Microprocessor 80386

Architecture of 80386
• The Internal Architecture of 80386 is divided into 3 sections.

• Central processing unit
• Memory management unit
• Bus interface unit
• Central processing unit is further divided into Execution unit
and Instruction unit
• Execution unit has 8 General purpose and 8 Special purpose
registers which are either used for handling data or calculating
offset addresses.
M. Krishna Kumar MAM/M8/LU18/V1/2004 1

Architecture of 80386 (cont..)

• The Instruction unit decodes the opcode bytes received from

the 16-byte instruction code queue and arranges them in a
3- instruction decoded instruction queue.
• After decoding them pass it to the control section for deriving
the necessary control signals. The barrel shifter increases the
speed of all shift and rotate operations.
• The multiply / divide logic implements the bit-shift-rotate
algorithms to complete the operations in minimum time.
• Even 32- bit multiplications can be executed within one
microsecond by the multiply / divide logic.

• The Memory management unit consists of a Segmentation unit
and a Paging unit.
• Segmentation unit allows the use of two address components,
viz. segment and offset for relocability and sharing of code and
data.
• Segmentation unit allows segments of size 4Gbytes at max.
• The Paging unit organizes the physical memory in terms of
pages of 4kbytes size each.
• Paging unit works under the control of the segmentation unit,
i.e. each segment is further divided into pages. The virtual
memory is also organizes in terms of segments and pages by
the memory management unit.

• The Segmentation unit provides a 4 level protection

mechanism for protecting and isolating the system code and
data from those of the application program.
• Paging unit converts linear addresses into physical addresses.
• The control and attribute PLA checks the privileges at the page
level. Each of the pages maintains the paging information of
the task. The limit and attribute PLA checks segment limits
and attributes at segment level to avoid invalid accesses to
code and data in the memory segments.

Architecture of 80386.
• The Bus control unit has a prioritizer to resolve the priority of

the various bus requests.
• This controls the access of the bus. The address driver drives
the bus enable and address signal A0 – A31. The pipeline and
dynamic bus sizing unit handle the related control signals.
• The data buffers interface the internal data bus with the system
bus.

Signal Descriptions of 80386 (cont..)
• CLK2 :The input pin provides the basic system clock timing
for the operation of 80386.
• D0 – D31:These 32 lines act as bidirectional data bus during
different access cycles.
• A31 – A2: These are upper 30 bit of the 32- bit address bus.
• BE0 to BE3: The 32- bit data bus supported by 80386 and the
memory system of 80386 can be viewed as a 4- byte wide
memory access mechanism. The 4 byte enable lines BE0 to
BE3, may be used for enabling these 4 blanks. Using these 4
enable signal lines, the CPU may transfer 1 byte / 2 / 3 / 4 byte
of data simultaneously.

Pin Diagram Of 80386

Pin diagram
CLK 2 ADDRESS
2X CLOCK A 2 – A 31
BUS
BE 3#
32 BIT
DATA DATA BE 2#
D 0 – D 31 BUS 32 – BIT
BYTE ADDRESS
BE 1# ENABLI
NES
BE 0#
ADS # W /R #
NA # D / C#
BS 16# M / IO
BUS BUS CYCLE
CONTROL DEFINATION
READY
80386 LOCK #
PROCESSOR
HOLD PEREQ
BUS HLDA BUSY # COPROCESS

ARBITRATION OR
SIGNALLING
ERROR #
INTR
V CC
NMI
POWER
INTERRUPTS GND CONNECTIO
RESET NS
Fig:
• W/R#: The write / read output distinguishes the write and read
cycles from one another.
• D/C#: This data / control output pin distinguishes between a
data transfer cycle from a machine control cycle like interrupt
acknowledge.
• M/IO#: This output pin differentiates between the memory
and I/O cycles.
• LOCK#: The LOCK# output pin enables the CPU to prevent
the other bus masters from gaining the control of the system
bus.
• NA#: The next address input pin, if activated, allows address
pipelining, during 80386 bus cycles.

• ADS#: The address status output pin indicates that the address
bus and bus cycle definition pins( W/R#, D/C#, M/IO#, BE0#
to BE3# ) are carrying the respective valid signals. The 80383
does not have any ALE signals and so this signals may be used
for latching the address to external latches.
• READY#: The ready signals indicates to the CPU that the
previous bus cycle has been terminated and the bus is ready
for the next cycle. The signal is used to insert WAIT states in a
bus cycle and is useful for interfacing of slow devices with
CPU.
• VCC: These are system power supply lines.
• VSS: These return lines for the power supply.

Signal Descriptions of 80386 ( cont..)
• BS16#: The bus size – 16 input pin allows the interfacing of 16

bit devices with the 32 bit wide 80386 data bus. Successive 16
bit bus cycles may be executed to read a 32 bit data from a
peripheral.
• HOLD: The bus hold input pin enables the other bus masters
to gain control of the system bus if it is asserted.
• HLDA: The bus hold acknowledge output indicates that a
valid bus hold request has been received and the bus has been
relinquished by the CPU.
• BUSY#: The busy input signal indicates to the CPU that the
coprocessor is busy with the allocated task.

Signal Descriptions of 80386 (cont…)
• ERROR#: The error input pin indicates to the CPU that the
coprocessor has encountered an error while executing its
instruction.
• PEREQ: The processor extension request output signal
indicates to the CPU to fetch a data word for the coprocessor.
• INTR: This interrupt pin is a maskable interrupt, that can be
masked using the IF of the flag register.
• NMI: A valid request signal at the non-maskable interrupt
request input pin internally generates a non- maskable
interrupt of type2.

Signal Descriptions of 80386.
• RESET: A high at this input pin suspends the current

operation and restart the execution from the starting location.
• N / C : No connection pins are expected to be left open while
connecting the 80386 in the circuit.

Register Organisation (cont..)
• The 80386 has eight 32 - bit general purpose registers which
may be used as either 8 bit or 16 bit registers.
• A 32 - bit register known as an extended register, is
represented by the register name with prefix E.
• Example : A 32 bit register corresponding to AX is EAX,
similarly BX is EBX etc.
• The 16 bit registers BP, SP, SI and DI in 8086 are now
available with their extended size of 32 bit and are names as
EBP,ESP,ESI and EDI.
• AX represents the lower 16 bit of the 32 bit register EAX.
• BP, SP, SI, DI represents the lower 16 bit of their 32 bit
counterparts, and can be used as independent 16 bit registers.

GENERAL DATA AND ADDRESS REGISTERS
31 16 15 0
AX EAX
BX EBX
CX ECX
DX EDX
SI ESI
DI EDI
BP EBP
SP ESP
SEGMENT SELECTOR REGISTERS

CS CODE SEGMENT
SS STACK SEGMENT
DS
ES DATA SEGMENT
FS
GS
INSTRUCTION POINTER AND FLAG REGISTER
31 16 15 0
IP EIP
FLAGS EFLAGS
Fig:
• The six segment registers available in 80386 are CS, SS, DS,
ES, FS and GS.
• The CS and SS are the code and the stack segment registers
respectively, while DS, ES, FS, GS are 4 data segment
registers.
• A 16 bit instruction pointer IP is available along with 32 bit
counterpart EIP.
• Flag Register of 80386: The Flag register of 80386 is a 32 bit
register. Out of the 32 bits, Intel has reserved bits D18 to D31,
D5 and D3, while D1 is always set at 1.Two extra new flags are
added to the 80286 flag to derive the flag register of 80386.
They are VM and RF flags.

FLAGS
31 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
F
L
A RESERVED FOR VM RF 0 NT IOPL OF DF IF TF SF ZF 0 AF 0 PF 1 CF
INTEL
G
S
FLAG REGISTER OF 80386

• VM - Virtual Mode Flag: If this flag is set, the 80386 enters
the virtual 8086 mode within the protection mode. This is to be
set only when the 80386 is in protected mode. In this mode, if
any privileged instruction is executed an exception 13 is
generated. This bit can be set using IRET instruction or any
task switch operation only in the protected mode.
• RF- Resume Flag: This flag is used with the debug register
breakpoints. It is checked at the starting of every instruction
cycle and if it is set, any debug fault is ignored during the
instruction cycle. The RF is automatically reset after
successful execution of every instruction, except for IRET and
POPF instructions.

• Also, it is not automatically cleared after the successful
execution of JMP, CALL and INT instruction causing a task
switch. These instruction are used to set the RF to the value
specified by the memory data available at the stack.
• Segment Descriptor Registers: This registers are not available
for programmers, rather they are internally used to store the
descriptor information, like attributes, limit and base addresses
of segments.
• The six segment registers have corresponding six 73 bit
descriptor registers. Each of them contains 32 bit base address,
32 bit base limit and 9 bit attributes. These are automatically
loaded when the corresponding segments are loaded with
selectors.

• Control Registers: The 80386 has three 32 bit control registers

CR), CR2 and CR3 to hold global machine status independent
of the executed task. Load and store instructions are available
to access these registers.
• System Address Registers: Four special registers are defined to
refer to the descriptor tables supported by 80386.
• The 80386 supports four types of descriptor table, viz. global
descriptor table (GDT), interrupt descriptor table (IDT), local
descriptor table (LDT) and task state segment descriptor
(TSS).

• Debug and Test Registers: Intel has provide a set of 8 debug

registers for hardware debugging. Out of these eight registers
DR0 to DR7, two registers DR4 and DR5 are Intel reserved.
• The initial four registers DR0 to DR3 store four program
controllable breakpoint addresses, while DR6 and DR7
respectively hold breakpoint status and breakpoint control
information.
• Two more test register are provided by 80386 for page
cacheing namely test control and test status register.

• ADDRESSING MODES: The 80386 supports overall eleven

addressing modes to facilitate efficient execution of higher
level language programs.
• In case of all those modes, the 80386 can now have 32-bit
immediate or 32- bit register operands or displacements.
• The 80386 has a family of scaled modes. In case of scaled
modes, any of the index register values can be multiplied by a
valid scale factor to obtain the displacement.
• The valid scale factor are 1, 2, 4 and 8.

• The different scaled modes are as follows.

• Scaled Indexed Mode: Contents of the an index register are
multiplied by a scale factor that may be added further to get
the operand offset.
• Based Scaled Indexed Mode: Contents of the an index register
are multiplied by a scale factor and then added to base register
to obtain the offset.
• Based Scaled Indexed Mode with Displacement: The
Contents of the an index register are multiplied by a scaling
factor and the result is added to a base register and a
displacement to get the offset of an operand.

Real Address Mode of 80386 (cont..)
• After reset, the 80386 starts from memory location

FFFFFFF0H under the real address mode. In the real mode,
80386 works as a fast 8086 with 32-bit registers and data
types.
• In real mode, the default operand size is 16 bit but 32- bit
operands and addressing modes may be used with the help of
override prefixes.
• The segment size in real mode is 64k, hence the 32-bit
effective addressing must be less than 0000FFFFFH. The real
mode initializes the 80386 and prepares it for protected mode.

15 0
OFFSET
19 0
SEGMENT
SELECTOR 0000
MAX LIMIT FIXED
AT 64 K IN REAL
MODE
c
c
+ MEMORY OPERAND SELECTED
c 64 K
SEGMENT
BYTES
c c
SEGMENT BASE
Fig: Physical Address Formation In Real Mode Of 80386

• Memory Addressing in Real Mode: In the real mode, the
80386 can address at the most 1Mbytes of physical memory
using address lines A0-A19.
• Paging unit is disabled in real addressing mode, and hence the
real addresses are the same as the physical addresses.
• To form a physical memory address, appropriate segment
registers contents (16-bits) are shifted left by four positions
and then added to the 16-bit offset address formed using one
of the addressing modes, in the same way as in the 80386 real
address mode.
• The segment in 80386 real mode can be read, write or
executed, i.e. no protection is available.

• Any fetch or access past the end of the segment limit generate
exception 13 in real address mode.
• The segments in 80386 real mode may be overlapped or non-
overlapped.
• The interrupt vector table of 80386 has been allocated 1Kbyte
space starting from 00000H to 003FFH.

Protected Mode of 80386 (cont..)
• All the capabilities of 80386 are available for utilization in its

protected mode of operation.
• The 80386 in protected mode support all the software written
for 80286 and 8086 to be executed under the control of
memory management and protection abilities of 80386.
• The protected mode allows the use of additional instruction,
addressing modes and capabilities of 80386.
• ADDRESSING IN PROTECTED MODE: In this mode, the
contents of segment registers are used as selectors to address
descriptors which contain the segment limit, base address and
access rights byte of the segment.

Protected Mode of 80386 (cont..)
48 / 32 – BIT POINTER
SELECTOR OFFSET
SELECTOR OFFSET
47 / 31 31 / 15 0
SEGMENT LIMIT
ACCESS RIGHT
c
c
LIMIT
c
c
BASE ADDRESS
+ MEMORY OPERAND
UP TO SELECTED
c 4 GB
SEGMENT DESCRIPTOR SEGMENT
c
SEGMENT BASE ADDRESS
Protected Mode Addressing Without Paging Unit

Protected Mode of 80386.
• The effective address (offset) is added with segment base

address to calculate linear address. This linear address is
further used as physical address, if the paging unit is disabled,
otherwise the paging unit converts the linear address into
physical address.
• The paging unit is a memory management unit enabled only in
protected mode. The paging mechanism allows handling of
large segments of memory in terms of pages of 4Kbyte size.
• The paging unit operates under the control of segmentation
unit. The paging unit if enabled converts linear addresses into
physical address, in protected mode.

Segmentation (cont..)
• DESCRIPTOR TABLES: These descriptor tables and

registers are manipulated by the operating system to ensure the
correct operation of the processor, and hence the correct
execution of the program.
• Three types of the 80386 descriptor tables are listed as
follows:
• GLOBAL DESCRIPTOR TABLE ( GDT )
• LOCAL DESCRIPTOR TABLE ( LDT )
• INTERRUPT DESCRIPTOR TABLE ( IDT )

• DESCRIPTORS: The 80386 descriptors have a 20-bit

segment limit and 32-bit segment address. The descriptor of
80386 are 8-byte quantities access right or attribute bits along
with the base and limit of the segments.
• Descriptor Attribute Bits: The A (accessed) attributed bit
indicates whether the segment has been accessed by the CPU
or not.
• The TYPE field decides the descriptor type and hence the
segment type.
• The S bit decides whether it is a system descriptor (S=0) or
code/data segment descriptor ( S=1).

31
0
ADDRESS 0
BYTE
SEGMENT15BASE
...0 SEGMENT BASE 15….0
LIMIT BASE +4
BASE 31..24 G D 0 AVL P DPL S TYPE A
19….16 23….26
Structure of An Descriptor
BASE Base Address of the segment
LIMIT The length of the segment
P Present Bit - 1=Present ,0 = not present
S Segment Descriptor-0 = System Descriptor ,
1 = Code or data segmentdescriptor
TYPE Type of segment
G Granularity Bit- 1= Segment length is page granular
,
0 = Segment length is byte granular
D Default Operation size
0 Bit must be zero
AVL Available field for user or OS

• The DPL field specifies the descriptor privilege level.

• The D bit specifies the code segment operation size. If D=1,
the segment is a 32-bit operand segment, else, it is a 16-bit
operand segment.
• The P bit (present) signifies whether the segment is present in
the physical memory or not. If P=1, the segment is present in
the physical memory.
• The G (granularity) bit indicates whether the segment is page
addressable. The zero bit must remain zero for compatibility
with future process.

• The AVL (available) field specifies whether the descriptor is

for user or for operating system.
• The 80386 has five types of descriptors listed as follows:
1. Code or Data Segment Descriptors.
2. System Descriptors.
3. Local descriptors.
4. TSS (Task State Segment) Descriptors.
5. GATE Descriptors.
• The 80386 provides a four level protection mechanism
exactly in the same way as the 80286 does.

Paging (cont..)
• PAGING OPERATION: Paging is one of the memory

management techniques used for virtual memory multitasking
operating system.
• The segmentation scheme may divide the physical memory
into a variable size segments but the paging divides the
memory into a fixed size pages.
• The segments are supposed to be the logical segments of the
program, but the pages do not have any logical relation with
the program.
• The pages are just fixed size portions of the program module
or data.

Paging (cont..)
• The advantage of paging scheme is that the complete segment
of a task need not be in the physical memory at any time.
• Only a few pages of the segments, which are required
currently for the execution need to be available in the physical
memory. Thus the memory requirement of the task is
substantially reduced, relinquishing the available memory for
other tasks.
• Whenever the other pages of task are required for execution,
they may be fetched from the secondary storage.
• The previous page which are executed, need not be available
in the memory, and hence the space occupied by them may be
relinquished for other tasks.

Paging (cont..)
• Thus paging mechanism provides an effective technique to

manage the physical memory for multitasking systems.
• Paging Unit: The paging unit of 80386 uses a two level table
mechanism to convert a linear address provided by
segmentation unit into physical addresses.
• The paging unit converts the complete map of a task into
pages, each of size 4K. The task is further handled in terms of
its page, rather than segments.
• The paging unit handles every task in terms of three
components namely page directory, page tables and page
itself.

Paging (cont..)
• Paging Descriptor Base Register: The control register CR2 is

used to store the 32-bit linear address at which the previous
page fault was detected.
• The CR3 is used as page directory physical base address
register, to store the physical starting address of the page
directory.
• The lower 12 bit of the CR3 are always zero to ensure the page
size aligned directory. A move operation to CR3 automatically
loads the page table entry caches and a task switch operation,
to load CR0 suitably.

Paging (cont..)
• Page Directory : This is at the most 4Kbytes in size. Each

directory entry is of 4 bytes, thus a total of 1024 entries are
allowed in a directory.
• The upper 10 bits of the linear address are used as an index to
the corresponding page directory entry. The page directory
entries point to page tables.
• Page Tables: Each page table is of 4Kbytes in size and many
contain a maximum of 1024 entries. The page table entries
contain the starting address of the page and the statistical
information about the page.

Paging (cont..)
PAGE TABLE ADDRESS OS R
0 0 U -
31 ….12 RESERVED 0 0 D A - W P
S
PAGE DIRECTORY ENTRY
PAGE FRAME ADDRESS

OS U R
31 ….12 0 0 D A 0 0 - - P
RESERVED S W
PAGE TABLE ENTRY

Paging (cont..)
U PERMITTED FOR PERMITTED FOR
R
- - LEVEL 3
S W LEVEL2 , 1 OR 0
READ / WRITE
0 0 NONE
NONE READ / WRITE

0 1
1 0 READ ONLY READ / WRITE
READ / WRITE
1 1 READ - WRITE

Paging (cont..)
• The upper 20 bit page frame address is combined with the

lower 12 bit of the linear address. The address bits A12- A21 are
used to select the 1024 page table entries. The page table can
be shared between the tasks.
• The P bit of the above entries indicate, if the entry can be used
in address translation.
• If P=1, the entry can be used in address translation, otherwise
it cannot be used.
• The P bit of the currently executed page is always high.
• The accessed bit A is set by 80386 before any access to the
page. If A=1, the page is accessed, else unaccessed.

Paging (cont..) IN THE MEMORY
INSIDE 80386
31 22 12 0
DIRECTORY TABLE OFFSET

USER
MEMORY
10 10 +
12
0 31 0
31
CR 31 DIRECTORY 0
0
CR 1 +
+
CR
2
PAGE TABLE
CR DBA
3
CONTROL
REGISTERS
DBA Physical directory base address

Paging.
• The D bit ( Dirty bit) is set before a write operation to the page
is carried out. The D-bit is undefined for page director entries.
• The OS reserved bits are defined by the operating system
software.
• The User / Supervisor (U/S) bit and read/write bit are used to
provide protection. These bits are decoded to provide
protection under the 4 level protection model.
• The level 0 is supposed to have the highest privilege, while the
level 3 is supposed to have the least privilege.
• This protection provide by the paging unit is transparent to the
segmentation unit.

Virtual 8086 Mode (cont..)
• In its protected mode of operation, 80386DX provides a virtual

8086 operating environment to execute the 8086 programs.
• The real mode can also used to execute the 8086 programs
along with the capabilities of 80386, like protection and a few
additional instructions.
• Once the 80386 enters the protected mode from the real mode,
it cannot return back to the real mode without a reset
operation.
• Thus, the virtual 8086 mode of operation of 80386, offers an
advantage of executing 8086 programs while in protected
mode.

• The address forming mechanism in virtual 8086 mode is

exactly identical with that of 8086 real mode.
• In virtual mode, 8086 can address 1Mbytes of physical
memory that may be anywhere in the 4Gbytes address space of
the protected mode of 80386.
• Like 80386 real mode, the addresses in virtual 8086 mode lie
within 1Mbytes of memory.
• In virtual mode, the paging mechanism and protection
capabilities are available at the service of the programmers.
• The 80386 supports multiprogramming, hence more than one
programmer may be use the CPU at a time.

PHYSICAL MEMORY 020000000 H
386
PAGE N DX CPU OS
MEMORY
TASK 2
MEMORY
8086OS
TASK 1
EMPTY MEMORY
TASK
2 PAGE TABLE TASK 2
VIRTUAL MODE
8086 MEMORY
TASK PAGE DIRECTOR TASK
2
TASK 2
MEMORY
TASK 1
PAGE N
MEMORY
PAGE
1
AVAILABLE
8086OS
`
TASK 1
PAGE EMPTY MEMORY
DIRECTORY
ROOT TASK
1 PAGE 8086 OS
TABLE
VIRTUAL MODE MEMORY
8086 TASK PAGE DIRECTORY TASK
1
000000000 H
Memory Management In Virtual 8086 Mode

• Paging unit may not be necessarily enable in virtual mode, but

may be needed to run the 8086 programs which require more
than 1Mbyts of memory for memory management function.
• In virtual mode, the paging unit allows only 256 pages, each of
4Kbytes size.
• Each of the pages may be located anywhere in the maximum
4Gbytes physical memory. The virtual mode allows the
multiprogramming of 8086 applications.
• The virtual 8086 mode executes all the programs at privilege
level 3.Any of the other programmes may deny access to the
virtual mode programs or data.

• However, the real mode programs are executed at the highest

privilege level, i.e. level 0.
• The virtual mode may be entered using an IRET instruction at
CPL=0 or a task switch at any CPL, executing any task whose
TSS is having a flag image with VM flag set to 1.
• The IRET instruction may be used to set the VM flag and
consequently enter the virtual mode.
• The PUSHF and POPF instructions are unable to read or set
the VM bit, as they do not access it.
• Even in the virtual mode, all the interrupts and exceptions are
handled by the protected mode interrupt handler.

Virtual 8086 Mode.
• To return to the protected mode from the virtual mode, any

interrupt or execution may be used.
• As a part of interrupt service routine, the VM bit may be reset
to zero to pull back the 80386 into protected mode.

Features of 80386 (cont..)
• This 80386 is a 32bit processor that supports, 8bit/32bit data

operands.
• The 80386 instruction set is upward compatible with all its
predecessors.
• The 80386 can run 8086 applications under protected mode in
its virtual 8086 mode of operation.
• With the 32 bit address bus, the 80386 can address upto
4Gbytes of physical memory. The physical memory is
organised in terms of segments of 4Gbytes at maximum.
• The 80386 CPU supports 16K number of segments and thus
the total virtual space of 4Gbytes * 16K = 64 Terrabytes.

Features of 80386.
• The memory management section of 80386 supports the

virtual memory, paging and four levels of protection,
maintaining full compatibility with 80286.
• The 80386 offers a set of 8 debug registers DR0-DR7 for
hardware debugging and control. The 80386 has on-chip
address translation cache.
• The concept of paging is introduced in 80386 that enables it to
organise the available physical memory in terms of pages of
size 4Kbytes each, under the segmented memory.
• The 80386 can be supported by 80387 for mathematical data
processing.

Microprocessor 80386

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Architecture of 80386

• The Internal Architecture of 80386 is divided into 3 sections.

M. Krishna Kumar MAM/M8/LU18/V1/2004 1

M. Krishna Kumar MAM/M8/LU18/V1/2004 2

• The Instruction unit decodes the opcode bytes received from

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• The Segmentation unit provides a 4 level protection

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• The Bus control unit has a prioritizer to resolve the priority of

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M. Krishna Kumar MAM/M8/LU18/V1/2004 7

Pin Diagram Of 80386

BUS HLDA BUSY # COPROCESS

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• BS16#: The bus size – 16 input pin allows the interfacing of 16

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• RESET: A high at this input pin suspends the current

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SEGMENT SELECTOR REGISTERS

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FLAG REGISTER OF 80386

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• Control Registers: The 80386 has three 32 bit control registers

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• Debug and Test Registers: Intel has provide a set of 8 debug

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• ADDRESSING MODES: The 80386 supports overall eleven

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• The different scaled modes are as follows.

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• After reset, the 80386 starts from memory location

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Fig: Physical Address Formation In Real Mode Of 80386

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• All the capabilities of 80386 are available for utilization in its

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Protected Mode Addressing Without Paging Unit

• The effective address (offset) is added with segment base

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• DESCRIPTOR TABLES: These descriptor tables and

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• DESCRIPTORS: The 80386 descriptors have a 20-bit

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• The DPL field specifies the descriptor privilege level.

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• The AVL (available) field specifies whether the descriptor is

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• PAGING OPERATION: Paging is one of the memory

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• Thus paging mechanism provides an effective technique to