Ayala BLVD., Ermita, Manila: October 1, 2019 October 9, 2019

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
AYALA BLVD., ERMITA, MANILA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
SUBMITTED BY:
ESTEVES, MC KELLY M.
BSME-4B
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. MANUEL L. EUROPEO
Instructor
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Course Code: ME 5L Program: HYDROMETER
Course Subject:
Date Performed: October 1, 2019
Mechanical Engineering Laboratory I
Section: BSME-4B Date Submitted: October 9, 2019
Members: Instructor: Engr. Manuel L. Europeo
1. Comedia, Michael Angelo D.
2. Constantino, April Joy C.
3. Esteves, Mc Kelly
4. Marso, John Henry
5. Villamil, Ronald Louie
I. OBJECTIVE
1. To measure relative density using Hydrometer

2. To be literate on how to utilize hydrometer
3. To measure the percent error between theoretical and actual relative
density of different liquids.
II. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Learned the proper use of hydrometer

2. Define and describe Hydrometer
III. DISCUSSION
Hydrometer
Device for measuring some characteristics of a liquid, such as its
density (weight per unit volume) or specific gravity (weight per unit
volume compared with water). The device consists essentially of a
weighted, sealed, long-necked glass bulb that is immersed in the
liquid being measured; the depth of flotation gives an indication
of liquid density, and the neck can be calibrated to read density,
specific gravity, or some other related characteristic.
In practice, the floating glass bulb is usually inserted into a

cylindrical glass tube equipped with a rubber ball at the top end for
sucking liquid into the tube. Immersion depth of the bulb is
calibrated to read the desired characteristic. A typical instrument is
the storage-battery hydrometer, by means of which the specific
gravity of the battery liquid can be measured and the condition of
the battery determined. Another instrument is the radiator
hydrometer, in which the float is calibrated in terms of the freezing
point of the radiator solution. Others may be calibrated in terms of
“proof ” of an alcohol solution or in terms of the percentage of
sugar in a sugar solution.
The Baumé hydrometer, named for the French chemist Antoine

Baumé, is calibrated to measure specific gravity on evenly spaced
scales; one scale is for liquids heavier than water, and the other is
for liquids lighter than water.
How Do I Use A Hydrometer?
Using a hydrometer isn’t as complicated as you might think. It really

comes down to a simple 4-step process:
1. Retrieve Sample & Insert Hydrometer
You will need to take your first measurement after the cool down,
prior to pitching the yeast. The reading that you will get is called the
original gravity, often referred to as “OG”.
To obtain this reading, first use a beer thief to retrieve a sample of

the wort and transfer it to a testing jar or cylinder. The testing
container should have enough liquid in it to fully suspend the
hydrometer.
After transferring a sample to your test container, place the

hydrometer in the wort and allow it to buoy. Wait until all air has
escaped from the liquid or gravitated upward. From there, it is
recommended that your hydrometer be centered and vertically
positioned so it can depict the most accurate reading.
2. Obtain the Original Gravity Reading
The increments of your hydrometer represent specific gravity points.

The level to which the liquid rises is where your gravity reading
should occur (we’ll call this the liquid-air line). At this point, record
the number on your hydrometer that is being crossed by the liquid-
air line. A typical wort OG will be between 1.035 and 1.060. Your
ingredient kit will list an OG so that you’ll have a reference for what
your wort’s OG should be close to.
Note: To get the most accurate data, read the bottom of the
meniscus – as in where the liquid is level and not pulled by tension
up the sides of the container or hydrometer itself
3. Calculate with Temperature
Hydrometer readings are stated assuming a standard temperature

of 15°C (59°F), so knowing the temperature of your wort is crucial for
an accurate reading. If your temperature reading is different, be
sure to calibrate.
TYPES OF HYDROMETER
Different scales are used on hydrometers depending on the types of

liquids being measured.
1. Brix or Balling Scale: This scale is used to read the percentage of

pure sucrose (sugar) by weight.
2. Baume Scale: This scale reads degrees of Baume or percentage

of NaCL (salt) by weight.
3. Alcohol Scale: This measures a standard “specific Gravity” and is

used to measure specific gravity before and after a liquid has
fermented. The difference between the two readings is referenced
to an alcohol scale to determine the percentage of alcohol by
weight.
4. Twaddle: The specific gravity of pure water is 1.000 at 60 degrees

Fahrenheit and the twaddle scale is a simple scale based on
specific gravity where 0 degree Twaddle is equal to SG60/60
degrees F of 1.00 (that of water and each degree of Twaddle
equals 0.005 degrees SG
5. API Hydrometers: The American Petroleum Institute , The United

States Bureau of Mines and the National Institute of Standards and
Technology selected the API scale in 1921 as the standard for
petroleum products in the United States of America ASTM
hydrometers are also used in many other applications and
procedures set forth by ASTM all are calibrated at 60 degrees
Fahrenheit
Where accuracy is of paramount importance hydrometers should

be calibrated to UKAS standards. And the results used to
compensate for any inaccuracies.
IV. MATERIALS
The materials we used to conduct this experiment are:

 Hydrometer
 Graduated Cylinder (100g and 250g)
 Weighing Scale
V. PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the tools and devices necessary before starting the experiment.
2. Calibrate the weighing scale
3. Calibrate the hydrometer by soaking it in water and the reading must be
1.00
4. Pour the desired liquids into the graduated container for the desired volume.
5. Down the hydrometer into the sample slowly and carefully.
6. Keep the hydrometer floating in center of the cylinder and from the wall.
7. After stabilization of the hydrometer, note the point where the surface of the
liquid touches the stem.
8. Gather the measured data.
VI. DATA
THEORETICAL ACTUAL PERCENT

VOLUME SPECIFIC
LIQUIDS MASS (kg) DENSITY DENSITY DIFFERENCE
(m^3) GRAVITY
(kg/m^3) (kg/m^3) (%)
1. GATORADE 0.150 0.0001 1.025 1520 1500 -1.33
2. GIN 0.097 0.0001 0.95 980 970 -1.031
VII. OBSERVATION
Base on the data that we have gathered I observed that

Gatorade has lower mass than Gin with a difference of 0.053 while
having the same volume 0.0001 . Gatorade has higher specific
gravity than Gin. Theoretical density shows higher results than the
actual density and in percent difference the outcome was negative.
VIII. CONCLUSION AND ANALYSIS
Both of the density and specific gravity characterize mass and

could be used to test various substances. Base on the results that
found, it is clear that higher specific gravity yield higher density or
vise versa. Density is a measure of mass per volume. The average
density of an object equals its total mass divided by its total volume
while specific gravity is a measure of density relative to the density of
a reference substance.

Ayala BLVD., Ermita, Manila: October 1, 2019 October 9, 2019

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

AYALA BLVD., ERMITA, MANILA

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

1. To measure relative density using Hydrometer

1. Learned the proper use of hydrometer

In practice, the floating glass bulb is usually inserted into a

The Baumé hydrometer, named for the French chemist Antoine

How Do I Use A Hydrometer?

Using a hydrometer isn’t as complicated as you might think. It really

1. Retrieve Sample & Insert Hydrometer

To obtain this reading, first use a beer thief to retrieve a sample of

After transferring a sample to your test container, place the

2. Obtain the Original Gravity Reading

The increments of your hydrometer represent specific gravity points.

3. Calculate with Temperature

Hydrometer readings are stated assuming a standard temperature

Different scales are used on hydrometers depending on the types of

1. Brix or Balling Scale: This scale is used to read the percentage of

2. Baume Scale: This scale reads degrees of Baume or percentage

3. Alcohol Scale: This measures a standard “specific Gravity” and is

4. Twaddle: The specific gravity of pure water is 1.000 at 60 degrees

5. API Hydrometers: The American Petroleum Institute , The United

Where accuracy is of paramount importance hydrometers should

The materials we used to conduct this experiment are:

THEORETICAL ACTUAL PERCENT

2. GIN 0.097 0.0001 0.95 980 970 -1.031

Base on the data that we have gathered I observed that

VIII. CONCLUSION AND ANALYSIS

Both of the density and specific gravity characterize mass and

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