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  • Lecture 14

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    Hussain Naushad
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    This document summarizes an EE359 lecture on adaptive modulation and MIMO systems. It discusses graded midterms, practical issues with adaptive MQAM like update rates and estimation errors, and how MIMO provides a capacity increase over SISO by decomposing into independent channels. The key points are that finite constellations only slightly reduce efficiency for adaptive MQAM, rates need not change more than every 10-100 symbols, and estimation errors and delay lead to error floors.

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    This document summarizes an EE359 lecture on adaptive modulation and MIMO systems. It discusses graded midterms, practical issues with adaptive MQAM like update rates and estimation errors, and how MIMO provides a capacity increase over SISO by decomposing into independent channels. The key points are that finite constellations only slightly reduce efficiency for adaptive MQAM, rates need not change more than every 10-100 symbols, and estimation errors and delay lead to error floors.

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    28 views11 pages

    Lecture 14

    Uploaded by

    Hussain Naushad
    This document summarizes an EE359 lecture on adaptive modulation and MIMO systems. It discusses graded midterms, practical issues with adaptive MQAM like update rates and estimation errors, and how MIMO provides a capacity increase over SISO by decomposing into independent channels. The key points are that finite constellations only slightly reduce efficiency for adaptive MQAM, rates need not change more than every 10-100 symbols, and estimation errors and delay lead to error floors.

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    EE359 – Lecture 14 Outline

     Announcements
     Graded MTs ready for pickup
     Bonus lecture 11/30 5:15-7:15 in 204 Packard
     Midterm Postmortem and Grade Distribution
     Practical Issues in Adaptive MQAM
     Update rate
     Estimation error and delay
     Introduction to MIMO
     MIMO channel capacity
    Midterm Postmortem
     Grade distribution typical
     Common Mistakes
     Prob 1(d): For outage, target SNR must be based
    on Pb in AWGN and not average Pb in fading
     Prob 2(a)(ii): Instantaneous rate should not be
    weighted by state probability
     2(c): Transmit power is fixed , so formula same
    as capacity w/ RX CSI only (not inversion)
     
     P( ) 
    C   B log 2 1   p( )d   B log 2 1    p( )d
    0  P  0

     2(d): Constellation size M for all channel states is


    not fixed; should adapt M to SNR.
    Midterm Grade Distribution

    Approximate Grades:
    A+: 95-100
    A: 86-95
    A-: 75-85
    B+: 66-74
    B: 58-66
    Review of Last Lecture
     Introduction to adaptive modulation
     Variable-rate variable-power MQAM
     Optimal power adaptation is water-filling
     Optimal rate adaptation is R/B=log(/k)

     Finite Constellation Sets


     Useheuristic to assign rates to regions
     Channel inversion power control in each region
    Constellation Restriction
    M3
    M()=/*
    MD()
    M3
    M2
    M2
    M1 M1
    Outage
    0
    0 1=M1K* 2 3 
     Power adaptation:
    Pj ( ) ( M j  1) /(K )  j     j 1 , j  0
    
    P  0   1
     Average rate:
    R N
      log 2 M j p( j     j 1 )
    B j 1
    Efficiency in Rayleigh Fading
    Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz)

    Average SNR (dB)


    Practical Constraints
     Constellation updates: fade region duration
    j  j  AFRD
    j  T TM TM  delay spread
    Nj1  Nj N j  level crossing rate at min fade in region
    N j 1  level crossing rate at max fade in region

     Error floor from estimation error


     Estimation error at RX can cause error in absence of
    noise (e.g. for MQAM)
     Estimation error at TX causes mismatch of adaptive
    power and rate to actual channel
     Error floor from delay: let (t,)=(t-)/(t).
     Feedback delay causes mismatch of adaptive power
    and rate to actual channel
    Detailed Formulas
     Error floor from estimation error ()
    ^
     
    Pb    .2[5BERtarget ] y / ˆ
    p( , ˆ )dˆd
    0 K
     Joint distribution p(,) depends on estimation: hard to
    ^
    obtain. For PSAM the envelope is bi-variate Rayleigh

     Error floor from delay: let =[i]/[i-id].


    
    Pb    .2[5BERtarget ] p( |  ) p( )dd
    0 0

     p(|) known for Nakagami fading


    Multiple Input Multiple
    Output (MIMO)Systems
     MIMO systems have multiple (r) transmit and
    receiver antennas

     With perfect channel estimates at TX and RX,


    decomposes into r independent channels
     RH-fold capacity increase over SISO system
     Demodulation complexity reduction
     Can also use antennas for diversity (beamforming)
     Leads to capacity versus diversity tradeoff in MIMO
    Capacity of MIMO Systems
     Depends on what is known at TX and RX and if
    channel is static or fading

     For static channel with perfect channel


    knowledge at TX and RX, waterfilling over space
    is optimal power allocation:
     Similar idea in fading, based on short-term or long-
    term power constraint

     Without channel knowledge, capacity metric is


    based on an outage probability
    Main Points
     Restricting constellation to a finite set has negligible
    impact on adaptive MQAM

     Adaptive MQAM need not change more than every


    10-100 symbol times.

     Estimation error and delay lead to irreducible error


    floors in adaptive MQAM

     Multiple antennas at both TX and RX greatly


    enhance capacity and reduce complexity.
     Alternatively, can be used for diversity gain

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