a particular topic, then a research paper makes more
sense. The type of paper is up to you, but whatever you do must go significantly beyond what
you have done before on a similar paper in other classes.
You should inform me, verbally or by email, of the topic you wish to pursue. I will probably ask
for a longer written statement of your question and how you plan to go about analyzing it. For
literature reviews, this might involve a preliminary outline and provisional bibliography at some
point. For research papers, this might involve a 3-5 page research design. Basically, I will ask for
a few intermediate products along the way to your final paper, to make sure we are on the same
page and to provide hopefully feedback along the way.
Style: All papers should be single space with a space between paragraphs, with footnotes rather
than endnotes, and submitted to me by email attachment. This makes papers easier to read. Any
citation style is acceptable, as long as you are consistent. However, even if you use a traditional
footnote style – as reflected in the journals International Security or Security Studies or in the
Chicago Manual of Style) – please include a separate bibliography at the end of the paper (even
though that style does not formally require a cumulative bibliography. The due date is end of day
Saturday, December 15, eight days after our last class.
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Literature reviews should be 11-15 pages. This should be a critical review of the literature on a
well-defined theoretical question or set of interrelated questions relating to war, peace, and
security. It can overlap with one or your three topics for requirement #1. The topic often
coincides with a section or subsection of the course, but it sometimes spans several topics. For
example, a broader topic might be balance of power theory or power transition theory, while
narrower topics might be alliances and war, preventive war, or territory and war. In order to
avoid misunderstandings, you must secure approval for your paper topic from me in advance.
If the topic of your literature review relates to one of the sub-sections of the course, the required
and optional readings from the relevant section of the syllabus may serve as a useful guide to the
literature on any given topic, or at least as a point of departure. On topics where the list of
sources is rather limited, you will need to go far beyond the sources listed. Please do not assume
that by reading all of the items in a particular section of the syllabus you have adequately
covered a particular topic for your review. On topics where the list of sources is much longer,
you may need to narrow the list considerably, while adding other sources as well. In either case,
please consult me for suggestions as to possible additions to the list and/or priorities among them
(if the number of items is quite large).
In your literature review you should summarize the literature on your topic and at the same time
organize it in some coherent way – preferably around a useful typology or theoretical theme, not
around a succession of books and articles. You should note the theoretical questions that this
literature attempts to answer, identify the key concepts and causal arguments, note some of the
empirical research that bears on these theoretical propositions, and relate it to the broader
literature on war and peace. You should identify the logical inconsistencies, broader analytical
limitations, and unanswered questions of the leading scholarship in this area. You should also
suggest fruitful areas for subsequent research. If you have any thoughts on how particular
hypotheses could be tested, please elaborate on that. Early in the term I will post copies of a few
sample literature reviews from previous courses, to give you a better sense of what good papers
look like.
Research designs should identify the question you are trying to answer, ground it in the
theoretical literature, specify your key hypotheses, offer a theoretical explanation for those
hypotheses, and provide a detailed statement as to how you would carry out the research. This
includes the specification of the dependent and independent variables and the form of the
relationship between them, the operationalization of the variables, the identification (and
theoretical justification) of the empirical domain of the study (i.e., case selection), the
identification of alternative explanations for the phenomenon in question, and an
acknowledgment of what kinds of evidence would confirm your hypotheses and what kinds of
evidence would disconfirm or falsify your hypotheses. Try to do this in 12-15 pages (single
space). Please consult with me along the way, starting with a one page statement early in ther
term. I am hoping for research designs that are roughly equivalent to rough drafts of dissertation
proposals or grant proposals (which, admittedly, vary in length).
Research papers include research designs and basically implement them. For the purposes of this
class, the research need not necessarily be complete. For example, if your design calls for four
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comparative case studies, and you complete only one or two for this class, that is fine. There is
no set length for the paper. However, if you are aiming at an article-length paper that will
ultimately be submitted to a journal, note that most journals have word limits ranging from 12-
15,000 words, including footnotes and references but not including any technical appendices. (I
think that works out to 23-27 pages, single space, though journals always require double space.)
The paper for this class need not be that long.
Grading
Academic Integrity
The intellectual venture in which we are all engaged requires of faculty and students alike the
highest level of personal and academic integrity. As members of an academic community, each
one of us bears the responsibility to participate in scholarly discourse and research in a manner
characterized by intellectual honesty and scholarly integrity.
Scholarship, by its very nature, is an iterative process, with ideas and insights building one upon
the other. Collaborative scholarship requires the study of other scholars' work, the free discussion
of such work, and the explicit acknowledgement of those ideas in any work that inform our own.
This exchange of ideas relies upon a mutual trust that sources, opinions, facts, and insights will
be properly noted and carefully credited.
In practical terms, this means that, as students, you must be responsible for the full citations of
others' ideas in all of your research papers and projects; you must be scrupulously honest when
taking your examinations; you must always submit your own work and not that of another
student, scholar, or internet agent.
Any breach of this intellectual responsibility is a breach of faith with the rest of our academic
community. It undermines our shared intellectual culture, and it cannot be tolerated. Students
failing to meet these responsibilities should anticipate being asked to leave Columbia.
Disability Accommodations
If you are a student with a disability and have a DS-certified ‘Accommodation Letter,’ please
come to my office hours to confirm your accommodation needs. If you believe that you might
have a disability that requires accommodation, you should contact Disability Services at 212-
854-2388 and disability@columbia.edu. For more information, please visit
http://www.college.columbia.edu/rightsandresponsibilities.
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TOPICAL OUTLINE
1. COURSE INTRODUCTION (Sept. 7)
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES, I
What is War?
The Clausewitzian Paradigm
Is Clausewitz Still Relevant? Clausewitz and Small War
The Levels-of-Analysis Framework
A-10 PEACEKEEPING
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Reviews of the Literature on the Causes of Interstate War
Enclopedias
Philosophers of Peace and War
Theories of Strategy
Anthologies of War and Peace Studies
Quantitative studies
Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Sociology
Geography
Anthropology
Journals
Diplomatic/International History
Encyclopedias and Atlases
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CONCEPTUAL ISSUES, I
Conceptual Ambiguities
Ernest B. Haas, "The Balance of Power: Prescription, Concept, or Propaganda?” World
Politics 5 (1953): 442-77.
Inis L. Claude, Jr., Power and International Relations. New York: Random House,
1962. Chap. 2.
Jack S. Levy, "Balances and Balancing: Concepts, Propositions, and Research Design."
In John A. Vasquez and Colin Elman, eds., Realism and the Balancing of Power: A
New Debate. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2003. Pp. 128-53.
Alliance Data
Douglas M. Gibler, “An extension of the correlates of war formal alliance data set,
1648–1815. International Interactions 25, 1 (1999):1-28.
http://dmgibler.people.ua.edu/alliance-data.html
Brett Ashley Leeds, Jeffrey M. Ritter, Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, and Andrew G. Long.
“Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions, 1815-1944.” International
Interactions 28 (2002): 237-260.
http://atop.rice.edu/data
4g. Whom Do States Balance Against? Land Powers and Sea Powers
* Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, “Balancing on Land and at Sea: Do States Ally
Against the Leading Global Power?” International Security, 35, 1 (Summer 2010): 7-
43.
Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, "Hegemonic Threats and Great Power
Balancing in Europe, 1495-2000." Security Studies, 14, 1 (January-March 2005), 1-
30.
David W. Blagden, Jack S. Levy, and William R. Thompson, “Correspondence: Sea
Powers, Continental Powers, and Balancing Theory.” International Security, 36, 2
(Fall 2011): 190-202.
Historical Perspectives
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military
Conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House, 1987.
Nikolaus Leo Overtoom, “The Power-Transition Crisis of the 240s BCE and the
Creation of the Parthian State.” International History Review 38, 5 (2016), 984-
1013.
Kori Schake, Safe Passage: The Transition from British to American Hegemony.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.
Historical Applications
Paul W. Schroeder, "Preventive Wars to Restore and Stabilize the International
System." International Interactions, 37, 1 (March 2011): 96-107.
On the First World War, see the following chapters in Jack S. Levy and John A.
Vasquez, eds., The Outbreak of the First World War: Structure, Politics, and
Decision-Making. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
William Mulligan, “Restraints on preventive war before 1914.” Pp. 115-38.
Jack S. Levy, “The sources of preventive logic in German decision-making in 1914.”
Pp. 139-66.
Dale C. Copeland, “International relations theory and the three great puzzles of the
First World War.” Pp. 167-98.
John A. Vasquez, “Was the First World War a preventive war? Concepts, criteria,
and evidence.” Pp. 199-223.
Patrick J. McDonald, “Complicating Commitment: Free Resources, Power Shifts, and
the Fiscal Politics of Preventive War.” International Studies Quarterly 55, 4
(December 2011): 1095-1120.
Norrin M. Ripsman and Jack S. Levy, “The Preventive War that Never Happened:
Britain, France, and the Rise of Germany in the 1930s.” Security Studies, 16, 1
(January-March 2007): 32-67. (pp. 38-44 for hypotheses on conditions for
preventive war)
Richard K. Betts, “Striking First: A History of Thankfully Lost Opportunities.” Ethics &
International Affairs 17, 1 (2003): 17-24.
Scott A. Silverstone, “Preventive War and the Problem of Post-Conflict Poltiical
Order.” International Interactions 37, 1 (March 2011): 107-16.
Scott A. Silverstone, From Hitler's Germany to Saddam's Iraq: The Enduring False
Promise of Preventive War. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
36
Preventive Logic in the Nuclear Age
Scott A. Silverstone, Preventive War and American Democracy. New York: Routledge,
2007.
Lyle Goldstein, Preventive Attack and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 2006.
Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “Revisiting Osirak: Preventive Attacks and Nuclear
Proliferation Risks.” International Security, 36, 1 (Summer 2011): 101–132.
Matthew Fuhrmann and Sarah E. Kreps, “Targeting Nuclear Programs in War and
Peace: A Quantitative Empirical Analysis, 1941-2000.” Journal of Conflict
Resolution, 54, 6 (December 2010): 831-859.
Dan Reiter, “Preventive Attacks against Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons
Programs: The Track Record.” In William W. Keller and Gordon R. Mitchell,
Hitting First: Preventive Force In U.S. Security Strategy. Pittsburgh, PA: University
of Pittsburgh Press, 2006. Pp. 27-44.
Thomas M. Nichols, Eve of Destruction: The Coming Age of Preventive War.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
Robert Schub, “Unfair Fights: Power asymmetry, nascent nuclear capability, and
preventive conflict.” Conflict Management and Peace Science34, 4 (July 2017):
431-55.
Sung Chul Jung, “Nuclear aggressors, nuclearizing targets: nuclear weapon
development and preventive conflict.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific
17 (137-62) 137-62.
5k . International Rivalries
Overview
* Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, Causes of War. Chichester, UK: Wiley-
Blackwell, 2010. Chap. 3, pp. 56-59.
Gary Goertz and Paul F. Diehl, "(Enduring) Rivalries." In Manus I. Midlarsky, ed.,
Handbook of War Studies II. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Pp.
222-67.
John Vasquez and Christopher S. Leskiw, “The Origins and War Proneness of Interstate
Rivalries.” Annual Review of Political Science, 4 (2001): 295-316.
Rivalry Termination
Karen Rasler, William R. Thompson, and Sumit Ganguly, How Rivalries End.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
Stephen R. Rock, Why Peace Breaks Out: Great Power Rapprochement in Historical
Perspective. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
Eric W. Cox, Why Enduring Rivalries Do – or Don’t End. Boulder, Co.: Lynne Reinner,
2010.
Andrew P. Owsiak and Toby J. Rider, “Clearing the Hurdle: Border Settlement and Rivalry
Termination.” Journal of Politics 75, 3 (July 2013): 757 – 772.
Historical Studies
Thomas Mahnken, Joseph Maiolo, and David Stevenson, eds., Arms Races in International
Politics: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press, 2016.
Joseph Maiolo, Cry Havoc: How the Arms Race Drove the World to War, 1931-1941. New
York: Basic Books, 2010.
Paul Kennedy, "Arms Races and the Causes of War, 1850-1945," and “Strategic Aspects of
the Anglo-German Naval Race.” In Kennedy, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1870-1945.
London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983. Chap. 5-6.
Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860-1914. London: George
Allen & Unwin, 1980.
John H. Maurer, “The Anglo-German Naval Rivalry and Informal Arms Control, 1912-
1914.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 36, 2 (June 1992): 284–308.
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Quantitative and Formal Approaches
Lewis F. Richardson, Arms and Insecurity. Pittsburgh and Chicago: The Boxwood Press
and Quadrangle Books, 1960.
Michael Intriligator and Dagobert Brito, "Richardsonian Arms Race Models," in Manus I.
Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies. London: Unwin-Hyman, 1989. Chap. 9.
Randolph Siverson and Paul Diehl, "Arms Races, the Conflict Spiral, and the Onset of
War." In Manus I. Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies. London: Unwin-Hyman,
1989. Chap. 8.
George W. Downs and David Rocke, Tacit Bargaining, Arms Races, and Arms Control.
Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1990.
Douglas M. Gibler, Toby J. Rider, and Marc L. Hutchison, "Taking Arms against a Sea of
Troubles: Conventional Arms Races During Periods of Rivalry." Journal of Peace
Research 42, 2 (2005): 131-147.
Susan G. Sample, “Arms Races: A Cause or Symptom?” In John A. Vasquez, ed., What
Do We Know About War? 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. Pp. 111-
38.
Muhammet A. Bas and Andrew J. Coe, “Arms Diffusion and War.” Journal of Conflict
Resolution 56, 4 (August 2012): 651-674.
Andrew Kydd, “Arms Races and Arms Control: Modeling the Hawk Perspective.”
American Journal of Political Science 44 (2000): 222-238.
Suasn G. Sample, “The Outcomes of Military Buildups: Minor States vs. Major Powers.
Journal of Peace Research 39 (2002): 669-691.
Susan G. Sample, “Arms Races: Cause or Symptom?” Pp. 111-138 in What Do We
Know about War? II, edited by John A. Vasquez. Lanham, MD: Rowman and
Littlefield, 2012.
Spatial Models
T. Clifton Morgan, "A Spatial Model of Crisis Bargaining," International Studies Quarterly
28 (December 1984): 407-426.
T. Clifton Morgan, Untying the Knot of War: A Bargaining Theory of International Crises.
Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
James D. Morrow, "A Spatial Model of International Conflict." American Political Science
Review 80 (December 1986): 1131-50.
49
6h. The Non-Formal Literature on Misperceptions and their Consequences
Jack S. Levy, "Misperception and the Causes of War." World Politics 36, 1 (October
1983): 76-99.
Arthur Stein, “When Misperception Matters.” World Politics 34, 4 (July 1982): 505-26.
Jennifer Mitzen and Randall L. Schweller, “Knowing the Unknown Unknowns:
Misplaced Certainty and the Onset of War.” Security Studies, 20, 1 (2011): 2-35.
Charles A. Duelfer and Stephen Benedict Dyson, "Chronic Misperception and
International Conflict the U.S.-Iraq Experience." International Security, 36, 1
(Summer 2011): 73–100.
Daniel Altman, “The Strategist's Curse: A Theory of False Optimism as a Cause of
War.” Security Studies, 24:2 (2015), 284-315.
Geoffrey Blainey, “War as an Accident. In Blainey, The Causes of War. 3rd ed. New
York: Free Press, 1973. Chap. 9.
++ On the sources of misperception see week 10 on the Psychology of Threat
Perception.
System Level
Erik Gartzke and Alex Weisiger, “Under Construction: Development, Democracy, and
Difference as Determinants of Systemic Liberal Peace.” International Studies
Quarterly 58, 1 (March 2014): 130-45.
Mark J.C. Crescenzi and Kelly M. Kadera, “Built to Last: Understanding the Link
between Democracy and Conflict in the International System.” International Studies
Quarterly 60, 3, (September 2016), 565–572.
Alex Weisiger and Erik Gartzke, “Debating the Democratic Peace in the International
System.” International Studies Quarterly 60, 3 (September 2016), 578–585.
Seung-Whan Choi, “A Menace to the Democratic Peace? Dyadic and Systemic
Difference.” International Studies Quarterly 60, 3, (September 2016), 573–577.
7d. Critiques
Sebastian Rosato, "The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory." American
Political Science Review, 97, 4 (November 2003), 585-602.
Forum, American Political Science Review, 99, 3 (August 2005), including
Branislav L. Slantchev, Anna Alexandrova, and Erik Gartzke, “Probabilistic
Causality, Selection Bias, and the Logic of the Democratic Peace,” 459-62.
Michael W. Doyle, “Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace,” 463-66.
Sebastain Rosato, “Explaining the Democratic Peace,” 467-72.
Ido Oren, "The Subjectivity of the Democratic Peace: Changing U.S. Perceptions of
Imperial Germany." International Security, 20, 2 (Fall 1984): 147-84.
Christopher Layne, "Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace." International
Security, 19, 2 (Fall 1994): 5-49.
William R. Thompson, "Democracy and Peace: Putting the Cart before the Horse?"
International Organization 50 (Winter 1996): 141-74.
Karen Rasler and William R. Thompson, Puzzles of the Democratic Peace: Theory,
Geopolitics, and the Transformation of World Politics. New York: Palgrave/
Macmillan, 2005.
Joanne Gowa, Ballots and Bullets: The Elusive Democratic Peace. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1999.
Erik Gartzke, "Preferences and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Quarterly,
44, 2 (June 2000), 191-212.
Erik Gartzke and Alex Weisiger, “Permanent Friends? Dynamic Difference and the
Democratic Peace.” International Studies Quarterly 57:1 (2013), 171-185.
Alan Dafoe, “Statistical Critiques of the Democratic Peace: Caveat Emptor.”American
Journal of Political Science 55, 2 (April 2011): 247-62.
Azar Gat, “The democratic peace theory reframed: the impact of modernity.” World
Politics 58 (October 2005), 73–100.
Mark S. Bell and Kai Quek, “Authoritarian Public Opinion and the Democratic
Peace.” International Organization 72, 1 (Winter 2018): 227-42.
53
7e. Schultz’s domestic oppositions signaling model
* Kenneth A. Schultz, Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2001. Chap. 1-3.
Kenneth A. Schultz, "Domestic Opposition and Signaling in International Crises."
American Political Science Review, 92, 4 (December 1998): 829-44.
Kenneth A. Schultz, "Do Democratic Institutions Constrain or Inform? Contrasting Two
Perspectives on Democracy and War." International Organization, 53, 2 (Spring
1999), 233-66.
Kenneth A. Schultz, “The Politics of Risking Peace: Do Hawks or Doves Deliver the
Olive Branch?” International Organization 59, 1 (2005): 1-39.
++ see critique of Schultz’s model in 9b
Covert Action
David Forsythe, “Democracy, war, and covert action.” Journal of Peace Research 29, 4
(1992): 385-95.
Patrick James and Glenn E. Mitchell II, "Targets of Coercive Pressure: The Hidden
Victims of the Democratic Peace." International Interactions 21/1 (1995): 85-107.
Alexander B. Downes and Mary Lauren Lilley, “Overt Peace, Covert War?: Covert
Intervention and the Democratic Peace.” Security Studies, 19, 3 (2010): 266 – 306.
Michael Poznansky, “Stasis or Decay? Reconciling Covert War and the Democratic
Peace.” International Studies Quarterly 59, 4 (December 2015): 815-26.
Quantitative Studies
Soloman W. Polachek, "Conflict and Trade." Journal of Conflict Resolution 24 (March
1980): 55-78.
Solomon Polachek and Jun Xianga, "How Opportunity Costs Decrease the Probability
of War in an Incomplete Information Game." International Organization 64
(2010):133-144
Gerald Schneider and Katherine Barbieri, eds., "Trade and Conflict." Special Issue,
Journal of Peace Research, 36, 4 (July 1999): 387-404.
John R. Oneal and Bruce M. Russett, "The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy,
Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950-1985." International Studies Quarterly 41
(March 1997): 267-294.
Bruce Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence,
and International Organizations. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001.
60
Håvard Hegre, John R Oneal, and Bruce Russett, “Trade does promote peace: New
simultaneous estimates of the reciprocal effects of trade and conflict.” Journal of
Peace Research 47, 6 (November 2010): 763-774.
Katherine Barbieri, "Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or Source of Interstate
Conflict?" Journal of Peace Research 33 (February 1996): 29-49.
Katherine Barbieri, The Liberal Illusion: Does Trade Promote Peace? Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 2002.
Joanne Gowa, Allies, Adversaries, and International Trade. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1994.
Edward D. Mansfield. Power, Trade, and War. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1994.
Patrick J. McDonald, “Peace through Trade or Free Trade?” Journal of Conflict
Resolution, 48, 4 (August 2004), 547-72.
Philippe Martin, Thierr Y. Mayer, and Mathias Thoenig, “Make Trade Not War?
Review of Economic Studies,” 75 (2008): 865–900.
Zeev Maoz, “The Effects of Strategic and Economic Interdependence on International
Conflict across Levels of Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science, 53, 1
(2009): 223-40.
Katja B. Kleinberg, Gregory Robinson and Stewart L. French, “Trade Concentration
and Interstate Conflict.” Journal of Politics 74, 2 (April 2012): 529 - 540.
Yonatan Lupu and Vincent A. Traag, “Trading Communities, the Networked Structure
of International Relations, and the Kantian Peace.” Journal of Conflict Resolution,
57, 6 (2012): 1011-42.
Nam Kyu Kim, “Testing Two Explanations of the Liberal Peace: The Opportunity Cost
and Signaling Arguments.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 58, 5 (August 2014): 894-
919.
Michael Mousseau, Håvard Hegre, and John R. Oneal, “How the Wealth of Nations
Conditions the Liberal Peace,” European Journal of International Relations, 9, No. 2
(June 2003): 277–314.
Kristian S. Gleditsch, “Expanded Trade and GDP Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution
46:712-24. Version 4.1 Trade. Version 6.0 beta GDP and population.
http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/exptradegdp.html.
Historical Studies
John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688-1783.
New York: Knopf, 1989.
Paul Kennedy, “Strategy versus Finance in Twentieth Century Britain.” In Kennedy,
Strategy and Diplomacy, 1870-1945. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983. Chap.
3.
Niall Ferguson, The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000.
New York: Basic Books, 2001.
64
World War I
Jacob Viner, “International Finance and Balance of Power Diplomacy, 1880-1914.”
Southwestern Political and Social Science Quarterly 9, 4 (March 1929): 407-51.
Niall Ferguson, “Public Finance and National Security: The Domestic Origins of the
First World War Revisit(ed.)” Past and Present, 142, 1 (1994): 141-68.
Hans-Peter Ullmann, “Finance.” In Jay Winter, ed., The Cambridge History of the First
World War, Vol. II: The State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Pp. 408-33.
Hew Strachan, Financing the First World War. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press,
2004.
Martin Horn, Britain, France and the Financing of the First World War. Montreal:
McGill-Queens University Press, 2002.
Jennifer Siegel, For Peace and Money: French and British Finance in the Service of
Tsars and Commissars. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Quantitative-Empirical Studies
Dennis M. Foster, “New Directions in the Study of Diversionary Conflict.” Special
issue, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 27, 5 (November 2010).
T. Clifton Morgan and Kenneth Bickers, "Domestic Discontent and the External Use of
Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution 36 (March 1992): 25-52.
66
T. Clifton Morgan and Christopher J. Anderson, “Domestic support and diversionary
external conflict in Great Britain, 1950–1992.” Journal of Politics 61, 3 (1999):
799–814.
Benjamin Fordham, “Another Look at ‘Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad.’”
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46, 4 (2002): 572-596.
Christopher Gelpi, "Democratic Diversions: Governmental Structure and the
Externalization of Domestic Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41, 2 (April
1997): 255-82.
James Meernik and Peter Waterman, "The Myth of the Diversionary Use of Force by
American Presidents." Political Research Quarterly 49, 3 (1996): 573-590.
Ross A. Miller, "Regime Type, Strategic Interaction, and the Diversionary Use of
Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43, 3 (June 1999), 388-402.
Matthew A. Baum, "The Constituent Foundations of the Rally-Round the-Flag
Phenomenon." International Studies Quarterly, 46, 2 (June 2002), 263-98.
Andrew J. Enterline and Kristian S. Gleditsch, "Threats, Opportunity, and Force:
Repression and Diversion of Domestic Pressure, 1948-1982." International
Interactions, 26, 1 (2000), 21-53.
Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Brandon C. Prins, “Rivalry and Diversionary Uses of
Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48, 6 (December 2004), 937-61.
James David Meernik, The Political Use of Military Force in US Foreign Policy.
Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.
Brian Lai and Dan Reiter, "Rally 'Round the Union Jack? Public Opinion and the Use
of Force in the United Kingdom, 1948-2001." International Studies Quarterly 49, 2
(2005): 255–272.
Emizet F. Kisangani and Jeffrey Pickering, “The Dividends of Diversion: Mature
Democracies’ Proclivity to Use Diversionary Force and the Rewards They Reap
from It.” The British Journal of Political Science 39, 3 (2009): 483-516.
Jeffrey Pickering and Emizet F. Kisangani, “Diversionary Despots? Comparing
Autocracies’ Propensities to Use and to Benefit from Military Force.” American
Journal of Political Science, 54, 2 (April 2010): 477–493.
Emizet F. Kisangani and Jeffrey Pickering, "Democratic Accountability and
Diversionary Force: Regime Types and the Use of Benevolent and Hostile Military
Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution 55, 6 (December 2011): 1021-46.
John R. Oneal and Jaroslav Tir, “Does the Diversionary Use of Force Threaten the
Democratic Peace? Assessing the Effect of Economic Growth on Interstate
Conflict, 1921-2001.” International Studies Quarterly, 50, 4 (December 2006),
755-79.
Giacomo Chiozza and Henk E. Goemans, “Avoiding diversionary targets.” Journal of
Peace Research 41, 4 (2004): 423–443.
Benjamin O. Fordham, “Strategic conflict avoidance and the diversionary use of force.”
Journal of Politics 67, 1 (2005): 132–153.
H.E. Goemans and Mark Fey, “Risky but rational: War as an institutionally-induced
gamble.” Journal of Politics 71, 1 (2009): 35–54.
David Sobek, "Rallying Around the Podesta: Testing Diversionary Theory across
Time." Journal of Peace Research 44, 1 (January 2007), 29-45.
67
Emizet F. Kisangani and Jeffrey Pickering, “Diverting with Benevolent Military
Force: Reducing Risks and Rising above Strategic Behavior.” International Studies
Quarterly, 51, 2 (June 2007): 277-99.
Emizet F. Kisangani and Jeffrey Pickering, “The Dividends of Diversion: Mature
Democracies’ Proclivity to Use Diversionary Force and the Rewards They Reap
from It.” British Journal of Political Science, 39 (2009): 483-515.
Dennis M. Foster, “Presidents, Public Opinion, and Diversionary Behavior: The Role of
Partisan Support Reconsidered.” Foreign Policy Analysis, 2, 3 (July 2006), 269-87.
Michael Colaresi, “The Benefit of the Doubt: Testing an Informational Theory of the
Rally Effect.” International Organization, 61, 1 (Winter 2007): 99-143.
Jaroslav Tir and Michael Jasinski, “Domestic-Level Diversionary Theory of War:
Targeting Ethnic Minorities.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 52, 5 (2008): 641-664.
Jaroslav Tir, "Territorial Diversion: Diversionary Theory of War and Territorial
Conflict." Journal of Politics, 72, 2 (April 2010): 413-425.
B. Dan Wood, Presidential Saber Rattling: Causes and Consequences. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Jonathan M. Powell, “Regime Vulnerability and the Diversionary Threat of Force.”
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58, 1 (February 2014): 169-96.
Ross A. Miller and Özlem Elgün, “Diversion and Political Survival in Latin America.”
Journal of Conflict Resolution 55, 2 (April 2011): 192-219.
Natsuko H. Nicholls, Paul K. Huth, and Benjamin J. Appel, "When Is Domestic
Political Unrest Related to International Conflict? Diversionary Theory and
Japanese Foreign Policy, 1890–1941." International Studies Quarterly 54, 4 (2010):
915-937.
Jonathan W. Keller and Dennis M. Foster, “Presidential Leadership Style and the
Political Use of Force.” Political Psychology 33, 5 (October 2012): 581-98.
Jonathan M. Powell, “Regime Vulnerability and the Diversionary Threat of Force.”
Journal of Conflict Resolution 58, 1(February 2014): 169-196.
Sung Chul Jung, “Foreign Targets and Diversionary Conflict.” International Studies
Quarterly 58, 3 (September 2014): 566-78.
Sung Chul Jung, “Searching for Nonaggressive Targets: Which States Attract
Diversionary Actions?” Journal of Peace Research 51(6) (November 2014): 755-
766.
Kyle Haynes, “Diversionary Conflict: Demonizing enemies or demonstrating
competence.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 34, 4 (July 2017): 337-58.
Kyle Haynes, “Diversity and Diversion: How Ethnic Composition Affects
Diversionary Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 60, 2 (June 2016): 258-271.
Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Brandon C. Prins, “Rivalry and Diversionary Uses of
Force,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(2004): 937–61;
Cigdem V. Sirin, "Is it cohesion or diversion? Domestic instability and the use of force
in international crises." International Political Science Review 32, 3(2011):303-21.
Johannes Münster Klaas Staal, “War with Outsiders Makes Peace Inside.” Conflict
Management and Peace Science.” 28, 2 (April 2011): 91-110.
Laron K. Williams, “Flexible Election Timing and International Conflict.”
International Studies Quarterly, 57, 3 (2013): 449-61.
68
Formal Theoretical Approaches
Diana Richards, et al., "Good Times, Bad Times, and the Diversionary Use of Force."
Journal of Conflict Resolution 37 (September 1993): 504-35.
George W. Downs and David M. Rocke, "Conflict, Agency, and Gambling for
Resurrection: The Principal-Agent Problem Goes to War." American Journal of
Political Science 38 (May 1994): 362-80.
Alastair Smith, "Diversionary Foreign Policy in Democratic Systems." International
Studies Quarterly 40 (March 1996): 133-53.
Alastair Smith, "International Crises and Domestic Politics." American Political
Science Review, 92, 3 (September 1998), 622-38.
David H. Clark, "Can Strategic Interaction Divert Diversionary Behavior? A Model of
U.S. Conflict Propensity." Journal of Politics 65, 4 (2003): 1013-1039.
Giacomo Chiozza and Henk E. Goemans, “International conflict and the tenure of
leaders: Is war still ex-post inefficient?” American Journal of Political Science 48, 3
(2004): 604–619.
Ahmer Tarar, “Diversionary Incentives and the Bargaining Approach to War.”
International Studies Quarterly, 50, 1 (March 2006), 169-88.
Case Studies
Jack S. Levy and Lily I. Vakili, "External Scapegoating in Authoritarian Regimes:
Argentina in the Falklands/Malvinas Case." In Manus I. Midlarsky, ed., The
Internationalization of Communal Strife. London: Routledge, 1992. Pp. 118-146.
Arno Mayer, "Internal Causes and Purposes of War in Europe, 1870-1956." Journal of
Modern History 41 (Sept. 1969):291-303.
Arno Mayer, "Internal Crises and War since 1870." in Charles Bertrand, ed.,
Revolutionary Situations in Europe, 1917-1922. Concordia University and
University of Quebec and Montreal, 1977. Pp. 201-33.
Ryan C. Hendrickson, “Clinton’s Military Strikes in 1998: Diversionary Uses of
Force?” Armed Forces & Society, 28, 2 (2002): 309-332.
Jane Kellett Cramer, “Just Cause” or Just Politics?: U.S. Panama Invasion and
Standardizing Qualitative Tests for Diversionary War. Armed Forces & Society, 32,
2 (2006): 178-201.
John A. Tures, "Rattling the Hesam: International Distractions from Internal Problems
in Iran." Asian Politics & Policy 1, 1 (2009): 50-78.
M. Taylor Fravel, "The Limits of Diversion: Rethinking Internal and External Conflict."
Security Studies 19, 2 (2010): 307-341.
Graeme A. M. Davies, “Coercive Diplomacy Meets Diversionary Incentives: The
Impact of US and Iranian Domestic Politics during the Bush and Obama
Presidencies.” Foreign Policy Analysis 8, 3 (July 2012): 313–331.
Amy Oakes, Diversionary War: Domestic Unrest and International Conflict. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 2012.
69
9b. Diversionary Theory, Political Oppositions, and Signaling (back to Schultz)
* Jack S. Levy and William Mabe, Jr., "Politically-Motivated Opposition to War.”
International Studies Review, 6, 1 (2004): 65-83.
Patrick Shea, Terence K. Teo, and Jack S. Levy, “Opposition Politics and International
Crises: A Formal Model.” International Studies Quarterly 58, 4 (December 2014):
741-51.
Kurt Taylor Gaubatz, "None Dare Call It Reason: Domestic Incentives and the Politics
of War and Peace." In Randolph M. Siverson, ed., Strategic Politicians, Institutions,
and Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998. Pp. 117-42.
A.J.P. Taylor, The Trouble Makers: Dissent Over Foreign Policy, 1792-1939. New
York: Penguin, 1985.
A Data Set
Isak Swensson and Desiréé Nilsson, “Disputes over the Divine: Introducing the Religion
and Armed Conflict (RELAC) Data, 1975 to 2015.” Journal of Conflict Resolution,
2017, OnlineFirst DOI: 10.1177/0022002717737057.
Historical Perspectives
Daniel H. Nexon, The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict,
Dynastic Empires, and International Change. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 2009.
David Onnekink, ed., War and Religion after Westphalia, 1648-1713. Surrey, UK:
Ashgate, 2009.
David S. Bachrach, Religion and the Conduct of War, c 300-1215. Woodbridge,
Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press, 2003.
Karen Armstrong, Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence. New York:
Knopf, 2014.
74
9j. The "Clash of Civilizations" (Huntington)
* Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer
1993): 22-49.
Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
The Clash of Civilizations? The Debate. A Foreign Affairs Reader. New York: Council
on Foreign Relations, 1993.
David A.Welch, “The ‘Clash of Civilizations’ Thesis as an Argument and as a
Phenomenon.” Security Studies 6, no.4 (Summer 1997): 197-216.
Bruce M. Russett, John R. Oneal, & Michaelene Cox, "Clash of Civilizations, or
Realism and Liberalism Deja Vu?" Journal of Peace Research, 37, 5 (September
2000), 583-608. Plus reply by Huntington and response by Oneal and Russett.
Giacomo Chiozza, "Is There a Clash of Civilizations? Evidence from Patterns of
International Conflcit Involvement, 1946-97." Journal of Peace Research, 39, 6
(November 2002): 711-34.
Manus I. Midlarsky, "Democracy and Islam: Implications for Civilizational Conflict
and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Quarterly, 42, 3 (September 1998),
485-511.
Nicholas Charron, “Déjà Vu All Over Again: A post-Cold War empirical analysis of
Samuel Huntington’s ‘Clash of Civilizations’ Theory.” Cooperation and Conflict,
45, 1(March 2010): 107-127.
Eric Neumayer and Thomas Plumper, "International Terrorism and the Clash of
Civilizations." British Journal of Political Science 39 (2009): 711-34.
Robert Johns and Graeme A. M. Davies, “Democratic Peace or Clash of Civilizations?
Target States and Support for War in Britain and the United States.” Journal of
Politics 74, 4 (October 2012): 1038-52.
Richard K. Betts, “Conflict or Cooperation? Three Visions Revisited,” Foreign Affairs
89, no. 6 (November/December 2010): 186-94.
10a. Overviews
* Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, Causes of War. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
2010. Chap. 5.
Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics. New edition.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017. Preface, pp. xiii-xc. (not in classic 1976
edition)
Jack S. Levy, “Psychology and Foreign Policy Decision-Making.” In Leonie Huddy,
David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy, eds., Handbook of Political Psychology, 2nd ed.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. 301-33.
Joshua D. Kertzer, and Dustin Tingley, “Political Psychology in International Relations:
Beyond the Paradigms.” Annual Review of Political Science 21 (2018): 1-23.
Rose McDermott, Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 2004.
Philip E. Tetlock, "Social Psychology and World Politics." In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G.
Lindzey, eds., Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill, 1998.
Chap. 868-912.
James M. Goldgeier, "Psychology and Security." Security Studies, 6, 4 (Summer 1997):
137-66.
78
Neurobiological Approaches
Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott, “A Neurobiological Approach to Foreign Policy
Analysis: Identifying Individual Differences in Political Violence.” Foreign Policy
Analysis 8, 2 (April 2012): 111–129.
Anthony C. Lopez, Rose McDermott, and Michael Bang Petersen, “States in Mind:
Evolution, Coalitional Psychology, and International Politics.” International
Security, 36, 2 (Fall 2011): 48–83.
81
10g. Analogical Reasoning and Learning from History
* Robert Jervis, “How Decision-Makers Learn from History.” In Jervis, Perception and
Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
Chap. 6.
* Jack S. Levy, "Learning and Foreign Policy: Sweeping a Conceptual Minefield."
International Organization 48 (Spring 1994): 279-312.
Ann Hironaka, Tokens of Power: Rethinking War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press, 2017. Chap. 3.
Ernest R. May, "Lessons" of the Past. London: Oxford University Press, 1973.
Yuen Foong Khong, Analogies at War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Chap.2, 8.
Sarah E. Mendelson, "Internal Battles and External Wars: Politics, Learning, and the
Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan." World Politics 45 (April 1993): 327-60.
Andrew Bennett, Condemned to Repetition: The Rise, Fall, and Reprise of Soviet-
Russian Military Interventionaism, 1973-1996. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.
Thomas Dolan, “Emotion and Strategic Learning in War,” Foreign Policy Analysis 12,
4 (October 2016), 571-590.
Definitions of Crisis
Charles McClelland, "The Acute International Crisis," World Politics 14 (October
1961): 182- 204.
Charles Hermann, "International Crisis as a Situational Variable." In James Rosenau, ed.
International Politics & Foreign Policy, rev. ed. New York: Free Press, 1969. 409-21
Glenn Snyder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1977. Chap. 2.
Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1981. Pp. 7-12.
Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Press, 1997.
85
11h. Strategic Culture
* Alastair Iain Johnston, "Thinking about Strategic Culture." International Security 19, 4
(Spring 1995): 32-64.
Jack Snyder, The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear
Operations. R-2154-AF. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1977.
Carl Jacobsen, ed., Strategic Power: USA/USSR. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.
Part I: Strategic Culture in Theory and Practice. Chapters by Jack Snyder, William
Kincade, David R. Jones, Ken Booth, Sergei P. Fedorenko, Desmond Ball,and Carl
G. Jacobsen.
Dima Adamsky, The Culture of Military Innovation: The Impact of Cultural Factors on
the Revolution in Military Affairs in Russia, the US, and Israel. Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press, 2010.
Lawrence Sondhaus, Strategic Culture and Ways of War. London: Routledge, 2009.
Colin Gray, "National Styles in Strategy: The American Example." International
Security, 6/2 (Fall 1981): 21-47.
Ken Booth, Strategy and Ethnocentrism. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979.
Shu Guang Zhang, Deterrence and Strategic Culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press, 1993.
Jeffrey W. Legro, "Military Culture and Inadvertent Escalation in World War II."
International Security 18, 4 (Spring 1994): 108-42.
Jeffrey W. Legro, "Culture and Preferences in the International Cooperation Two-Step."
American Political Science Review, 90 (March 1996): 118-37.
Jeffrey W. Legro, "Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the 'Failure' of Internationalism."
International Organization, 51, 1 (Winter 1997): 31-64.
Jeffrey W. Legro, Cooperation Under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint During World
War II. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Alastair Iain Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in
Chinese History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Elizabeth Kier, "Culture and Military Doctrine: France between the Wars."
International Security 19, 4 (Spring 1995): 65-93.
Elizabeth Kier, Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine Between the
Wars. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Edward Rhodes, "Sea Change: Interest-Based vs. Cultural-Cognitive Accounts of
Strategic Choice in the 1890s." Security Studies 5, 4 (Summer 1996): 73-124.
John A. Lynn, Battle: A History of Combat and Culture. Boulder, Col.: Westview,
2003.
Edward Lock, “Refining strategic culture: return of the second generation.” Review of
International Studies 36 (2010): 685-708.
Dmitry (Dima) Adamsky, “From Israel with Deterrence: Strategic Culture, Intra-war
Coercion and Brute Force.” Security Studies 26, 1 (2017), 157-184.
Isabel V. Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in
Imperial Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.
86
11i. Civil-Military Relations
* Risa A. Brooks, Shaping Strategy: The Civil-Military Politics of Strategic Assessment.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008. Chap. 1-2.
Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-
Military Relations. New York: Vintage, 1957.
Samuel P. Huntington, The Common Defense. New York: Columbia University Press,
1961.
Richard K. Betts, Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crises. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1977.
Peter D. Feaver, Armed Servants: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Peter D. Feaver, “The Right to be Right: Civil-Military Relations and the Iraq Surge
Decision.” International Security 35, 4 (2011): 87-125.
Peter Feaver and Richard Kohn, eds., Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap
and American National Security. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.
Morris Janowitz, "Military Elites and the Study of War." Journal of Conflict Resolution
1 (1957): 9-18.
Michael Howard, Soldiers and Governments: Nine Studies in Civil-Military Relations.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1959.
Stanislav Andreski, Military Organization and Society. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1968.
Kurt Dassel, "Civilians, Soldiers, and Strife: Domestic Sources of International
Aggression." International Security 23, 1 (Summer 1998): 107-140.
Suzanne C. Nielson and Don M. Snider, eds., American Civil-Military Relations: The
Soldier and the State in a New Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
2009.
Vipin Narang and Caitlin Talmadge, “Civil-Military Pathologies and Defeat in War:
Tests Using New Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, 7 (August 2018): 1379-
1405.
Militarism
Harold D. Lasswell, "The Garrison State." The American Journal of Sociology 46
(1941): 455-68.
Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism, rev. ed. New York: Free Press, 1959.
V.R. Berghahn, Militarism: The History of an International Debate 1861-1979. New
York: St. Martins, 1982. Chap. 6.
Patrick M. Regan, Organizing Societies for War: The Processes of Societal
Militarization. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1994.
Aaron L. Friedberg, In the Shadow of the Garrison State. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 2002.
Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2005.
87
11j. Intelligence Failure
* Uri Bar-Joseph and Jack S. Levy, "Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure.” Political
Science Quarterly, 124, 3 (Fall 2009): 461-88. Pp. 461-76 only for lit review.
Robert Jervis, Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq
War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010.
Ephraim Kam, Surprise Attack: The Victim’s Perspective. Boston, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1989.
Joshua Rovner, Fixing the Facts: National Security and the Politics of Intelligence. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press, 2011.
Richard K. Betts, "Analysis, War and Decision: Why Intelligence Failures Are Inevitable,"
World Politics 31 (October 1978): 61-89.
Richard K. Betts, Surprise Attacks. Washington, D.C.: Brookings. 1982.
Richard K. Betts, Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and Power in American National
Security. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Alex Roberto Hybel, The Logic of Surprise in International Conflict. Lexington, Mass.:
Lexington Books, 1986.
Michael I. Handel, The Diplomacy of Surprise: Hitler, Nixon, Sadat. Cambridge, Mass.:
Center for International Affairs/Harvard, 1981.
Risa A. Brooks, Shaping Strategy: The Civil-Military Politics of Strategic Assessment.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.
Erik Dahl, Intelligence and Surprise Attack: Failure and Success from Pearl Harbor to
9/11 and Beyond. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2013.
Uri Bar-Joseph & Rose McDermott, Intelligence Success & Failure: The Human Factor.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
H-Diplo/ISSF Roundtable, http://issforum.org/ISSF/PDF/ISSF-Roundtable-10-15.pdf
Historical Cases
Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.
Barton Whaley, Codeword Barbarossa. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973.
Gabriel Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.
Agranat Commission. The Agranat Report. Hebrew. Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1974.
Avi Shlaim, "Failures in National Intelligence Estimates: The Case of the Yom Kippur
War," World Politics, 28, 3 (April 1976), 438-80.
Michael I. Handel, "The Yom Kippur War and the Inevitability of Surprise," International
Studies Quarterly, 21 (Sept. 1977): 461-502.
Uri Bar-Joseph, The Watchman Fell Asleep. Albany, NY: State University of New York
Press, 2005.
Robert Jervis, "Reports, Politics, and Intelligence Failure: The Case of Iraq," Journal
of Strategic Studies 29,1 (February 2006), 3-52.
Richard K. Betts, “Two Faces of Intelligence Failure: September 11 and Iraq’s Missing
WMD.” Political Science Quarterly 122, 4 (Winter 2007-08): 585-606.
88
11k. Military Doctrine and Military Innovation
Barry R. Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1984. Chap. 1-2.
Matthew Evangelista, Innovation and the Arms Race: How the United States and the
Soviet Union Develop New Military Technologies. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press, 1988.
Stephen Peter Rosen, Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.
Michael C. Horowitz, The Diffusion of Military Power: Causes and Consequences for
International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Kimberly Marten Zisk, Engaging the Enemy: Organization Theory and Soviet Military
Innovation, 1955-1991. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Deborah D. Avant, Political Institutions and Military Change: Lessons from Peripheral
Wars. Ithaca, New York, and London: Cornell University Press, 1994.
Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, ed., Military Innovation in the Interwar
Period. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
João Resende-Santos, Neorealism, States, and the Modern Army. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2007.
Jeffrey S. Lantis, Arms and Influence: U.S. Technology Innovations and the Evolution of
International Security Norms. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016.
Stuart Griffin, “Military Innovation Studies: Multidisciplinary or Lacking Discipline?”
Journal of Strategic Studies 40, 1-2 (2017), 196-224.
Theo Farrell and Terry Terriff, eds., The Sources of Military Change: Norms, Politics,
Technology. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002.
12a. Signaling
* Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.
Chap. 3: “The Manipulation of Risk.”
Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1980. Chap. 3.
Robert Jervis, The Logic of Images in International Relations. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1970.
Robert Jervis, "Domino Beliefs and Strategic Behavior." In Robert Jervis and Jack
Snyder, eds., Dominoes and Bandwagons. New York: Oxford University Press,
1991.
Robert Jervis, “Signaling and Perception: Drawing Inferences and Projecting Images.”
In Kristen Renwick Monroe, ed., Political Psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum, 2002.
Timothy Peterson, “Sending a Message: The Reputation Effect of US Sanction Threat
Behavior,” International Studies Quarterly 57, 4 (December 2013), pp. 672-82.
Anne Sartori, “The Might of the Pen: A Reputational Theory of Communication in
International Disputes,” International Organization 56 (Winter 2002), 121-150.
Keren Yarhi-Milo, “Tying Hands Behind Closed Doors: The Logic and Practice of
Secret Reassurance.” Security Studies 22, 3 (2013): 405-435.
Austin Carson & Keren Yarhi-Milo, “Covert Communication: The Intelligibility and
Credibility of Signaling in Secret.” Security Studies 26, 1 (2017), 124-156.
Todd Hall and Keren Yarhi-Milo, “The Personal Touch: Leaders’ Impressions, Costly
Signaling, and Assessments of Sincerity in International Affairs.” International
Studies Quarterly, 56, 3 (September 2012): 560-73.
Crisis (Mis)Management
Alexander L. George, ed., Avoiding Inadvertent War: Problems of Crisis Management.
Boulder, Col.: Westview, 1991.
Richard Ned Lebow, Nuclear Crisis Management. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1987.
Phil Williams, Crisis Management. New York: Wiley, 1976.
Since 1815
http://www.correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/MIDs
J. David Singer and Melvin Small, The Wages of War, 1816-1965. New York: Wiley,
1965.
Melvin Small and J. David Singer, Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816-
1980. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982.
Meredith Reid Sarkes and Frank Whelon Wayman. Resort to War, 1816-2007.
Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2010.
Daniel M. Jones, Stuart A. Bremer and J. David Singer, "Militarized Interstate Disputes,
1816-1992: Rationale, Coding Rules, and Empirical Patterns." Conflict Management
and Peace Science 15, 2 (Fall 1996): 163-213.
Glenn Palmer, Vito D'Orazio, Michael Kenwick and Matthew Lane, “The MID4 Data
Set, 2002-2010: Procedures, Coding Rules, and Description.” Conflict Management
and Peace Science 32, 2 (April 2015): 222-242.
Zeev Maoz, Paul L. Johnson, Jasper Kaplan, Fiona Ogunkoya, and Aaron P. Shreve,
“The Dyadic Militarized Interstate Disputes (MIDs) Dataset Version 3.0: Logic,
Characteristics, and Comparisons to Alternative Datasets. Journal of Conflict
Resolution, OnlineFirst July 5, 2018.
Dan Reiter, Allan C. Stam, and Michael C. Horowitz, “A Revised Look at Interstate
Wars, 1816–2007.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60, 5 (2016)
Michael Brecher, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, and Sheila Moser, Crises in the Twentieth
Century. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988. Vol 1.
David Wood, Conflict in the Twentieth Century. Adelphi paper #48.
Andreas Wimmer and Brian Min, “The Location and Purpose of Wars Around the
World: A New Global Dataset, 1816-2001.” International Interactions, 35, 4 (2009):
390-417.
Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, “A Revised List of Wars between and within Independent
States, 1816-2000.” International Interactions, 30, 3 (2004): 231-62.
Since 1945
Therése Pettersson & Kristine Eck, “Organized Violence, 1989-2017.” Journal of Peace
Research 55, 4 (July 2018): 535-47.
Human Security Report 2013: The Decline in Global Violence: Evidence, Explanation,
and Contestation. London UK: Human Security Press, 2014.
David A. Backer, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, and Paul K. Huth, Peace and Conflict 2014.
Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2014.
Henrikas Bartusevičius, “Introducing the Categorically Disaggregated Conflict (CDC)
dataset,” Conflict Management and Peace Science, 33, 1 (February 2016): 89-110.
99
Historians’ Treatments
Christon I. Archer, John R. Ferris, Holger H. Herwig, and Timothy H.E. Travers, World History
of Warfare. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
Jeremy Black, War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000. New
Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998.
Gérard Chailiand, ed., The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age.
Berkeley, CA: Unviersity of California Press, 1994.
Gérard Chaliand, A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century, trans.
Michle Mangin-Woods and David Woods. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
2014.
Max Boot, War Made New: Technology, Warfare, & the Course of History. New York: Gotham,
2006.
Philip Bobbit, The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History. New York: Knopf,
2002.
Bernard and Fawn M. Brodie, From Crossbow to H-Bomb. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press,
1973.
Andre Corvisier, Armies and Societies in Europe, 1494-1789. Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 1979.
Hans Delbruck, History of the Art of War, 4 vols. Trans. Walter J. Renfroe. Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 1975.
Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West.
London: Penguin, 2006.
Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Michael Howard, War in European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Archer Jones, The Art of War in the Western World. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
John Keegan, A History of Warfare. New York: Knopf, 1993.
Wayne E. Lee, Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2015.
Kurt Raaflaub and Nathan Rosenstein, eds., War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval
Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Mesoamerica. Washington, DC: Center for
Hellenic Studies, 1999.
William McNeill, The Pursuit of Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Ian Morris, War! What Is It Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primaters
to Robots. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2014.
Stephen Morillo, Jeremy Black, and Paul Lococo, eds., War in World History: Society,
Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present. 2 vols. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2009.
Robert Muchembled, History of Violence: From the End of the Middle Ages to the Present.
Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2012.
Lynn Montross, War Through the Ages. New York: Harper & Row, 1960.
103
John U. Nef, War and Human Progress. New York: W.W. Norton, 1963.
Cathal J. Nolan, The Allure of Battle: A History of How Wars Have Been Won and Lost. Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Robert L. O'Connell, The Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Richard A. Preston & Sidney F. Wise, Men in Arms. 4th ed New York: Holt, Rinehart, &
Winston 1979.
Theodore Ropp, War in the Modern World. New York: Collier, 1962.
Martin Van Creveld, The Transformation of War. New York: Free Press, 1991.
Nuclear Proliferation
Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed.
3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012.
Scott D. Sagan, "Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? -- Three Models in Search of a
Bomb," International Security, 21, 3 (Winter 1996/97): 54-86.
Scott D. Sagan, “The Causes of Nuclear Weapons Proliferation.” Annual Review of Political
Science 14 (2011): 225–244.
Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Coté Jr., Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller, eds., Going
Nuclear: Nuclear Proliferation and International Security in the 21st Century. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 2010.
Erik Gartzke and Matthew Kroenig, eds., Special Issue on “Nuclear Posture, Nonproliferation
Policy, and the Spread of Nuclear Weapons.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 58, 3 (April
2014).
Matthew Kroenig, “Force or Friendship? Explaining Great Power Nonproliferation Policy.”
Security Studies, 23, 1, 2014: 1-32.
Mark S. Bell, “Examining Explanations for Nuclear Proliferation.” International Studies
Quarterly 60, 3, (September 2016), 520–529.
Matthew Kroenig, “U.S. Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation: Is There a Link?” Journal
of Peace Research 53, 2 2016: 166-179.
106
Christopher Way and Jessica L. P. Weeks, “Making It Personal: Regime Type and Nuclear
Proliferation.” American Journal of Political Science 58, 3 (2014): 705-719.
Alexandre Debs and Nuno P. Monteiro, “Conflict and Cooperation on Nuclear
Nonproliferation. Annual Review of Political Science 20 (2017): 331–49.
Alexandre Debs and Nuno P. Montiero, Nuclear Politics: The Strategic Causes of
Proliferation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Michael N. Barnett, Dialogues in Arab Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Benjamin Miller, States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and
Peace. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
James Brown and William P. Snyder, eds., The Regionalization of Warfare. New Brunswick,
NJ: Transaction Books, 1985.
Peter J. Katzenstein, A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 2005.
Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall, eds., Rewiring Regional Security
in a Fragmented World. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2011.
Daniel Krcmaric, “Refugee Flows, Ethnic Power Relations, and the Spread of Conflict.” Security
Studies 23, 1 (2014):182-216.
Idean Salehyan, "The externalities of civil strife: Refugees as a source of international conflict."
American Journal of Political Science 52, 4 (2008): 787-801.
James Turner Johnson, Morality and Contemporary Warfare. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1999.
Brian Orend, War and International Justice: A Kantian Perspective. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid
Laurier University Press, 2000.
Barrie Paskins & Michael Dockrill, The Ethics of War. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
1989.
Jeff McMahan, Killing in War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
W.B. Gallie, Philosophers of Peace and War: Kant, Clausewitz, Marx, Engels and Tolstoy. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Mark V. Kauppi and Paul R. Viotti, The Global Philosophers: World Politics in Western Thought.
New York: Lexington/Macmillan, 1992.
“Force and Legitimacy in World Politics.” Special issue, Review of International Studies 31, S1
(December 2005). Articles by Armstrong & Farrell, Hurrell, Falk, Byers, Reus-Smit, Freedman,
Mueller, Black, Rengger, Gray, Hofp, Sherry.
Michael L. Gross and Tamar Meisels, eds., Soft War: The Ethics of Unarmed Conflict. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Magnus Reitberger, “License to kill: is legitimate authority a requirement for just war?” International
Theory 5, 1 (March 2013): 64-93.
Cian O'Driscoll, “Rewriting the Just War Tradition: Just War in Classical Greek Political Thought and
Practice.” International Studies Quarterly 59, 1 (March 2015): 1-10.
David Luban, “Just War Theory and the Laws of War as Nonidentical Twins.” Ethics & International
Affairs 31, 4 (Winter 2017): 433-440.
James Turner Johnson, “A Practically Informed Morality of War: Just War, International Law, and a
Changing World Order.” Ethics & International Affairs 31, 4 (Winter 2017): 453-65.
Religious Perspectives
Saint Augustine, The City of God. In Ernest L. Fortin and Douglas KIries, eds., Augustine: Political
Writings, trans. Michael W. Tkacz and Douglas Kries. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994.
Arthur F. Holmes, ed., War and Christian Ethics. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1975.
Paul Ramsey, War and the Christian Conscience: How shall modern war be conducted justly?
Durham: Duke University Press, 1961.
Paul Ramsey, The Just War: Force and Political Responsibility. Lanham, MD: University Press of
America, 1983.
David R. Smock, Religious Perspectives on War: Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Attitudes Toward
Force After the Gulf War. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1992.
James Turner Johnson, The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. University Park, PA:
Penn State University Press, 1997.
John Kelsay, Arguing the Just War in Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.
Terry Nardin, ed., The Ethics of War and Peace: Religious and Secular Perspectives. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1996.
National Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Challenge of Peace: God’s Promise and Our Response,
A Pastoral Letter on War and Peace, May 3, 1983 (Washington, DC: Office of Publishing Services,
United States Catholic Conference, 1983).
118
Nuclear Age
Kenneth Kipnis and Diana T. Meyers, eds., Political Realism and International Morality: Ethics in the
Nuclear Age. Boulder, Col.: Westview, 1987.
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Nuclear Ethics. New York: Free Press, 1986.
Anticipatory Self-Defense
David Rodin, War & Self-Defense. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
David Luban, “Preventive War.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 32, 3 (2004): 207-48.
Henry Shue and David Rodin. (2007) Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification. Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press.
Michael W. Doyle, et al., Striking First: Preemption and Prevention in International Conflict.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.
Allen Buchanan and Robert O. Keohane, “The Preventive Use of Force: A Cosmopolitan Institutional
Proposal.” Ethics in International Affairs 18, 1(2004): 1-22.
Rachel Bzostek, Why Not Preempt? Security, Law, Norms and Anticipatory Military Activities.
Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008.
Deen K. Chatterjee, ed., The Ethics of Preventive War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
2013.
Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals." Signs: Journal of
Women in Culture and Society 12 (1987): 687-718.
Mary K. Burguieres, "Feminist Approaches to Peace: Another Step for Peace Studies."
Millennium 19/1 (1990): 1-18.
Jean Bethke Elshtain & Sheila Tobias, eds. Women, Militarism, & War. Savage, MD.: Rowman
& Littlefield, 1990.
Virginia Held, "Gender as an Influence on Cultural Norms Relating to War and the
Environment." In Arthur H. Westing, ed., Cultural Norms, War and the Environment. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. 44-51.
Kathleen Kuehnast, Chantal de Jonge Oudraat, and Helga Hernes, eds., Women and War:
Power and Protection in the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace,
2011.
Annick T.R. Wibben, Feminist Security Studies: A Narrative Approach. London: Routledge,
2010.
Carol Cohn, ed., Women & Wars. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2013.
Biological Perspectives
Rose McDermott, “Sex and Death: Gender Differences in Aggressions and Motivations for
Violence.” International Organization 69, 3 (Summer 2015), 753-775.
120
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Reviews of the literature on the causes of interstate war:
Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, Causes of War. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Jack S. Levy, “The Causes of War: A Review of Theories and Evidence.” In Philip E. Tetlock, Jo L.
Husbands, Robert Jervis, Paul C. Stern, and Charles Tilly, eds. Behavior, Society, and Nuclear War,
vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press (for the National Academy of Sciences/National
Research Council), 1989. Pp. 209-333.
Jack S. Levy. “Interstate War and Peace.” In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons,
eds., Handbook of International Relations. 2nd ed. London: Sage, 2013. Pp. 581-606.
th
50 Anniversary Special Issue of Journal of Peace Research 51, 2 (March 2014), edited by Jack S.
Levy and Halvard Buhaug.
Greg Cashman, What Causes War? An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict. 2nd ed.
Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
John A. Vasquez, The War Puzzle Revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam, The Behavioral Origins of War. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Press, 2004.
Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.
David Sobek, The Causes of War. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2009.
Daniel S. Geller and J. David Singer. Nations at War: A Scientific Study of International Conflict. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Stephen L. Quackenbush, International Conflict: Logic and Evidence. Los Angeles: Sage/CQ Press,
2014.
Daniel Byman and Stephen Van Evera, "Why They Fight: Hypotheses on the Causes of Contemporary
Deadly Conflict." Security Studies 7, 3 (Spring 1998): 1-50.
Ted Robert Gurr, ed., Handbook of Political Conflict. New York: Free Press, 1980.
Matthew O. Jackson and Massimo Morelli, “The Reasons for Wars: An Updated Survey.” In
Christopher J. Coyne and Rachel L. Mathers, eds., The Handbook on the Political Economy of War.
Cheltenham, UK: Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2011. Pp. 34-57.
Encyclopedias:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory. 4 vols. Ed. by William R.
Thompson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
The International Studies Encyclopedia, ed. by Robert A. Denemark and Renée Marlin-Bennett, at
http://www.isanet.org/Publications
Theories of Strategy
Sun Tzu, The Art of War. Trans. Samuel B. Griffith. New York: Oxford University Press, 1963. Or
translation by Ralph D. Sawyer in The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. Boulder, Col.
Westview, 1993.
Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1976.
B.H. Liddell Hart. Strategy. 2nd rev. ed. New York: Penguin/Merridan Books, 1967.
Peter Paret, ed. Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1986.
Michael I. Handel, Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought. 2nd rev. ed. London: Frank Cass,
1996.
Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein, eds., The Making of Strategy: Rulers,
States, and War. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
123
Azar Gat, A History of Military Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Cold War. Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press, 2001.
Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein, eds., The Making of Strategy: Rules
States, and War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Beatrice Heuser, The Evolution of Strategy: Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Beatrice Heuser. The Strategy Makers: Thoughts on War and Society from Machiaelli to Clausewitz.
Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010.
Richard K. Betts. “Is Strategy an Illusion?” International Security 25, 2 (Fall 2000), 5–50.
Bruce Russett, Peace, War, and Numbers. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972.
J. David Singer, ed., Quantitative International Politics. New York: Free Press, 1968.
J. David Singer and Associates, Explaining War. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1979.
J. David Singer and Michael Wallace, eds., To Auger Well. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1979.
J. David Singer, ed., The Correlates of War I & II. New York: Free Press, 1979, 1980.
J. David Singer and Paul F. Diehl, eds. Measuring the Correlates of War. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Press, 1990.
John A. Vasquez and Marie T. Henehan, eds. The Scientific Study of Peace and War. New York:
Lexington, 1992.
John A. Vasquez, ed., What Do We Know about War? Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield,
2000.
John A. Vasquez, ed., What Do We Know about War? 2nd ed. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and
Littlefield, 2012.
Interdisciplinary perspectives
Sociology
Lewis Kriesberg, The Sociology of Social Conflicts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
Siniša Malešević, The Sociology of War and Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Marc Howard Ross, The Culture of Conflict. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
Geography
Scott Hirsch and Colin Flint, eds., Reconstructing Conflict: Integrating War and Post-War
Geographies. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.
Colin Flint, “Peace Science as Normal Science: What Role for Geography in the Coming Revolution?
In John A. Vasquez, ed., What Do We Know About War? 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield 2012. Pp. 291-300.
Robert D. Kaplan, The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and
the Battle Against Fate. New York: Random House, 2012.
Anthropology
Jo Groebel and Robert A. Hinde, eds., Aggression and War: Their Biological and Social Bases.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Richard A. Falk and Samuel S. Kim, eds., The War System. Boulder, Westview, 1980.
Lawrence Freedman, ed. War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
David P. Barash, Approaches to Peace: A Reader in Peace Studies. 2nmd ed, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2010.
Michelle R. Garfinkel and Stergios Skaperdas, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Peace
and Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Charles P. Webel and Jorgen Johansen, eds., Peace and Conflict Studies. London: Routledge, 2012.
Elton B. McNeill, ed. The Nature of Human Conflict. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1965.
Dean G. Pruitt and Richard C. Snyder, eds., Theory and Research on the Causes of War. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969.
You should also be familiar with some of the leading journals that frequently include articles related
to peace, war, and security. (For a ranking of journals in political science, see PS October 2009).
125
More general or specialized journals that occasionally include useful articles on war include
American Political Science Review
American Journal of Political Science
Journal of Politics
International Organization
Millennium
Political Psychology
Political Science Quarterly
Review of International Studies
World Politics
For more policy relevant literature on peace, war, and security, see
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Policy
The National Interest
Orbis
Survival
Washington Quarterly
Diplomatic/International History
The serious student of war and peace must have a solid grounding in international history, because it is
from historical experience that many theories are generated and against which they must ultimately be
tested. To the extent that the American IR literature engages with history the focus is generally the
Western experience, especially the 19th and 20th centuries, though scholars have recently been giving a
little more attention to Asia. Here I offer a few suggestions.
For the entire 500-year span of the modern European system see:
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict
from 1500 to 2000. New York: Random House, 1987.
Brendan Simms, Europe:The Struggle for Supremacy from 1453 to the Present. New York: Basic
Books 2013.
M.S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy, 1450-1919. New York: Longman, 1993.
Ludwig Dehio. The Precarious Balance: Four Centuries of the European Power Struggle. New
York: Vintage, 1962.
Jeremy Black, Great Powers and the Quest for Hegemony: The World Order since 1500. London:
Routledge, 2008.
You can find more detailed works on specific series in a number of very useful historical series. These
include
The New Cambridge Modern History (14 volumes)
(the Cambridge Ancient History, the Cambridge Medieval History, and the older Cambridge
Modern History are also useful)
The Oxford History of Modern Europe (general editors Alan Bullock and F.W.D. Deeakin)
The Harper Torchbacks series (general editors William Langer) covers Western history since 1200.
The Longman "General History of Europe" series (general editor Dennis Hays). Covers Western
history since Rome.
The Fontana "History of Europe" series (general editor J.H. Plumb) Covers history since the Middle
Ages.
St. Martin's "Making of the Twentieth Century" series (general editor Geoffrey Warner)
For encyclopedias of names, dates, and chronologies see internet sources, plus
Peter N. Sterns, ed., The Encyclopedia of World History. 6th ed. Boston: Houghlin Mifflin, 2001.
Bruce Wetterau, ed., Concise Dictionary of World History. New York: Macmillan, 1983.
E.N. Williams, The Penguin Dictionary of English and European History, 1485-1789. New York:
Penguin, 1980.
A.W. Palmer, The Penguin Dictionary of Modern History, 1789-1945. New York: Penguin, 1962.
R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History, rev. ed. New York:
Harper & Row, 1977.
Trevor N. Dupuy, Curt Jounson, and David L. Bongard, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military
Biography. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 1992.
Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod, eds., Encyclopedia of Wars. 3 vols. New York: Facts on File,
2005.
Encyclopedia of Warfare, Forward by Dennis Showalter. New York: Metro Books, 2013.
The Times Complete History of the World, ed. Richard Overy. 9th ed. London:
HarperCollins/William Collins, 2015.