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Concrete Shear Capacity within 2D of support

Some design codes specify that the concrete shear capacity should be reduced or ignored within 2D of the support.
Input the factor to multiple the concrete shear capacity by here.
Shear Capacity based on
Some design codes specify that shear design be based on the capacity shear design in some earthquake members.
This is normally required in areas of high seismic risk. RAPT gives the user the option of selecting

1. Applied Shear - Shear design is based on the elastic shear values calculated in the analysis.
2. Capacity Shear - Shear design is based on plastic shear values calculated from the Capacity Ultimate Moment
Strength and the applied shear diagrams. This design option has not been added to RAPT at this stage.

If capacity design for shear is selected, the next two data fields are available.

Min Capacity Top and Bottom in Span Capacity Reduction Factor for Capacity Shear
Some design codes require that the a fraction of the ultimate capacity at the critical section at the support be provided When doing a capacity shear design, RAPT will use this factor as the capacity reduction factor in place of the normal
at all points in both faces of the member for certain member types. At both faces of every design point in the member, ultimate strength capacity reduction factor defined in General Design above.
the minimum design moment will be set to this factor multiplied by the largest support critical section moment. This Steel Capacity Multiplier for Capacity Shear
will provide a minimum amount of continuous reinforcement in both faces of the member. When doing a capacity shear design, RAPT will use this factor to increase the reinforcing steel strength to a capacity
strength rather than the normal yield strength defined in material properties. The Yield Strength will be multiplied by
this factor.

Min Continuous Top Reinforcement

Some design codes require that the a fraction of the reinforcement required at the critical sections at the supports in a
span be provided as continuous reinforcement on that face of the member for certain member types (Factort below).
RAPT will ensure that the reinforcement at each design section in a span on the support face is at least equal to this
factor times the larger area of reinforcement at each end of the span.

Min Bottom Reinforcement as a fraction of top reinforcement

Some design codes require that the a fraction of the reinforcement required at the critical sections at the supports in a
span be provided as continuous reinforcement on the other face of the member for certain member types (Factortb
above). RAPT will ensure that the reinforcement at each design section in a span on the span face is at least equal to
this factor times the larger area of support reinforcement at each end of the span.

Min Bottom Reinforcement as a fraction of bottom reinforcement

Some design codes require that the a fraction of the maximum reinforcement required in a span be provided as
continuous reinforcement on that face of the member for certain member types (Factorb above). RAPT will ensure that
the reinforcement at each design section in a span on the span face is at least equal to this factor times the largest
area of span reinforcement required in the span.

5.5 Design Standards: Design 5 5.5 Design Standards: Design 6

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Deflection Warnings
5.6 Deflections
The data defined below can be input for the following conditions

1. Non Brittle Attachments:- All attachments to the member are non-brittle and will not be damaged by
deflections.
2. Masonry Partitions:- Masonry Partitions that will be affected by deflection of the member are being supported
by the member. Some design standards, e.g. AS3600, have multiple limits for this limit depending on the
degree of jointing in the wall. The limit chosen here is the lesser limit assuming walls are jointed as per the
code requirements. Designers should consider increasing the limit if walls are not to be jointed sufficiently.
This limit is normally applied to the incremental deflection.
3. Brittle Finishes:- Other brittle finishes are being attached to the member, e.g. glass curtain walls, Storage
racking and Compactus units which may be deflection sensitive. This limit is normally applied to the
incremental deflection.
4. Vehicle/Pedestrian Traffic:- This limit is often applied to limit vibration effects in structures. The limit is not
normally applied to parking garages unless the vibrations will affect attached residential of office
accommodation. This limit is normally applied to the live load deflection. If this limit is to be used in RAPT, the
7.2.4.2.4 Initial Load Combination should be modified to include all loading other than the live load. The
resulting incremental deflection will then be the live load deflection.
5. Transfer Members:- Transfer members are a special case because they support other structural elements. The deflection of the transfer
member will affect

General Data
Deflections Time of Loading in days
Time at which the structure is first loaded. This is used for deflection calculations to determine long term creep and
shrinkage coefficients. For Reinforced Concrete members, it is also the time at which the Transfer Deflection is
calculated.
Concrete Strength at Time of Loading
RAPT calculates this value based on the strength gain formula using the strength gain constants defined in the 6.3
material properties. Users can modify the calculated value if required.

Age Adjustment Factor 1. The strength design of the supported structural elements due to support settlement
This factor is used to adjust the effective modulus to allow for the time of loading and rate of application of 2. The detailing of the supported structural elements due to support settlement
load/stress. RAPT calculates this factor based on 3. The deflection of the supported structural elements is increased due to support settlement. This
needs to be considered in the determination of the total deflection experienced by attachments to
the member and also in the total deflection calculations and the effect on problems such as ponding
on rooves.

If these effects are not fully allowed for in the design of the supported elements, the
deflection of the transfer member should be limited severely. Our recommendation is a
See Section T7.7.5 for more details. minimum limit of span/1000.
Tension Stiffening Approach
RAPT can estimate the tension stiffening effect in concrete in three ways. Users can specify which method they would 6. Total:- The limit to apply to the total deflection.
like RAPT to use. The three approaches are
Data Definition
1. Branson's Formula
2. Eurocode 2 Formula Maximum Span/Deflection Ratio
3. Modified Concrete Tensile Modulus Method. RAPT's default and preferred method. We prefer this method as it A limit at which RAPT will print warnings to the warning file telling the designer that the deflections have exceeded this
actually tries to estimate a tension stiffening effect in the actual cracked section calculations rather than value. RAPT will halve this figure when checking span / deflection ratios in cantilevers. If the value is set to zero RAPT
fudging a guess at the effect based on an averaging formula. will ignore the check.
Maximum Deflection
See Theory Section T7.7.7. for more detailed information on these methods. RAPT will write a warning message in the warnings report if this value is exceeded. RAPT will use the same maximum
deflection for supported spans and cantilevers. If the value is set to zero RAPT will ignore the check.

5.6 Design Standards: Deflections 1 5.6 Design Standards: Deflections 2

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4. Multiplying factor used in assessing the design load for strength. [See ACI318 Clause 9.2.2 & 9.2.3 -
5.7 Load Combinations *m = 0.75]
4. (iv) BS8110, CP65, CP2004, IS456/ IS1343 and SABS0100
1. Tc Combination factor = 1
2. Short term live load factor used in assessing the design load for serviceability
3. Tl Long term live load factor used in assessing the design load for serviceability.
4. Multiplying factor used in assessing the design load for strength. [See BS8110 Table 2.1 Case 3 - *m
= 1.2]
5. (v) AS1480/81
1. Tc Combination factor = 1
2. Ts Short term live load factor used in assessing the design load for serviceability
3. Tl Long term live load factor used in assessing the design load for serviceability.
4. Multiplying factor used in assessing the design load for strength. [See AS1480 Clause 13.1.1 - *m =
1.25]

Ultimate Load factors

Ultimate Load Combination Factors are provided for two conditions

1. Adverse:- This load will increase the value of the combination

2. Beneficial:- This load will reduce the value of the combination

The load types for which default factors are provided are

1. Prestress
2. Dead Load
3. Live Load
4. Wind Load
5. Earthquake Load.

Partial Load Factors

The way in which RAPT uses partial factors is explained below for different Design Standards.

1. (i) AS3600
1. Tc Combination live load factor used in assessing the design load for strength
2. Ts Short term live load factor used in assessing the design load for serviceability
3. Tl Long term live load factor used in assessing the design load for serviceability
4. Tm Multiplying factor = 1
2. (ii) Eurocode2
1. Tc (To in Eurocode2) Combination coefficient for representative value of a variable action. [See
Eurocode1 8.4 & Table 3, Notation);
2. Ts (T1 in Eurocode2) Combination coefficient for frequent value of a variable action.
3. Tl (T2 in Eurocode2) Combination coefficient for quasi-permanent value of a variable action.
4. Tm Multiplying factor = 1
3. (iii) ACI318
1. Tc Combination factor = 1
2. Ts Short term live load factor used in assessing the design load for serviceability
3. Tl Long term live load factor used in assessing the design load for serviceability.
5.7 Design Standards: Load Combinations 1 5.7 Design Standards: Load Combinations 2
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6 Materials 6.2 Defaults

6.1 Introduction 6.2.1 General

When a new run is commenced, the materials parameters defined in the default Materials are inserted into the data for
the run. In the run data, the designer can select different Materials Data if desired. The basic Materials data will be
inserted into the run data from the newly selected Materials Data set and RAPT will attempt to select materials as close
as possible to those previously (e.g. concrete strengths, prestress steel and reinforcing steel types and sizes) selected
from the new materials data file where applicable.
Several Materials Data files are provided with RAPT and the designer can define more variations if desired. RAPT also
provides a base Materials Data set for each Country included in the program. These are used as the basis of user
defined Materials Data sets when creating a Materials Data variation.

If the materials file has been opened directly for editing, changes made to the file will only affect new runs or existing
runs if the materials data is reset be selecting it again from the list of available materials data files in the run.

If the materials data being edited is part of a run, changes made to it will only affect the current run.

Country
The country for which the materials data in this file is to be used.

Description
A description of up to 127 characters of the materials data in this file.

Wobble Factor Type

The prestress wobble factor type used in defining the wobble factors for losses calculations in this file. The options are

1. Unintentional Friction K:- The unintentional friction per unit length for the tendons. K = u * ß
2. Unintentional Angle Change ß:- The unintentional angle change per unit length for the tendons. It must be
multiplied by the friction factor to calculate the friction per unit length for friction calculations.

Concrete Strength
The default concrete strengths to use for different types of members. Values can be entered for

1. Spanning Members:- Slabs or beams

2. Columns:- Supporting columns
3. Composite Elements:- Precast members in composite construction.

6 Materials 1 6.2 Materials: Defaults 1

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Data Definition
6.2.2 Reinforcement
Reinforcement Type
The type of flexural reinforcement to use by default for this member type. The options are

1. Bar
2. Mesh

The type of this flexural reinforcement type selected in Reinforcement Types above will be set as the default in any
new runs for this member type.

Maximum Bar Size

The steel reinforcing size to use as the default maximum size in new runs for this member type.

Minimum Bar Size

The steel reinforcing size to use as the default minimum size in new runs for this member type.

Preferred Bar Size

The steel reinforcing size to use as the default preferred size in new runs for this member type. This size must lie
between the maximum and minimum sizes.

Reinforcement Types
For each of the following reinforcement requirements the designer can nominate the default data shown below.

1. Flexural Bar:- The type of reinforcing bar to be used as the default bar type for flexure calculations.
2. Flexural Mesh:- The type of reinforcing mesh to be used as the default mesh type for flexure calculations.
3. Shear Reinforcement Option 1 :- The type of reinforcing steel to be used as the 1st default steel type for
beam shear calculations.
4. Shear Reinforcement Option 2:- The type of reinforcing steel to be used as the 2nd default steel type for
beam shear calculations.
5. Shear Reinforcement Option 3:- The type of reinforcing steel to be used as the 3rd default steel type for
beam shear calculations.
6. Punching Shear reinforcement:- The type of reinforcing steel to be used as the default steel type for
punching shear calculations.

Data Definition
Type
The reinforcement type of this steel type selected from the list of available reinforcement types defined in this
materials data file.
Size
The size of the reinforcement type selected above from the list of available sizes for this reinforcement type defined in
this materials data file.

Reinforcement Sizes
For the following cases, the designer can specify the default data defined below

1. Slabs
1. Top Reinforcement
2. Bottom Reinforcement
2. Beams
1. Top Reinforcement
2. Bottom Reinforcement

6.2.2 Materials: Reinforcement 1 6.2.2 Materials: Reinforcement 2

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Concrete Density
6.3 Concrete Properties The concrete density used for elastic modulus calculations for some design standards, eg AS3600 - 2400kg/m3.

Any concrete strength that is to be used in a RAPT design must be defined here. Design Concrete Modulus
The characteristic elastic modulus of the concrete based on the Characteristic Concrete strength as defined in different
design codes.
Mean Concrete Modulus
The mean elastic modulus of the concrete based on the Mean Concrete strength.
Basic Shrinkage Strain
The basic shrinkage strain is the shrinkage determined from tests on samples of concrete. The final shrinkage is
determined from this by taking into account section shape and size, humidity conditions etc. This data is only used in
cases where the ACI209 and AS3600 and Zia methods of calculation of long term shrinkage are used. The Eurocode 2,
CEBFIP 1970 and CEBFIP 1978 methods all use formulae to calculate the basic shrinkage strain value. Any value
nominated here will be ignored unless the ACI209, AS3600 or Zia calculation methods are selected either by default or
as the method to use for that design.

Shrinkage Multiplier
Special Shrinkage Factor to allow the user to define modifications to the standard shrinkage of concrete.
Some shrinkage calculation methods do not define a fixed value for Basic Shrinkage Strain as mentioned above. IN
these cases, designers can still allow for variations in shrinkage from the value calculated in the method by nominating
a multiplier here to allow for local variations in shrinkage from the calculation model used or to allow for the use of
shrinkage reducing agents. RAPT will allow this factor to be set to any value between .1 and 10. We are not suggesting
that values at the extremes of this range be used. The actual value used should represent the actual shrinkage
characteristics of the concrete being used in the design.
For Hong Kong CP2004, the multiplying factor cs = 3 is nominated here. The shrinkage strain is calculated from the
CEBFIP 1970 method on which the Kong Kong code shrinkage calculations are based and multiplied by the c s factor
nominated here. If a different value is required for this cs factor, it can be substituted in each individual run or in the
material defaults file for all future runs. The cs value of 3 results in large estimated shrinkage values compared to other
codes and countries and is inconsistent with the span/depth ratio logic of CP2004 which is based on a c s factor of 1.

Basic Creep Factor

The basic creep strain is the reference creep factor determined from tests on samples of concrete. The final creep
coefficient is determined from this by taking into account section shape and size, humidity conditions etc. This data is
only used in cases where the ACI209 and AS3600 methods of calculation of long term creep are used. The Zia method
does not calculate a logical creep effect at all and the Eurocode 2, CEBFIP 1970 and CEBFIP 1978 methods all use
Toolbar formulae to calculate the creep value. Any value nominated here will be ignored unless the ACI209 or AS3600
calculation methods are selected either by default or as the method to use for that design.
Concrete Strain at Peak Stress
The strain in the concrete at the peak compression stress. Normally in the range of .002 for low strength concretes
Add a new concrete strength. If a column is 4.4.3 selected by clicking the column header, the new concrete to .0028 for higher strength concretes. This should never be larger than the Concrete Strain Limit and for very high
strength will be inserted at that location, otherwise it will be placed at the right end of the data grid. strength concretes is normally equal to the Concrete Strain Limit.

Refer to Theory section T.7.3.1 T.7.3.1 for information on the concrete stress/strain curve to which these variables
Delete the 4.4.3 selected column strengths. apply.

Squash Load Factor

Data Definition Fraction of Characteristic Concrete Compression Strength at the Peak Stress point on the concrete stress/strain curve.
Description
The name of the concrete strength. This is a text field so unit conversions do not work on it. It will be displayed in the
strength selection lists.
AS3600 - 2009 .9
Characteristic Compressive Strength
The characteristic compressive strength of the concrete as defined by various design codes. This filed will also be AS3600 .85
displayed in the strength selection lists. This strength is used for calculations based on the effects at an isolated BS8110 .85 (RAPT applies a separate cube to
location in the member e.g. ultimate flexure and shear calculations and crack width calculations.
cylinder factor to the concrete strength) to
When a value is entered in this field and accepted, RAPT will calculate a new set of data for all of the data below based give a final factor of .67
on the formulae in each design code.
ACI318 .85
If the designer is editing the concrete strengths from within a run file, RAPT will use the design code selected in that
file for the calculation of the values below. If the designer is editing a standalone Materials Data file, RAPT will prompt
Eurocode2 .85
the designer for a design standard on which it should base these calculations. SABS 0100 .85
Mean Compressive Strength Indian Code .85
The mean compressive strength of the concrete. This strength is used for calculations based on the overall
performance of the member e.g. analysis and deflection calculations. It is the characteristic mean, not the insitu mean Canadian Code .9
as defined in AS3600. NZ Code .85
Lower Characteristic Tensile Strength
Singapore Code .85
The lower bound tensile strength of the concrete. This is often assumed to be 70% of the mean tensile strength of the
concrete. This is the tensile strength defined in most design codes. Hong Kong Code .85
Upper Characteristic Tensile Strength Concrete Strain Limit
The upper bound tensile strength of the concrete. This is often assumed to be 130% of the mean tensile strength of The limiting concrete strain at the extreme compressive fibre. Normally in the range of .0028 for low strength
the concrete. RAPT will assume the mean tensile strength of the concrete to be the average of the upper and lower concretes to .0035 for higher strength concretes. For design codes based on ACI318 code, this is limited to .003. For
bound values if it ever needs this value. design codes based on BS8110, Eurocode 2 and AS3600, this is limited to .0035.

6.3 Materials: Concrete Properties 1 6.3 Materials: Concrete Properties 2

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6.4 Reinforcement Bar Peak Stress

The stress at the peak strain
Design Strain Limit
Set a limit on the maximum strain allowed in the bar as a percentage of the Peak Strain. This is only activated when
the designer requests that limits on steel strain be applied in Design Data.

Material Factor Flexure

Material Factor for this type of reinforcement only for flexure design. This value will be used in ultimate flexure design
using this type of reinforcement if it is greater than the general material factor for reinforcement defined in the Design
Code or the input data for a run.

Material Factor Shear

Material Factor for this type of reinforcement only for shear design. This value will be used in shear design using this
type of reinforcement if it is greater than the general material factor for reinforcement defined in the Design Code or
the input data for a run.

Material Capacity Reduction Factor Flexure

Allows the designer to specify a material specific capacity reduction factor for flexural design for this type of
reinforcement. If this value is less than the general capacity reduction factor for flexure, RAPT will use this factor in
combination with the general capacity reduction factor by introducing a material factor equivalent to the general
capacity reduction factor / the material capacity reduction factor.
Material Capacity Reduction Factor Shear
Allows the designer to specify a material specific capacity reduction factor for shear design for this type of
reinforcement. If this value is less than the general capacity reduction factor for shear, RAPT will use this factor in
combination with the general capacity reduction factor by introducing a material factor equivalent to the general
capacity reduction factor / the material capacity reduction factor.

Include as Flexural Reinforcement for shear

This reinforcement is included in the calculations for the total amount of flexural reinforcement to be used in
calculating the concrete contribution to shear capacity.
Description
A text description of the bar type.

Reinforcement Sizes
In this data screen, the designer defines the types of reinforcement available and the basic properties for each
reinforcement type in the control grid. Each reinforcement type has a child grid defining the Reinforcement Sizes Nominal Bar Size
associated with that type. The nominal bar diameter used in defining and selecting this bar size. This is a text field and is unitless. The nominal
size can include any text character.
Toolbar Functions
Bar Diameter
The actual bar diameter.
Bar Area
The area of the bar.
Add an new reinforcement type. If an existing reinforcement type is selected, the new type will be inserted at
that location and the type at this location will me shifted down, otherwise the new type will be added after of the Bar Inertia
existing types. The moment of inertia of the bar about it's centroid.
Bar Weight
Delete the selected reinforcement types. The weight of the bar per unit of length.
Stock Length
Reinforcement Types The maximum length of the bar that can be supplied.
Designation
The abbreviation to be used to describe this reinforcement type.

Type
The surface treatment of the bar. Options are

1. Round (plain)
2. Deformed

Yield Stress
The nominated yield strength of the bar.

Elastic Modulus
The elastic modulus of the bar.

Ductility
The ductility type of the bar. Options are

1. Normal
2. Low

Peak Strain
The strain at which the bar reaches it's peak stress level on the stress strain curve for the bar.

6.4 Materials: Reinforcement Bar 1 6.4 Materials: Reinforcement Bar 2

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6.5 Reinforcement Mesh

In this data screen, the designer defines the types of reinforcing mesh available and the basic properties for each
reinforcing mesh type in the control grid. Each reinforcing mesh type has a child grid defining the Mesh Sizes
associated with that type.

Toolbar Functions

Add an new Reinforcing Mesh type. If an existing Reinforcing Mesh type is selected, the new type will be
inserted at that location and the type at this location will me shifted down, otherwise the new type will be added after
of the existing types.

Delete the selected Reinforcing Mesh types.

Reinforcing Mesh Types

Designation
The abbreviation to be used to describe this reinforcing mesh type.
Type
The surface treatment of the bars used to make this reinforcing mesh. Options are

1. Round (plain)
2. Deformed

Yield Stress
The nominated yield strength of the bars used to make this reinforcing mesh.
Elastic Modulus
The elastic modulus of the bars used to make this reinforcing mesh.

6.5 Materials: Reinforcement Mesh 1