Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

Student name: Darcy Solarte Melenje

Group 22

Identification number: 1061789101

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 16-04
 Introduction

In this work the topic of transmission lines will be addressed Where the fundamental
concepts, necessary to analyze the problems on transmission lines and waveguides, will be
recognized.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

Answer: Transmission lines is defined as the path of carrying alternating electrical from
source to load. Example: the wire used between TV antenna and television set or the
wire used between transmitter antenna and transmitter are known as transmission
lines.
Unlike a conventional low-frequency circuit, the voltages and currents on a transmission
line vary with longitudinal position because they experience a phase delay as the wave
propagates from one end of the line to the other.
Some types are:
• Co-axial line
• Fiber Optic
• MicroStrip Line
• Parallel Wires Above a Ground Plane

2. What is a bounded transmission line?

Answer: The guided media is also called wired communication or bounded
transmission media, guided media uses a physical path or conductor to transmit
the signals. Categories of guided media are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and
optical fibre.

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

Answer: Impedance of a transmission line is the relationship between the

difference in potential applied and the current absorbed by the line in the
hypothetical case that it has an infinite length, or when still being finite and
there are no reflections.
 b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

The parameter VSWR is a measure that numerically describes how well the
antenna is impedance matched to the radio or transmission line it is
connected to. VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and is also
referred to as Standing Wave Ratio (SWR). VSWR is a function of the
reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected from the antenna.

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

Answer: An electrical length is a length refered to the wavelength. For

example your frequency is 100MHz therefore your free wavelength is 3
meters. Mostly the transmission line is built from dielectric material which
causes the wavelength to be shorter.
The physical length is the length of the medium from the beginning until
the end of the transmission line.

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?

Answer: It is a diagram that allows you to relate the change that occurs in a
complex impedance due to the length of the transmission line, which allows you
to find a series of transmission parameters without the need to perform
operations with complex numbers.

Application exercises:

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (22 + 10)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.25 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 106 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

 1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝜎𝑐 ∗ 𝜇0
1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋 ∗ 106𝐾ℎ𝑧 ∗ 5.8𝑥107 ∗ (4 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 10−7 )
1
𝛿𝑝 =
√24271331.1431
1
𝛿𝑝 =
4926.5942
𝛿𝑝 = 0.2029𝑚𝑚

Ya que 𝑎 > 𝑑𝑝 > 𝑡 se afirma que la frecuencia es de media frecuencia

𝑎2
RAC/RDC = 𝑎
𝑎 −
2 ∗ 𝛿𝑝2 ( − 1 + 𝑒 𝛿𝑝 )
𝛿𝑝
0.000352
RAC/RDC = 0.00035
0.00035
2 ∗ 0.2029𝑚𝑚2 (0.2029𝑚𝑚 − 1 + 𝑒 −0.2029𝑚𝑚 )

0.000352
RAC/RDC =
2 ∗ 0.2029𝑚𝑚2 (1.7243 − 1 + 𝑒 −1.7243 )
0.000352
RAC/RDC =
2 ∗ 0.2029𝑚𝑚2 (0.9026)
0.000352
RAC/RDC =
7.437𝑥10−8
RAC/RDC = 1.6470

1 1 𝑅𝐴𝐶 1
R= ∗( 2∗ + )
𝜋 ∗ 𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑅𝐷𝐶 2 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑡
 1 1 1
R= 7
∗( 2
∗ 1.6470 + )
𝜋 ∗ 5.8𝑥10 0.00035 2 ∗ 0.03 ∗ 3.2𝑥10−5

1 1 1
R= ∗( −7
∗ 1.6470 + )
182212373.908208 1.225𝑥10 2 ∗ 0.03 ∗ 1.92𝑥10−6
R = 0.076 Ω/𝑚
𝜇0 𝑏
L= ∗ (1 + 2 ∗ 𝐿𝑛( ))
4∗𝜋 𝑎
1.256637𝑥10− 6 0.03
L= ∗ (1 + 2 ∗ 𝐿𝑛( ))
4∗𝜋 0.00035
1.256637𝑥10− 6
L= ∗ (1 + 2 ∗ 𝐿𝑛(85.7142))
4∗𝜋
L = 1x10−7 ∗ (1 + 2 ∗ 𝐿𝑛(85.7142))

L = 9.9020x10−7 𝐻/𝑚

(2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝜀)
𝐶=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛(𝑎)

(2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.9921𝑥10−11 )
𝐶=
0.03
𝐿𝑛( )
0.00035
1.2517𝑥10−10
𝐶=
4.451019
𝐶 = 2.8122𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚

(2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝜎𝑑 )
𝐺=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛(𝑎)
 (2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1𝑥10−16 )
𝐺=
0.03
𝐿𝑛( )
0.00035
6.283185𝑥10−16
𝐺=
4.451019
𝐺 = 1.4116𝑥10−16

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

𝑟 = ±√(𝑅 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿) ∗ (𝐺 + 𝑗𝑤𝐶) = ∝ +𝛽

𝑟 = ±√(0.076 + 𝑗666017.642 ∗ 9.9020x10−7 ) ∗ (1.4116𝑥10−16 + 𝑗666017.642 ∗ 2.8122𝑥10−11 )

𝑟 = 0.000203891 + 𝑗0.0035204
∝= 0.000203891
𝛽 = 0.0035204

𝑍0 = √(𝑅 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿)/(𝐺 + 𝑗𝑤𝐶)

𝑍0 = √(0.076 + 𝑗666017.642 ∗ 9.9020x10−7 )/(1.4116𝑥10−16 + 𝑗666017.642 ∗ 2.8122𝑥10−11 )

𝑍0 = (187.9602 − 𝑗10.8858)Ω

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

𝑤
𝑣𝑝 =
𝛽
666017.642
𝑣𝑝 =
0.0035204
 𝑣𝑝 = 189183080.959414𝑚/𝑠

𝜋
𝜆 =2∗
𝛽
𝜋
𝜆=2∗
0.0035204
𝜆 = 1784.746046𝑚
𝜆𝐷𝐵/𝑚 = −8.68 ∗ 𝜆

𝜆𝐷𝐵/𝑚 = −8.68 ∗ 1784.746046𝑚

𝜆𝐷𝐵/𝑚 = −0.00176977

2) A 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 22 𝑚 long and the

wavelength is 106 𝑚𝑚. Find and probe with the smith chart:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

𝟐∗𝝅
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ∗ 𝑳)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 ∗ 𝝀
𝟐∗𝝅
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ∗ 𝑳)
𝝀
𝟐∗𝝅
(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓) + 𝒋𝟓𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∗ 𝟐𝟐𝒎)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 ∗
𝟐∗𝝅
𝟓𝟎 + 𝒋(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟏𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∗ 𝟐𝟐𝒎)

(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓) + 𝒋𝟓𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟕)

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 ∗
𝟓𝟎 + 𝒋(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟕)
(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓) + 𝒋𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟑
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 ∗
𝟓𝟎 + 𝒋(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓) ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟑
(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓) + 𝒋𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟓
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 ∗
𝟓𝟎 + (𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝟏 − 𝒋𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟕)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟏 − 𝒋𝟒𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟕
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝜸=
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓) − 𝟓𝟎
𝜸=
(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓) + 𝟓𝟎
−𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓
𝜸=
𝟗𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟓
𝜸 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟓 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟗
𝜸 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝜽 = −𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟐
c. VSWR.
𝟏 + |𝜸|
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 =
𝟏 − |𝜸|
𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 =
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗
𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 =
𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟖
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟑
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the practical learning
environment to check the results obtained in point 2. a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛. b.
Reflection coefficient Γ. c. VSWR. d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input
impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real.

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

In carrying out the exercise, it was confirmed that the smith letter has a great pressure
to find complex impedances in transmission lines compared to formal mathematical
calculations.

Bibliography

Chapter 4
Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line Circuits.
Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-45). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=753
581&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23