A MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE MIXTURES

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. VINEET BAJAJ (ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRM UNIVERSITY, HARYANA

In Partial Fulfillment for the award of degree of

Bachelor Of Technology
Civil Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“It is not possible to prepare a project report without the assistance and encouragement of
other people. This one is certainly no exception.”

First of all, we are really thankful to our Project Guide Dr. A.K. Vyas, Head of

Department and Professor, Department of Civil Engineering (DoCE),

Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur, and are ineffably

indebted for his invaluable guidance, encouragement and assistance, without which

the accomplishment of the project would have never been possible.

We would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the

Dr. A. B. Gupta (Professor, DoCE, MNIT Jaipur), Dr. R. C. Gupta (Associate

Professor, DoCE, MNIT Jaipur), Dr. Sandeep Choudhary (Associate Professor,

DoCE, MNIT Jaipur) and the whole staff of Concrete Technology Laboratory,

Road Material Testing Laboratory and Public Health Engineering (PHE)

Laboratory, who gave the permission to use all required machinery and the

necessary material.

We are extremely grateful to all the Technicians and Staff Members of Soil Testing

Laboratory, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur to

help us in conducting Metal Leaching Tests at their facility.

Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude.

Date: 24/11/2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.no Name of Topic Page No.

 1.
Introduction

2.
Literature Review

3.
Tests and Results

4.
Conclusion

5.
References

INTRODUCTION
The rapid increase in the annual consumption of natural aggregates due to the
expansion of the construction industry worldwide means that aggregate reserves are
being depleted rapidly, particularly in desert regions. It has been reported that, if
alternative aggregates are not utilized in the near future, the concrete industry will
globally consume 8-12 billion tons of natural aggregates annually. Such large
consumption of natural aggregates will cause destruction of the environment.
Therefore, it is imperative that alternative substitutes for natural aggregates be found.
One possibility is the utilization of industrial by-products and waste materials in
making concrete, which will lead to a sustainable concrete design and a greener
environment. Concrete's potential contribution to a more sustainable world includes the
possibility of using by-products from other industries that would otherwise pose
awkward disposal problems. A new opportunity comes from the possible use in
concrete of slags and other by-products from non-ferrous metal production. This could
eventually mean an impressive double whammy, saving tax for the metal and
construction industries, while helping the environment.

Producers of such metals as zinc and aluminium currently pay millions to stockpile or
send slag and unwanted by-products to landfill. If these were to prove viable as an
aggregate, concrete manufacturers would then have a source of recycled material,
exempt from the aggregates tax introduced earlier this year, while metal producers
would no longer need to dump the material and pay landfill taxes and charges.

Properties of Materials:-

Cement:

The cement often called the magic powder is a fine ground material consisting of

compound of lime, silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste
which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to

form a durable mass called the Concrete. Cement is the binder that holds concrete and

mortars together, which is why it plays the most critical role in giving strength and

durability to the building. Cement uses for domestic building such as home are basically

of three types:-

Portland Slag Cement: Portland slag cement (PSC) conforming to IS: 455 A

combination of good quality blast furnace slag (from the iron steel industry) with

clinker (which makes the OPC) and gypsum.

Portland Pozzolana Cement: Portland pozzolana cement (PCC) conforming to IS:

1489 A, combination of Fly ash (from thermal power plant) with clinker and gypsum.

Pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding Portland cement clinker with pozzolana.

This type of cement is largely used in marine structures.

Ordinary Portland Cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade conforming

to IS: 269, 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade conforming to IS: 12269

combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland cement

is manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature the mixture of

calcareous (mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then

grinding the calcined product (i.e. clinker) with small amount of gypsum in to a

fine powder known as ordinary Portland cement.

Good quality cement has the following features:

 Reduced water requirement

 Improve Workability
  Less permissible to moisture

 Improved resistance to acid and chlorides

 Reduced heat of hydration

 Easier to finish

 Reduced shrinkage.

 Reduced leaching problems because it is low as free lime.

Sand
These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded, sub rounded, angular, sub angular

or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of

particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm. Alternatively, these are

coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica derived from the disintegration of rock.

These are of three types:

Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than

0.6 mm and less than 2 mm.

Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90and of particles of particles size greater

than 0.2 mm and less than 0.6 mm.

Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than

0.06 mm and less than 0.2 mm. Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and

performance of concrete mixture.

It should be:

 Clear, angular and hard

 Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material

 Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and coarse sand

 Fee from contaminates like sea salt

 Consistent in moisture (water) content, this should not exceed 7%.

 When mixing concrete the moisture content must be taken in to

consideration. The price of sand includes three or four

components base cost, transportation, handling and number of

intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk directly from the source

will be cheaper.

Aggregates

Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material,

which when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this

country are naturally occurring aggregates such as sand, crushed rock and gravel.

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on

150micron.

Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 4.75micron.
All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed.

It is sometimes used for unimportant work without separating into different sizes.

Properties of Natural Aggregates: The properties should comply with the norms laid

down in IS: 38-1970 Specification for C.A. and F.A. from natural sources for concrete.

Aggregates should be chemically inert, strong, hard, durable, of limited porosity (water

absorption when immersed in water for 24 hours should not be more than 10%.), free from

adherent coating, clay lumps, coal and coal residues and should contain no organic or other

admixture that may cause corrosion of the reinforcement or impair the strength or

durability of the concrete. The shape (rounded, irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of

the aggregates should conform to the strength and workability requirements.

Uses of the Aggregates:

1. Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for producing

any type of good concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose.

2. Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain concrete but not

suitable for R.C.C. which is lighter than broken stone aggregate.

3. Air- cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig

iron, forms a stronger and durable concrete when mixed with sand, and

has a high fire resistance.

4. Lightweight aggregate produce low density concrete, which can be used

for interior parts of the building where high strength are not desired.
Fly Ash
Fly ash is the fine residue produced from the combustion of pulverized coal in electric and steam
generating plants. In India, thermal power plants are the main source for producing electricity.
Though attempts are being made to find solutions for cleaner production of electricity, but still there
is a long way to go and we may depend on traditional coal burning thermal power plants for quite
some more time (50-100 years). As a rough estimate, approximately 115 million tons of fly ash are
being produced annually from thermal power plants in India. However, only 40 million tons of fly
ash are used annually in various engineering applications. The use of small percentages of fly ash in a
variety of civil engineering works is being carried out mainly for economical reasons.

Fly ash, being available, at negligible or no cost is taking place of cement, a costly construction raw
material with the aim - one, to solve the problem of disposal of fly ash in environment and two, to get
some financial benefit. However, researchers abroad, especially in developed countries, have proved
that fly ash in high volumes can safely be used in concrete and results in better pump ability and long
term durability. The use of fly ash in concrete has increased in last 20 years considerably.

The study presented in this paper shows that fly ash can partially replace sand in cement concretes.
This type of fly ash concrete has a lower density and manufacturing cost, a reduced coarse aggregate
content, a lower degree of permeability and increased durability than those of cement concrete.
Additional data analysis suggests that they also have a better Strength-Weight Ratio (more weight
efficiency of concrete) and Strength-Energy Ratio (more eco-friendly and less energy-intensive
constructions).

The study presented in this paper shows that fly ash can partially replace sand in cement concretes.
This type of fly ash concrete has a lower density and manufacturing cost, a reduced coarse aggregate
content, a lower degree of permeability and increased durability than those of cement concrete.
Additional data analysis suggests that they also have a better Strength-Weight Ratio (more weight
efficiency of concrete) and Strength-Energy Ratio (more eco-friendly and less energy-intensive
constructions).
The use of fly ash (FA) as a cement replacement material is very common.Yet, at present, perhaps
only about 50% of FA produced is utilised. In 2003, this figure was only about 20%.10 However, the
highest level of fly ash utilisation was 63% in 2009-10.

The use of fly ash in concrete has been encouraged all over the world.Though this has been tried at
some places in India but the percentages replacements of cement by fly ash are very small and only
less than 25% of total fly ash produced is being utilized. A confidence is required to be built up in
developing countries like India to make use of fly ash concrete in various fields of construction.

Quarry Dust
The Quarry Rock Dust obtained from local resource AMC Crushers (P) Ltd., Dindigul was used in
concrete to cast test cubes and beams. The physical and chemical properties of Quarry Rock Dust
obtained by testing the samples as per Indian Standards.

Since there is No standard method of designing concrete mixes incorporating Quarry Rock Dust as
fine Aggregate. The method mix design proposed by IS [8], ACI, USBR, RN No.4, BS were first
employed to design the Conventional Concrete mixes and finally natural sand was fully replaced by
Quarry Rock Dust to obtain Quarry Rock Dust concrete mixes. The purpose of mix proportioning is
to produce the required properties in both plastic and hardened concrete by working out a
combination of available materials, with various economic and practical standards.

Quarry dust is a byproduct of the quarrying and crushing process which creates air pollution. Sand
mining poses the environmental problem and hence restrictions on sand quarrying resulted in scarcity
of sand and significant increase in its cost. Frequently, the communities residing near the river sides
are also make agitations often against the sand mining. The construction industries expect a serious
shortage of sand in the near future due to over exploitation of river sand and led to a concomitant
price increase in the material.

Use of quarry dust reduces the material cost and hence cost of construction. The developing countries
are under pressure to replace fine aggregate in concrete by an alternate material without
compromising the quality of concrete. Quarry dust has become a good substitute for conventional
river sand for its total replacement and thus quarry dust concrete (QDC).Recently, the trend of using
the fine fractions of quarry dust (QDF) of size less Than 150 microns for partial replacement of
cement in mortar and concrete has been initiated.

However, being high silica, the reacting nature and its degree of reaction have not been fully studied.
Feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes for Conventional
Concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes and beams to study the compressive, flexural strengths of
concrete made of Quarry Rock Dust for three different proportions and five different methods.
Durability Studies were done for concrete with Quarry Rock Dust and compared with the
Conventional Concrete.
Waste Crushed Glass
Ordinary Portland cement used in the study was the Blue Lion brand and the chemical and physical
properties are summarised . The fine aggregates were the natural sand of the maximum size 4.75mm
and natural quartzitic gravel of maximum size 20mm with a bulk density 1530kg/m3. The waste glass
of the used windows was used as a replacement of fine aggregate and was analyzed in terms of
physical properties such as sieve analysis and particle size

Four types of concrete mixes were prepared for this study. The controlled concrete mix ratio is
1:2.2:2.7 (cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate) with the water-cement ratio of 0.55. The glass
concrete mixes were summarised in with 5, 15 and 20% partial replacement for the sand. Three
specimens were prepared for each test and all concrete specimens were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days.

As the waste glass is biodegradable. There is a huge potential to use the waste glass in concrete
constructions. When waste glass is used in concrete constructions production cost will gets reduced
.By using waste glass in the place of river sand it will be environmental friendly and utilisation of
waste in the place of precious natural resources.

There is a strong need of using recycled waste glass for construction industry. We can use wasteglass
in the form of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and powder form in the construction industry. As day
by day government is more concentrating on sustainable material and techniques usage in mass
constructions. If we replace fine aggregate with crushed glass and some portion of cement with fly
ash will give a better result like improvement in the workability .Alkali Aggregate Silica Reaction
(A.S.R) can also be reduced.
Rice Husk
The Rice Husk Ash used in this work was made in the laboratory by simply burning rice husk over a
steel box of 1.5 m X 1.5 m in dimension without controlling the burning temperature and time .T is
position of thermocouple which is connected to the data logger and B is the position of briquette or
Briquet which is used as fuel to start and maintain a fire. The temperature of the thermocouple is
recorded with respect to time . Rice husk was burnt approximately 90 hours under uncontrolled
combustion process. The burning temperature was within the range 160 to 3500C. The ash obtained
was ground in a ball mill for 30 minutes and its appearance color was grey .After completion of
burning the ash was grinded by grinding machine and finally collects the ash which was paned
through 200No. BS sieve. It is rich in amorphous silica (86.9%). The loss on ignition was relatively
high (4%).Rice Husk ash has the potential to be used in concrete technology as substitute of silica
fumes as a much lower cost without compromising on the quality aspect.

In the most recent decade, the use of waste materials in concrete production, particularly in addition
to concrete has turn into an essential part. Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is one of these waste materials
which are produced after rice milling process. This paper presents an overview of the work carried
out on the use of RHA as partial replacement of cement in concrete. The compressive strength of the
concrete with 10% RHA has been increased significantly, and for up to 20% replacement of cement
could be beneficially replaced by RHA without adversely affecting the strength. Rice husk ash (RHA)
added to concrete influences the pH of the samples. In this study it was observed that addition of 10%
& 20% RHA with OPC to the concrete, the time required for the equal pH in the anodic and cathodic
compartment is more than the control sample. The results were compared to control sample and the
viability of adding RHA to concrete was verified.
Rice husk ash (RHA) is an industrial waste generated from rice boiling plant. The ash obtained from
this combustion process has high unburned carbon content. This has caused that the use of RHA in
construction material applications does not receive much interest although the silica content of RHA
is about 90%. Several researches reported that RHA was added in concrete to increase durability
property. In this work, RHA was used to replace OPC at the levels of 0, 10 and 20% by volume.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Fly Ash
Chatterjee,(2011) reported that about 50 % of fly ash generated is utilised with present efforts.
He also reported that, one may achieve up to 70% replacement of cement with fly ash when high
strength cement and very high reactive fly ash is used along with the sulphonated naphthalene
formaldehyde superplasticizer. He reported improvement in fly ash property could be achieved
by grinding and getting particles in submicrocrystalline range.

Bhanumathidas, &Kalidas, (2002) with their research on Indian fly ashes reported that the
increase in ground fineness by 52% could increase the strength by 13%. Whereas, with the
increase in native fineness by 64% the strength was reported to increase by 77%. Looking in to
the results it was proposed that no considerable improvement of reactivity could be achieved on
grinding a coarse fly ash. Authors also uphold that the study on lime reactivity strength had more
relevance when fly ash is used in association with lime but preferred pozzolanic activity index in
case ofblending with cement.

Subramaniam, Gromotka, Shah, Obla& Hill, (2005) investigated the influence of ultrafine fly
ash on the early age property development, shrinkage and shrinkage cracking potential of
concrete. In addition, the performance of ultrafine fly ash as cement replacement was compared
with that of silica fume. The mechanisms responsible for an increase of the early age stress due
to restrained shrinkage were assessed; free shrinkage and elastic modulus were measured from
an early age. In addition, the materials resistance to tensile fracture and increase in strength were
also determined as a International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and Computing,
volume 3,Issue 1, January-February 2015 function of age. Comparing all the test results authors
indicated the benefits of using ultrafine fly ash in reducing shrinkage strains and decreasing the
potential for restrained shrinkage cracking.

Malhotra, (2005) discussed the role of supplementary cementing materials and superplasticizers
in reducing green house gas emissions. Author also discussed different ways of reducing CO2
emission. With emphasis on developing countries the author discussed that their infrastructure
needs lead them to use huge amounts of cements. This huge need of cement can be reduced by
replacing cement with easily available good quality of fly ash from the thermal power stations.
Author also mentions the development of high performance; high volume fly ash concrete that
incorporates large dosages of super plasticizer which enhances the durability of concrete. The
paper also discussed about different cementing materials that can be used in concrete making as
replacement of cement to reduce the cement consumption and also reduce the CO2 emission to
atmosphere.

Poon, Lam & Wong, (1999) from their experimental results concluded that replacement of
cement by 15% to 25% by fly ash results in lower porosity of concrete and plain cement mortars.

Literature discussed has shown improvement in the workability and durability of concrete by
partial replacement of cement with fly ash. However 28 days strength was reported to be lower
by replacement of cement with fly ash, than concrete without replacement of cement with fly
ash. Analysing the literature it is seen than grinding of fly ash is less effective. This may be due
to destruction of spherical shape of fly ash which is helpful in increasing workability and
reducing voids. Grinding cost also offsets partial cost advantage of cheaper fly ash over cement.
Low reactivity of low lime Indian fly ashes as compared to high lime fly ash restricts use of
higher volumes of fly ashes for cement replacement. Lower reactivity of fly ash makes it urgent
to develop a method for replacing higher volumes of cement with fly ash without grinding or
activation of fly ash.

Hwang, Noguchi &Tomosawa, (2004) based on their experimental results concerning the
compressive strength development of concrete containing fly ash, the authors concluded that the
pores in concrete reduce by addition of fly ash as replacement of sand.

Namagg&Atadero, (2009) described early stages of a project to study the use of large volumes
of high lime fly ash in concrete. Authors used fly ash for partial replacement of cement and fine
aggregates. Replacement percent from 0% to 50% was tested in their study. They reported that
concrete with 25% to 35% fly ash provided the most optimal results for its compressive strength.
They concluded that this was due to the pozzolanic action of high lime fly ash. (Jones &
McCarthy, 2005) made an extensive laboratory based investigation in to unprocessed low lime
fly ash in foamed concrete, as a replacement for sand. For a given plastic density, the spread
obtained on fly ash concretes were up to 2.5 times greater than those noted on sand mixes. The
early age strengths were found to be similar for both sand and fly ash concrete, the 28-day values
varied significantly with density. The strength of fly ash concrete was more than 3 times higher
than sand concrete. More significantly while the strength of sand mixes remained fairly constant
beyond 28 days, those of fly ash foamed concrete at 56 and 180 days were up to 1.7 to 2.5 times
higher than 28 days values respectively.

(Rao, 2004) discussed the need to use about 650 kg/cu.m of fine material to make self
compacting concrete. This also requires fine aggregates more than 50% of total aggregate so that
coarse aggregate can float in the fine material. This requirement of fine materials can be easily
fulfilled by use of fly ash.

(Neville, 2009) In general, the aggregate cement ratio is only a secondary factor in the strength
of concrete but it is found that, for a constant water cement ratio, a leaner mix leads to higher
strength for higher aggregate cement ratio. A large amount of aggregate absorbs a greater
quantity of water. It reduces the effective water cement ratio increasing the strength. The most
likely explanation, however, lies in the fact that the total water content per cubic meter of
concrete is lower in a leaner concrete. As a result, in a leaner mix, voids form a smaller fraction
of total volume of concrete, and it is these voids that have an adverse effect on strength.

(Pofale, &Deo, 2010) with their study indicated about 20% increase in compressive strength and
about 15% increase in flexural strength of concrete over control concrete by replacing 27% of
sand with low lime fly ash. In study fly ash based Portland pozzolana cement was used. They
had also reported about 25% increase in workability of the fly ash based concrete over control
concrete. Out of large number of papers studied papers only found very relevant are included for
putting forward present objectives. Literature discussed has shown partial replacement of scarce
sand with fly ash had shown higher strength from 3rd day as compared to control concrete. Long
term strength was about 20% higher than the control concrete.

Along with increase in strength, increase in workability and durability of concrete by partial
replacement of sand with fly ash is very encouraging.

2. Quarry Dust
Partial replacement of river sand with quarry dust has been successfully reported by

Lohani et al (2012) the partial replacement of sand with quarry dust (0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and
50%) for a design mix of M20 grade concrete.

Prachoom Khamput (2008) the possibility of 70-100% replacement of sand with quarry dust in
Thailand.

Waziri and Muazu (2008), Ilangovan et al (2008), Shanmugavadivu, et al (2008),

ShahulHameed and Sekar (2009)and Sivakumar and Prakash (2011) have done considerable
research and recommended for total replacement of river sand with quarry dust.

Krishnamoorthi and Mohankumar (2012) made preliminary studies on the strength properties
of quarry dust based concrete. A trial mix design was first arrived for conventional M30 grade
concrete and sand replacement by 0-100% with quarry dust was considered. As there was not
much difference in the compressive strength of concrete the total replacement of sand with
quarry dust was recommended. In the second phase, a mix design was made for M30 concrete
with quarry dust as the fine aggregates and the workability, strength and durability characteristics
investigated. These characteristics of conventional sand concreteand quarry dust concrete(QDC)
were compared and total replacement of sand with quarry dust (QD) was recommended.
Allam et al (2016) studied the behaviour of M35 grade concrete, having partial replacement of
cement or sand with granite waste. It is concluded that, the optimum percentage of cement
replacement with granite fine powder is 5%.

Ankit Nileshchandra and Jayeshkumar Pitroda (2013) replaced cement with stone waste up
to 50% by weight for M25 concrete and recommended for 30% replacement of OPC but, only
20% for PPC

Ankit Nileshchandra Patel and Jayeshkumar Pitroda, 2013). Husam and Waleed (2013)
tried to replace up to 30% by weight of cement and recommended only 10%.

Chowdary (2015) tried cement (OPC 53 grade) replacement up to 10% with Granite powder
and concluded that the compressive, splitting tensile strength, flexural tensile and modulus of
concrete found to increase up to 7.5% replacement and the workability decreased but within
limits.

Vishnu Shankar and Saravana Raja Mohan (2015) Made durability studies on cement mortar
(1:3) in which cement is partially replaced up to 40% by the weight and concluded that the
maximum level of replacement is 30% based on durability.

Yaswanth Kumar et al (2015) made partial replacement of cement with Granite. Slurry up to
20% by weight in M30 grade concrete and observed that substitution of 10% of cement by
weight resulted in an increase in strength.

Prem Prakash and Manish Verma (2016)investigated the optimization of Granite Powder and
its effect on fresh and hardened properties of Ready mix concrete (M20 grade) with partial
replacement up to 20% to cement.

3.Waste Crushed Glass

Mageswari et.al Studied the replacement of fine aggregate in concrete with sheet glass with
10%,20%,30%,40% and 50% the percentages and tests were conducted to find the compressive
strength, split tensile strength test and cylinder test. It was observed that as the glass % increases
the strength also increases up to 20% increment. It was observed that we can replace 20% fine
aggregate with crushed recycled glass. The water absorption goes on reduced by increasing the
glass content.Workability of concrete increases with increase of glass percentage. Tensie
strength was increased up to 20% replacement of fine aggregate with sheet glass. The flexural
strength was observed that it was increased up to 50% of replacement.
Sadoon Abdallah et.al In this paper the author systematically investigated the characteristics of
concrete with fine aggregate replaced by crushed glass with percentages 0%,5%,15% and
20%.With 20% replacement of fine aggregate the compressive strength split tensile strength and
flexure strengths were increased by 5.28%, 18.38% and 8.92% respectively at 28 days curing.

Iqbal Malik et.al Studied the replacement of fine aggregate in concrete by waste glass Powder
(Range-0 to1.18mm) 20% of replacement of fine aggregate with crushed glass showed 15%
increase in compressive strength at 7 days and 20% increase in strength at 28 days. Fine
aggregate can be replaced up to 30% showing 9.8% increase in compressive strength. Water
absorption can be reduced compared with conventional concrete. Workability of concrete can be
increased.

Tomas et.al In his study used recycled glass in the place of fine aggregate and experienced it
will reach the requirements of ASTM and can be effectively used for mass constructions. The
unit Weight of concrete was decreased with replacement of fine aggregate by Recycled glass
.The water cement ratio also decreases with increase in fine aggregate replacement with glass.

Vijay Sekhar Reddy et.al Studied experimentally and concluded that 20% of replacements gave
35% of increase in strength at 7 days and 30% increase at 28days.Fine aggregate can be replaced
up to 30% and can get strength increment up to 8.5% on an average at 28 days. With increase of
replacement concrete weight can be reduced up to 5%.

Jadhav et.al Studied experimentally with replacement of sand in 5% ,15% ,25% and 35% for
M30 Mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength test and compared with
G. Lalitha, Dr. C. Sasidhar and Dr. C.Ramachandrudu conventional concrete test results
observed 25% of increment in fine aggregate replacement showed 7% increment in strength at 28
days for particle size ranges 0.6-2.36mm.

Tung-Chai- Ling et.al [11] Disposal of 300 tones of waste bottles from Hong Kong a major
problem to dispose on daily basis. A lot of research work has been carried out to find out the
Practicality in using recycled waste glass as construction material. Now days it is recycling and
using as fine aggregate in eco blocks.

4.Rice Husk
Bertil Persson reported that on these mechanical properties, such as strength, creep, elastic
modulus and shrinkage of self-compacting concrete and the corresponding properties of normal
compacting concrete (NCC). The report included eight mix proportions of sealed or air-cured
specimens. The water binder ratio which is used in this (w/b) varying between 0.24 and 0.80.
Fifty percent of the mixes were SCC and rests were NCC. The time period at loading of the
concrete mix in the creep studies varied between 2 and 90 days. The results indicated that elastic
modulus, creep and shrinkage of SCC did not change significantly from the corresponding
properties of NCC.

Ahmadi et.al reported the development of Mechanical properties up to 180 days of self-
compacting concrete and ordinary concrete mixes with rice-husk ash (RHA), from a rice paddy
milling industry. Two different replacement percentages of cement by RHA, 10%, and 20%, and
two different water/cementitious material ratios (0.40 and 0.35) were used for the self
compacting and normal concrete specimens. The results were compared with those of the self
compacting concrete without RHA. SCC mixes show higher compressive and flexural strength
and lower modulus of elasticity rather than the normal concrete. Upto 20% replacement of
cement with rice husk ash in matrix caused reduction in use of cement and expenditures, and also
improved the quality of concrete at the time period of more than 60 days. It was said that RHA
provides a good effect on the Mechanical properties after 60 days.

Yaghuob mohammadi et.al studied that the effect of silica fumes on properties of self-
compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) containing perlite and leca. For this purpose, silica
fume has been replaced by different contents. In this study, all mixtures total cementitious
materials (cement + silica fume) were kept at 450 kg/m3. Test was carried out such as Slum
flow, L-box, U-box, V-funnel and J-ring. This research showed that mixtures without silica fume
were not satisfactory.. For all tests added the silica fume demonstrated acceptable values.
However, for the SCLC mixture containing 15% silica fume significant results were attained.
Adding silica fume, compressive strength of samples increased.

P.Padma Rao, et al studied the Use of Rice Husk Ash in Concrete, In this investigation, a
feasibility study is made to use Rice Husk Ash as an admixture to an already replaced Cement
with fly ash (Portland Pozzolana Cement) in Concrete, and an attempt has been made to
investigate the strength parameters of concrete. All materials shall be brought to room
temperature, preferably 270+ 30 C before commencing the results. At all the cement replacement
levels of Rice husk ash; there is gradual increase in compressive strength from 3 days to 7 days.
However there is significant increase in compressive strength from 7 days to 28 days followed
by gradual increase from 28 days to 56 days.

Obilade, I.O. investigated the use of rice husk ash as partial replacement for cement in concrete.
In this research work on the properties of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) when used as partial
replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in concrete. OPC was replaced with RHA by
weight at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. 0% replacement served as the control. The
concrete mix proportion was 1:2:4 by weight. Compressive Strength test was carried out on
hardened 150mm concrete cubes after 7, 14 and 28 days curing in water. The concrete used in
this research work was made using Binder, Sand and Gravel. The results revealed that the
Compacting factor decreased as the percentage replacement of OPC with RHA increased.
Velupillai (1997) - The use of RHA will contribute not only, to the production of concrete of a
higher quality and lower cost, but also the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the
production of cement. The partial replacement of cement by RHA will result in lower energy
consumption associated with the production of cement.

S.Ramesh et al studied the behaviour of cement concrete with rice husk ash. In this study RHA
partially replaced to 20% by weight of cement. Experimental works and studies are conducted
are workability, weight comparison, compressive strength, tensile and flexural strength of
concrete. This paper reported the properties, benefits and uses of RHAC by experimental works.
From the experiments and test results on fresh and hardened concrete, it is concluded that it will
increase the workability as compared to normal concrete. The use of rice husk ash will increase
the corrosion resistance and durability of concrete and it reduces the environmental pollution due
to construction.
 TESTS AND RESULTS
1. Fly Ash

Mix proportions
Table 1 gives the properties of concrete ingredients. The basic cement concrete (CC) mix A, with
proportions (by weight) of Cement: Sand: Coarse Aggregate: Water =1:1: 2: 0.35 was adopted
for the experimental work. This mix had a slump of more than 150 mm. The FAC mixesB, C,
and D, were obtained by replacing 20%, 40%,and 60%, of sand with FA respectively, so that 28-
daystrengths of A and B to D are similar. For example, mix ,B with 20% sand replacement level
(SRL), had the ratio of (Cement : Fly Ash): Sand: Coarse Aggregate: Water =[1: ( 0.20)*1]: [ ( 1-
0.20)*1]: 2: 0.347, i.e., (1:0.20) : 0.80 : 2 :0.347. The water-binder ratio of this mix was 0.347,
which is marginally less than that of mix A. Similarly, mix D with SRL of 60% had (Cement:
Fly Ash): Sand: Coarse Aggregate: Water = ((1:0.60) : 0.40 : 2 : 0.309 [Table 2].

Workability

The workability of the concretes was adequate for compaction by a table vibrator. Due to the
increased paste content, the workability of SRFACs was always higher than that of the CC, even
though SRFACs had lower water-binder ratios. Despite the surface area of FA particles being
more than that of the natural sand, the concrete workability was not affected adversely due to the
spherical shapes of FA particles.7 FA in concrete can then be taken as part of the binder paste.
The SRFAC mix had a higher paste volume and water content per unit volume than CC (even
though water-binder ratio of FAC was lower than that of the CC); this condition also increased
the workability.
Density

There is a significant reduction in the self weight of concrete with FA as an SRM. The density of
CC mix was about 2444 kg/m3 whereas that of B, C, D mixes was 2332, 2255, 2180 kg/m3
respectively. A lower mix self weight than cement concrete is an additional advantage of using
FA in concrete. For the FA additions of 20%, 40%, and 60%, the natural sand reduction was
25%, 46% and 65% respectively .

Aggregate content of concrete

Substituting sand with FA reduced the coarse aggregate contents per unit volume of the
SRFACs. The reduction was 6%, 10% and 14% in specimens B, C, and D respectively.

Compressive strengths

The basic cement concrete mix, A (w/c ratio = 0.35) had a 28-day compressive strength of 44.8
MPa, and the FAC mixes, B, C, and D had strengths of 46, 46, and 44 MPa, respectively (Table
3). Because of the appropriate modifications carried out to the CC mix A, the variations in the
levels of sand substitution did not have much effect on the 28-day compressive strength of the
concretes. However, the SRFACs so obtained had the 7-day strengths less than those of the CC
mixes, due to the slower initial pozzolanic reactivity of FA compared to that of the cement. In
other words, cement hydrates more rapidly to produce the C-S-H gel than fly ash.However, with
increasing reaction time, FA reacts more with cement hydration products forming increasing the
compressive strength of concrete and reducing the strength difference between CC and
SRFACs.7

Benefit of using FA as SRM

There are many benefits occur to concrete when fly ash acts as SRM in
concretes and these are enumerated inTables 2 to 4. Some of these are
discussed below :

Strength efficiency of cement (SEC)

Strength efficiency of cement, SEC, computed as ratio of Strength to Portland cement content,
defines a parameter which indicates the efficiency of cement to produce strength in the concrete.
SEC is enhanced when FA is used as SRM .
Decrease in density and strength-weight ratio (SWR)

The self-weight of concrete forms a major portion of loadcarried by structures such as bridges
and multi-storey buildings. Therefore engineers prefer low density andhigh strength-weight ratio
(SWR) concrete SWR = (compressive strength of concrete in MPa)/(Density of concrete
kg/m3)The low density of SRFAC ensures that, its SWR is higher than that of CC at a similar
level of 28 day strength.

Cost of concretes and strength-cost ratio (SCR)

SRFACs would cost less than CC because the price of FA is lower than that of sand. The
additional cost benefit of using SRFAC would result from the reduced quantity of coarse
aggregates (Table 2).Most of the concrete structures are still designed using compressive
strength as the main characteristic of concrete. So, compressive strength to cost ratio (SCR)is a
good parameter to understand the impact of using FA as an SRM in concrete. In this regard, the
SCR is defined as:

Strength-Cost-ratio = SCR M Pa/Rs/m3= (Compressive Strength)/(Cost for 1 m3of concrete)A

higher value of SCR indicates that the strength development per rupee spent to produce concrete
is better and thereby the utilisation of finance to produce the strength in concrete is also better. In
the present study, the strengths of SRFACs and CC were similar but the costs of SRFACs were
lower, as a result, the Strength to Cost Ratio SRC of SRFACs was better than that of the CC.

Eco-friendliness of SRFACs

For eco-friendliness, the Embodied Energy (EE) and Embodied CO2 Emission (ECO2e) at the
production stage of concrete per unit volume should be as low as possible. Since SRFACs
conserve both cement and conventional aggregates, it is a material of lower values of EE and
ECO2e compared to CC. Lower values of EE and ECO2e of concretes are indicative of lower
Carbon Footprint of concretes. These values for each concrete mix are computed in the present
study from the reported EE and ECO2e of ingredients of concretes including that required for
making of concretes.2The energy intensive nature of concretes is assessed by:

Strength to Energy Ratio = SER, M Pa/MJ/m3= (28 day Compressive Strength)/(Embodied

Energy input to produce 1 m3of concrete)The green house emission gas emission level factor of

concretes is assessed by:Strength-ECO2e Ratio = SECO2eR, M Pa/kgCO2e/m3= (28 day

Compressive Strength)/( Embodied CO2Emission, ECO2e)As seen from Table 4, SRFACs have
several advantages. Densities of SRFACs are lower than those of CC; but their28-day strengths
are similar. This increases the strength to weight ratio (SWR) in SRFAC. The SRFACs is less
energy-intensive than CC, because of the former’s lower EE. The SRFACs are related to lower
level emission ofCO2 as compared to CC, because of the former’s lower embodied CO2e
content. Hence, SRFACs can be said to possess lower carbon footprints. The strengths of CC and
SRFACs being similar, the Strength to Energy Ratio (SER) of SRFACs is more than the CC.

2. Quarry Dust
The 150 mm size concrete cubes, concrete beams of size 100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm were
used as test specimens to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength respectively.
The specimens were cast for M20, M30 and M40 grade and for coarse aggregates of size 20 mm
was used. The workability of fresh concrete was measured in terms of slump values, V-B time
and compaction factor. To obtain the required slump value, V-B time and equivalent compacting
factor superplasticiser (0.7 to 2.4 % of weight of cement) were added. The properties of fresh
concrete were measured according to IS: 1199-1959 . The ingredients of concrete were
thoroughly mixed in mixer machine till uniform consistency was achieved. The cubes were
compacted on a vibrating table while the beams were compacted using needle vibrator.
Compressive strength and flexural strength were obtained as per IS: 516-1959

DURABILITY STUDIES

For Durability Studies the Indian Standard mix Proportion (by weight) use in the mixes of
Conventional Concrete and Quarry Rock Dust concrete were fixed as 1:0.99:1.56 and
1:0.91:1.56 after several trials. The water/cement ratio for both two mixes was 0.35 and 0.38 by
weight. Water reducing admixture was used to improve the workability and its dose was fixed as
275 m1/50kg of cement. The objective of this durability study was to investigate the drying and
shrinkage studies, deterioration, and water absorption studies for both Conventional Concrete
and Quarry Rock Dust concrete as per codel provisions.

Drying shrinkage

This study presents the drying shrinkage measurement on conventional concrete as well as
Quarry Rock Dust concrete. Shrinkage - measuring device (length comparator) conforming to
the specification of IS: 4031-1988 [9] was used for measuring length changes of concrete
specimens. The prismatic test specimens of size 75 x 75 x 305mm with the gauge length between
the stainless steel gauge studs, as 250mm were prepared. Figure-1 shows the drying shrinkage
strain plotted against the age, in days. The shrinkage strain has been calculated by dividing the
change in length of the test specimen (250mm). The change in length of the test specimens at the
end of a particular time has been calculated by multiplying the difference in a dial gauge records
between the first reading and the reading at the end of the chosen interval, with the sensitivity of
the dial gauge (0.002mm).

Deterioration studies

In order to evaluate the degree of deterioration of two concrete mixes against accelerated
sulphate and acid attack, standard prism specimens were immersed in testing baths (one
containing 7.5 percent MgSO4 and 7.5 percent Na2SO4 by weight of water and other containing
H2SO4 of pH value 2). After 28 days of water curing the change in weight and direct emission of
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) with age of different mixes subjected to above solutions . It
indicates that the durability of Quarry Rock Dust concrete under sulphate and acid action is
higher to that of conventional concrete.

Water absorption

Six cubes of size 150mm were cast for two different mixes. All specimens were removed 24
hours after casting and subsequently water cured for 28 days. Samples were removed from water
and wiped out any traces of water with damp cloth and difference in weight was measured.

Permeability

The permeability test was carried out as shown in Figure-4. Standard cube of specimen of size
150mm X 150mm X 150mm was installed with in the apparatus. At First the specimen was
rubbed by sand paper to remove any oily layer on it. Water pressure of 0.1Mpa was applied for
48 hours, and then pressure of 0.30Mpa and 0.70Mpa, each for 24 hours, was applied.
Immediately after this, the specimen was split vertically in the middle applying compressive
forces on two laid mild steel bars on the top and bottom surface of the cube specimen under
compression testing Machine. The greatest penetration depth of (average of greatest penetration
depth of three similar samples) of four Mixes was measured.

3. Waste Crushed Glass

Mixture
III.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
II. MATERIALS

Ordinary Portland cement used in the study was the Blue Lion brand and the chemical and
physical properties are summarised in Table 1. The fine aggregates were the natural sand of the
maximum size 4.75mm and natural quartzitic gravel of maximum size 20mm with a bulk density
1530kg/m3. The waste glass of the used windows was used as a replacement of fine aggregate
and was analyzed in terms of physical properties such as sieve analysis and particle size

. Mixture Four types of concrete mixes were prepared for this study. The controlled concrete
mix ratio is 1:2.2:2.7 (cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate) with the water-cement ratio of

0.55. The glass concrete mixes were summarised in Table 3 with 5, 15 and 20% partial
replacement for the sand. Three specimens were prepared for each test and all concrete
specimens were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days.

B. Fabrication and testing

The moulds were coated with oil coating to ensure that no water escaped during filling and to
prevent any adhesion of cement. A cube mould of 100x100x100mm, cylindrical mould of 200
(diameter)x100 (length) mm, prism mould of 100 x 100 x 500 mm and 30x30x 300mm were
used for various samples for both destructive and non-destructive tests. Casting, compaction and
curing were carried out in accordance with BS1881:1952 and other relevant standards.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Effect of waste glass on mix fluidity

The results of the slump tests are illustrated in Figure 1. It can be seen that the slump values
decrease as the waste glass content increases. The level of decrease seems logarithmic. with a
high degree of fit. The values of slump test were 65, 56.5 and 52mm for the concretes with 5%,
15% and 20% of waste glass respectively, representing a reduction of 19, 29 and 35%
respectively in comparison with 80mm for the control concrete. This is due to more sharper and
irregular geometric forms of the glass particles compared to sand particles, which may give rise
to high friction and such resulted in less fluidity. In comparison with the results of previous
work, which showed that increasing the ratio of waste glass by 30%, 50% and 70% as aggregate
resulted in a decrease in the slump by 19.6 –26.9%, 30.1–34.6% and 38.5–44.3% respectively,
compared with control mix [19], it seems that a reduction in fluidity could be significant
although depending on surface property of the waste glass particles.
B. Effect of waste glass on unit weight and density of concrete

The concrete samples from the above pastes are subjected to further process and testing. It is
evident that an addition of waste glass resulted in a slight weight reduction due to the lower
specific gravity of glass aggregate as compared with sand. The fresh density of the mixes was
2442, 2426, 2405 and 2399kg/m3 respectively for the control, 5%, 15% and 20% waste glass
replacement mixes.

The dry density for all mixes at 7, 14 and 28-day curing ages is given in Table 5. The results
demonstrate the decreasing tendency of the dry density as the waste glass ratio increases
compared with controlled mix. This is again attributed to a lower density of glass aggregate
compared to that of natural sand. This can be further confirmed by the similar increase in the
density of all concretes with curing time: the density increased by 1.4%, 0.7%, 0.47% and 0.37%
respectively for control, 5%, 15% and 20% waste glass replacement mixes when comparing 7
days with 28 days concretes. It is most interesting that the degree of increase in density with
hydration time decreases with the increase of waste glass content. The continuing process of
hydration of cement should lead to the formation of hydration products that might fill some of
existing voids and hence the density increased of paste. The less increase in density with time
due to the increase of waste content indicates that there may be less further hydration occurred or
the effect of waste glass on the micro voids of cement paste.

C. Effect of waste glass on compressive strength of concrete

The compressive strength of the control and waste glass concretes at 7, 14, and 28 days are given
in Figure 2. It can be seen that the addition of waste glass resulted in a slight increase in
compressive strength (Figure 2). The highest 28-day compressive strength is 34.22MPa for the
concrete mix made of 20% waste glass fine aggregate, which represents an increase in the
compressive strength of up to 5.28 % as compared to the control mixes. It can also be observed
that the percentage increases in compressive strength with age overall increased with the
increment of glass aggregate replacements. This may be attributed to the Pozzolanic reaction that
appears to offset this trend at a later stage of hardening and such contributes to an improvement
in the compressive strength at 28 days. A similar observation was reported by Metwally (2007).
l

D. Effect of glass concentration on the splitting tensile strength

The splitting tensile strength for all mixes after being cured for 7, 14, and 28 day is given in
Figure 3. The results show that overall the tensile strength increased with the increase of curing
time for all mixes. A scrutiny of the tensile strength between different mixes indicates that a 5%
replacement of waste glass had little effect on the tensile strength, but further increase of
replacement resulted in a significant influence on the tensile strength at the early curing age,
while an opposite effect for a mature concretes, i.e. the tensile strength of 20% replacement of
sand with waste glass was much higher than that of the control concrete at 28 day curing time.
The 28-day splitting tensile strength was 3.122MPa for 20% glass replacement concrete, which
is an increase up to 18.38% compared to the controlled mix. This may be attributed to the
progress of hydration and decrease in the permeability of glass mixed concrete, and the good
bond strength between glass aggregate and the surrounding cement paste because of irregular
geometry of glass. The pozzolanic reaction may also offset this trend at a later stage of hardening
and help improve the splitting tensile strength at 28 days.
E. Effect of waste glass on flexural strength and stiffness

Overall the flexural strength increased with the addition of waste glass, whether 7, 14 and 28-day
test results. Again it is clear that all mixes show a continuous increase in flexural strength with
age. After 28-day, the flexural strength increased by 3.54%, 5.03 % and 8.92% respectively
when the waste glass content increased by 5%, 15% and 20%. This could be attributed to
pozzolanic reactions which appear to accelerate with time, and offset hardening process and help
improve the flexural strength. A similar behaviour was also reported by Shehata et al (2005). It
must be noted that higher waste glass replacement may have an adverse effect on the flexural
strength at early stage, for example, at 14 days, the flexural strength of concretes was 4.2MPa for
20% replacement compared to 4.3MPa for 15% and 4.4MPa for 5% replacement (Figure 4).

The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the waste glass concretes at 7, 14 and 28 days curing is
shown in Figure 5. Overall, the trend of change in the MOE is very similar to that of MOR.
After 28-day curing, MOE increased by 2.54%, 5.45% and 9.75% respectively as the waste glass
content increased by 5%,15% and 20%. In addition to the mechanisms discussed above, this
could also be attributed to a high modulus elasticity of glass compared to that of natural sand.
F. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test

The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is an important tool for the assessment of uniformity of
concrete quality, detecting the existence of voids, cavities and crack in concretes, and monitoring
strength development of concrete. It is apparent that UPV increased with age due mainly to the
increase in the density of concretes with consistent hydration and reduction in void content and
discontinuity points within the concretes. It seems that a small amount of waste glass
replacement (5%) resulted in a higher UPV, which may indicate a more compact or consistent
structure of waste glass concretes. However, further increase in the percentage of waste glass
resulted in a decrease in UPV (Figure 6). This may be attributed to the lower specific gravity of
glass particles in comparison to that of sand. High content of irregular waste glass may also
result in „bridge‟ of irregular particles or inconsistent structures.
G. Effect of waste glass on water absorption

An increase of the glass aggregate in mixes led to a decrease of water absorption whether for all
curing ages (Figure 6). A decrease of water absorption with age is well known because a
continuous hydration process will produce concrete with lower porosity and hydration products
fill the pore
between cement particle and aggregate to reduce the average pore diameter. However, a
reduction in the water absorption with an increase of the waste glass replacement may be
attributed to the impermeable nature of glass aggregate compared with sand and irregular
geometry of waste glass which may be more accessible to the deposition of the hydrated concrete
products. A similar observation was reported by previous worker [18]. At 28 days, the
percentages of reduction in water absorption for mixes containing 5%, 15% and 20% of waste
glass are 4.68%, 9.16 % and 14.86 % respectively compared to the controlled mixes. H. ASR
The Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is used to determine any adverse reaction in concrete which
occurs between the active silica that resides sometimes in aggregates and alkali that exists in
cement. This reaction was discovered in 1940 by Stanton. The reaction occurs between the
hydroxide ions associated with the dissolved salts of sodium and potassium and the silica
molecules of certain imperfectly crystallized siliceous rocks. In fact the alkalis do not actually
attack the reactive silica. The importance of the alkalis is that their presence in high
concentrations in the pore solution results in an equally high concentration of OH¯ ions (to
maintain charge equilibrium). It is this high OH¯ concentration, and thus high pH value, that
leads to the initial breakdown of reactive silica components in the aggregates. The reaction
produces a silica gel that will expand in the presence of moisture. The gel that is formed at the
aggregate surface and before hardening is high-lime gels that are thought to be innocuous and
unable to expand. It is of special interest to know that although, the alkali-silica reaction is very
detrimental to the concrete stability, this chemical reaction can to some extent increase the
strength of the concrete. This increase in strength is usually due to the filling of bond-area with
cementitious reaction products that have not caused any deleterious expansion. This process may
be considered similar to the pozzolanic reaction in concrete (Hadlington, 2002). The expansion
values of the waste glass mixes at 3, 7 and 14 days age are shown in Figure 7. It is very
interesting that with the increase in waste glass contents to 20%, there is a clear reduction in the
expansion of the specimen. The percentage reductions in expansion at 14-day age for 5%, 15%
and 20% compared to the controlled mix are 20%, 56% and 70% respectively. This decrease in
the expansion of the mixes containing waste glass as aggregate replacement may be attributed to
the reduction of available alkali due to the consumption of lime by reaction with finely waste
glass and the expected reduction of the system alkalinity. The degree of ASR for all mixes also
increases with the hydration process, showing a polynomial progression of expansion (Table 6).
However, a scrutiny of the coefficients „a‟, „b‟ and „c‟ indicates that the level of polynomial
progression decreases with the content of waste glass increases in the mixes.

4. Rice Husk
The main objective of this work is to study the suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic
material for cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that the use of rice husk ash
in concrete improve the strength properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to develop the
concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for partial replacement of cement, which
satisfies the various structural properties of concrete like compressive strength and Flexural
strength. It is also expected that the final outcome of the project will have an overall beneficial
effect on the utility of rice husk ash concrete in the field of civil engineering construction work.
insight for the concrete with rice husk ash. Following parameters influences behavior of the rice
husk ash concrete, so these parameters are kept constant for the experimental work.

• Percentage replacement of cement by rice husk ash

• Fineness of rice husk ash

• Chemical composition of rice husk ash

• Water to cementitious material ratio (w/b ratio)

• Type of Curing

Also from the literature survey, it is observed that the parameters suggested by different
researchers and their results are not matching with each other. It was due to variation in
properties of different materials considered in the work. Therefore the percentage replacement of
cement by rice husk ash and method of mix design is fixed after preliminary investigation.

In comparison of normal concrete compressive strength is increased by about 2% after addition

of 10% Rice husk ASH; similarly the strength is increased about 4% after addition of 20% RICE
HUSK ASH, and it is about 1% gain of strength after addition of 30% RICE HUSK ASH to
normal concrete. Thus it can be observed that after addition of RICE HUSK ASH to normal
concrete the early strength takes place slightly.

b) Effect of RICE HUSK ASH on 28 days Compressive Strength:

It is observed from that after addition of 10% RICE HUSK ASH to normal concrete there is
about 16% increase in strength as compared to normal concrete, it is again increased about 8%
when 20% RICE HUSK ASH is added to normal concrete. It is decrease to of the original value
of strength of normal concrete when 30% RICE HUSK ASH is added. Therefore the 30% RICE
HUSK ASH is the optimum content at which it is showing parallel result as compared to normal
concrete.