Chapter 1 5 and Appendices

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Plastic have become an essential part of our day to day life since their
introduction over hundred years ago. It is one of the most commonly used
materials in the world today. We use plastic daily. Whether plastic water
bottles, plastic bags, toothbrushes, plastic cups, or plastic eating utensils,
plastic pervades our environment. We all practically live in a plastic world,
whether we notice it or not. Although plastic provides us many benefits, it
hurt us and our environment. Plastic manufacturers and giant corporations
may or may not know just how much plastic is entering our oceans, causing
considerable damage while also harming marine life.
People litter the streets with sachet wrappers and plastic bottles.
Sachet wrappers can hold just about anything from instant coffee to
shampoo. For a developing country, such as the Philippines, people prioritize
price because they have a limited income. As a result, most companies
make their products more accessible and thus more profitable by selling.
Plastic pollution is without a doubt toxic.

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As such, it should be of great concern in the short and long term for its
environmental and economic harm. They endanger marine life and other
animals, because they can mistake a piece of plastic for food when it isn’t. In
addition, because of the food chain, even human beings can consume
plastic from the fish they eat without even knowing it. Even if the animals that
first ate the plastics live, they can get eaten, thus endangering their
predators, such as humans.
The purpose of this study is to show that conservation/recycling efforts
are made by the waste disposing facilities to maximize their image of quality,
service, environmental concern, and public relations as a profit motive,
determine the perception of plastic disposal by means of shredding to solve
the solid waste problem, review of the alternative methods of plastic disposal
by shredding and identify the need for public pressure as a drive toward
society's sustainability in our country.
So one way to lessen those problems is to utilize those plastic waste
products, instead of dumping them, and make them reusable. We therefore
conclude to study on how to create a product out of shredded plastic that will
help create building materials as such Hollow Blocks or Bricks with high
sustainability by means of shredded plastics.

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Objectives of the Study
General Objectives
This study aims to prevent water pollution that causes flood, by collecting
and shredding plastic bottles or wrappers in making hollow blocks/bricks, to
build not only houses, but entire communities in the future with this
sustainable innovation and to prove that plastics can be recycled into
reusable hollow blocks/bricks and help environment by lessening the plastic
waste.
Specific Objectives
1. Determine if the any kind of plastic material will be shredded.
2. Evaluate how much plastic material can be shred.
3. Test the amount weight mixer can be mix by loading of cement, sand,
and shredded plastics.
4. Examine the strength of the eco blocks made from different ratio of
cement, sand, and shredded plastics.
Significance of the Study
Plastic were one of the most and common used material nowadays
for improving the quality of products (gadgets, appliances, furniture etc.) to
improve the quality of life. And because of improper disposal of garbage it all
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end up in drainage, sea wages, that causes floods in a low land areas even if
it’s a normal rain fall and occurs a tragic event during a storm which causes
a heavy rainfall. It is also affects our oceans.
The Philippines was ranked the 3rd top source of plastic leaking into
oceans in a February 2015 study. The country generates 2.7 million metric
tons of plastic garbage each year, 20% or 521,000 tons of which ends up in
the oceans. Thus study will help to lessen the amount of plastics that kept
being recycled in other ways that also becomes a garbage that causes the
clog of our drainages at our oceans to be polluted, because in this study the
plastics that’s going to be shred will be used to mix with cement and become
a blocks that can use to build house or structures. The study aims to benefit
the following:
Students in this study can be a reference for mechanical subjects and
boost the youth’s consciousness about our environment particularly in
recyclingthe plastics produce by the people.
Society and Environment this study help our waste management by
shredding this plastic into fined pieces that can used to create new product
such as blocks and helps our landfill site in narrowing the spaces.
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Infrastructure andConstruction Industryin this study they can benefit
in both ways because this study helps to lessen the plastic garbage that
could clog in their drainage and those plastics can be made to blocks that
they can use to build their housing projects and units.
Businesses in this prototype will help the community to recycle the
shredded plastic turns to useful, so that they can sell the output. Those
shredded plastic can be convert to a fuel, hollow blocks, and substitute to the
gravel in the construction.
Future researchers the prototype may an inspiration for those who want
to make a better environment, by collecting plastic wrappers as well as other
plastic waste and use or turn them into hollow blocks to help the
environment. This project can prove useful in homes, commercial
establishment and etc. The lesser the waste means the lesser the pollution
in the environment.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study cover subjects in the field of Mechanical Engineering, such
as Machine Design and Engineering Materials. Given that plastic is our
medium; we include different types of plastic such as Polyethylene

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Terephthalate (PET), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) and also
crushing mechanisms for different objects that may enter the system.
The study will not cover natural energy concepts, given the fact that
the system needs big amount of power. We also have to bear with plastic
materials that has high amount of hardness. Like High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC),Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), and
AcryIonitrite Butadiene Styrene (ABS) that are type plastic material are hard
to crush.
This kind of plastic can actually damage the shredder unit that is used
when this plastic are mixed up with the easy to crush plastic materials. The
researcher delimits the amount of volume that will be simultaneously crushed
for the machine may not be able to overpower large amount of plastics.
Definition of Terms
For clarification of the presentation, the following terms are defined
according to its use in the study:
AcryIonitrite Butadiene Styrene(ABS)is a type of plastic used for
appliance housing, automotive interior parts, luggage, pipe fittings and other
electronic equipment cases.

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High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)is a type of plastics used for
detergent bottle, motor oil bottles, milk jugs, juice containers, and trash bins.
Landfill is a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by
burying it and covering it over with soil.
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)is a type of plastic used for
dispensing bottles, wash bottles, plastic grocery bags, and trays.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a type of plastic used for soft drink
bottles, mineral water, fruit juice container and cooking oil bottle.
Polypropylene (PP) is a type of plasticused for margarine containers,
yogurt pots, syrup bottles and prescription bottles.
Polystyrene (PS) is a type of plastic used for disposable coffee cups,
plastic food boxes and packing foam.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a type of plastic used for all kinds’ pipes
and tiles, but is most commonly found in plumbing pipes.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related of literature and studies after the
thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers. This will also present
the history, theoretical and working principle of the P2B - Garbage Recycling
Machine.
History of Shredder
The year was 2.560 B.C. when man in his desperate search for
means of expression created papyrus. Before that his irresistible urge to
express himself manifested mostly on cave walls or clay tablets or other
difficult to impossible to shred mediums. Papyrus changed all of that. With
the invention of papyrus, man felt for the first time in history the need to rip
into pieces something that he created to imprint certain information.
This first papyrus shred to pieces could be of a painting or a poem
gone horribly wrong. Or of symbols that articulated emotions or desires for
the future. It could be a list of financial assets or a text of religious
significance. The owner of the papyrus could have destroyed it. There could
be a reason for doing it or there could be no specific reason at all but it was
done by someone.
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And after the first man, there were many more that followed a similar
course of action because they could do it. The Chinese discovered paper,
and as centuries passed, humans kept finding new reasons to destroy.
Gutenberg discovered the printing machine and the mass paper media was
born. Reading was not anymore a privilege of the aristocracy.In 1806 a man
called Henry Fourdinier created the Fourdinier machine. These were steam-
driven papermaking machines that could make paper with fibers from wood
pulp. Great quantities of paper could be made in great speed.
And then, in 1909, almost 6.000 years after the invention of papyrus,
103 years after the creation of the Fourdinier machine, a man from the
United Stated of America called Abbot Augustus Low had a simple but
glorious idea. In a world dominated by paper, he had a simple idea. He
thought: “What if I created a machine that shreds paper?” And thus, he filed
a patent for what he called a “waste – paper receptable”. The first shredding
machine came into existence. A creation meant to destroy. It could change
the course of history.
According to him, his invention related “to the provision of improved
means for disposing of waste paper and is designed more particularly for use
in offices and other places where not only the collection and storage of waste
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paper is desirable, but also its cancellation or mutilation in such manner as to
render it unavailable or unintelligible for re-use or for information”.The
invention consisted “of a receptacle having a cutting or cancelling device
interposed between it and a receiving hopper, whereby the papers are
disintegrated and rendered useless as such before they enter the body of the
receptacle, in which latter the fragments are stored temporarily in a suitable
bag to be removed from time to time for the disposition of the waste”.
Augustus didn’t just invent the device but knew of the advantages it
could hold for banks and other organizations “where the practical destruction
of correspondence, memoranda, liquidated bonds, accounts, books, and the
like is a desideratum, since the particles of paper are useless for
identification, information, or fraudulent purposes of any character” However,
not many shared his enthusiasm. And as it is often the case with all those we
come to admire as genius, it took society quite a long time to understand the
necessity of such a device.
In reality, there was no demand for a paper shredder; no market. And
how could there be such a demand when most of the people didn’t feel the
need to shred their documents using a device. And while it was probable that
US intelligence agencies might have understood its importance the simple

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fact is that the concept of identity theft or data protection was not very
common; not common enough for the “common people”.
Now, all this has changed. In the 21st century, “information
destruction” is a multi-billion business and shredding machines are at the
center of it. Shredding machines have evolved and are becoming more and
more sophisticated. They will destroy from paper to DVDs and CDS or hard
drives. Anything that can hold data of any kind can be destroyed and
recycled. Everyone is using them. From small offices to big corporations,
from government agencies, to schools and hospitals; in some countries it
has become a requirement of the law to shred specific documents using
shredding machines.
Precious Plastics
Precious Plastic is an open-source project that was started in 2013 by
Dutch designer Dave Hakkens. The idea was to make a series of machines
that were to decrease the problem of plastic waste throughout the world by
reshaping it into new products on a local basis. Hakkens suggested that
people all over the world could build their own production line and pay the
local citizens a small fee according to the weight of the raw material they
bring to the workshop.

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Version 1.0 was merely a proof of concept for his graduation project at
Design Academy in Eindhoven. More people got involved to help develop
version 2.0 to make them easier to build using basic materials that are
available worldwide. The blueprints and instructions were then shared freely
at his website and he made a forum to form a community of machine
developers that give feedback and help each other with problems that may
arise during the construction phase and as a source of inspiration for further
uses. The machine that was built and developed in this thesis is based on
this version. (R. Ekman, 2018)
Development of Shredding Machine
Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to
reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the
plastics industry today. Recycling provides opportunities to reduce oil usage,
carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste requiring disposal.
Here, we briefly set recycling into context against other waste-reduction
strategies, namely reduction in material use through down gauging orproduct
reuse, the use of alternative biodegradable materials and energy recovery as
fuel. While plastics havebeen recycled since the 1970s, the quantities that
are recycled vary geographically, according to plastic typeand application.

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Recycling of packaging materials has seen rapid expansion over the
last decades in a number of countries. Advances in technologies and
systems for the collection, sorting and reprocessing of recyclable plastics are
creating new opportunities for recycling and with the combined actions of the
public, industry andgovernments it may be possible to divert the majority of
plastic waste from landfills to recycling over the nextdecades. This product is
used for cutting and crushing plastic in small pieces to make waste
management easier. We are making this project model for recycling of
plastic wastage in domestic area, industries etc. inthis areas the plastic
waste is present in large quantity. But the available machines used to recycle
this wasteare very costly.
So our intension behind this project is to process the plastic waste as
cheap as possible by shedding. Benefits of this machine are the reduction of
labor work which results in cost reduction. The main advantage of this
machine is this machine is moveable. We can easily move the machine from
one place to another place. We can place this machine at various places like
at rail way station, at airport, at bus stand, at public sector offices, at schools,
colleges, hospitals, at restaurants, at historical places, and at various
venues. This machine need an external power supply we can say that this is
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a disadvantages of this machine. Our intention about this project in future is
we will make this machine operated in solar energy. (M. I. Faiyyaj, et. al,
2017)
Waste Shredding Machines
Waste shredding machines, waste shredding systems, solid waste
shredding, industrial waste shredder, waste shredders, and municipal solid
waste shredder. The shredders are useful machines for the volume reduction
of bulky waste such as reams of paper, paper materials, bumpers, tires,
refrigerators and the shredding of different materials such as scrap iron,
aluminum, copper, plastic as well as municipal solid waste and industrial
waste. The application of shredders is essential for eco-centers, landfills,
wrecking and all the organizations that work in the field of waste
management and recycling. Great efficiency and performance, sturdiness
are the design features. They are indicated in the treatment of any type of
solid waste and come in a full range of models able to satisfy the different
production requirements. The low number of turns allows reaching very high
torques with very low fuel consumption. The use of special steels for the
blades guarantees particularly long life cycles, with considerable savings on
spare parts. The unique blade allows optimal use of upstream sorting
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facilities or in the treatment of MSW or R.A.E.E. The technology allows you
to make the most of each processing stage to obtain homogeneous products
suitable for transport and undergo further processing: ideal for recycling
resources, materials and energy.
There are shredders designed to support material reduction across a
range of recycling applications, including plastic recycling, e-waste recycling,
scrap metal, tire recycling, and wood recycling. The shredding process
produces raw material to be re-introduced into manufacturing, as well as
finished products such as landscape mulch. Various terminologies is used to
describe size reduction equipment, including grinders, chippers, granulators
and hammer mills. Overall, their main function is to reduce the size of a
given material. (Coparm, 2015)
Consumer Shredder versus Industrial Shredder
Based on the purpose of use, shredders can be categorized as
consumer shredders and industrial shredders. Thus, a paper shredder
normally falls into the category of consumer shredder as it is mostly used by
consumers. Industrial shredders are typically heavy-duty and high volume
systems used to process such recycling material streams as e-waste, plastic,
wood, and paper. Industrial shredders are equipped with different kinds of
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cutting systems such as vertical shaft design, horizontal shaft design, single
shaft, two shaft, three shaft and four shaft cutting systems.
Shredder in Waste Management
In waste management, industrial shredders for waste products play a
very crucial role. The benefits of using mega-shredders in large-scale waste
disposal systems recycling centers and municipal landfills are related to
material reduction. Asphalt, rubber, wood, plastics and similar materials can
be quickly condensed to a mere fraction of their original size. Also of note,
bio-degradable waste decomposes faster when shredded. If properly
shredded, the materials that are buried in landfills take much less space.
Shredders in Recycling
In today’s economic environment, communities and businesses are
always looking for new ways of cutting costs and use of shredders provides
new strategic options. There are two main purposes of shredding materials
in a recycling process. Firstly, by reducing the volume of material through
reduction, transportation and storage costs may be decreased. Secondly,
automated shredders, particularly in e-waste recycling, also liberate
materials for recycling.

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Many options are available, depending upon the specific application.
Before making an investment, potential buyers should understand such
factors as: 1. Assortment of items to be recycled. 2. Volume of throughput.
3. Requirements of residual buyers in terms of such parameters as particle
size. A flat incline belt is often used to feed materials into the shredder. The
material can be placed on the belt through a variety of methods, depending
on the particular operation. Material handling equipment assigned to perform
this task can include grappling devices, front-end loaders, forklifts and drop-
bottom containers.
Shredding solutions of choice typically involve low speed, high torque
units that slowly tear material apart, minimizing problems such
as embedding metal in plastic during the shredding process. Where large
items are to be shredded versus a stream of only smaller items, a larger
primary breakdown unit may be required. A second pass can be then made
with a secondary shredder or granulator to further reduce particle size and
facilitate the liberation of recyclable materials. Sizing screens are utilized to
ensure a uniformly sized product. A variety of sorting machines can be used
to sort material for maximum recovery. (R. LeBlanc, 2016)

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Plastic Recycling
Plastic recycling refers to the process of recovering waste or scrap
plastic and reprocessing the materials into functional and useful products.
This activity is known as the plastic recycling process. The goal of recycling
plastic is to reduce high rates of plastic pollution while putting less pressure
on virgin materials to produce brand new plastic products. This approach
helps to conserve energy and diverts plastics from landfills or unintended
destinations such as oceans.
Plastics are durable, lightweight and inexpensive materials. They
can readily be molded into various products which find uses in a wide
assortment of applications. As a result, the production and uses of plastics
have increased in the last few decades. Every year, more than 100 million
tons of plastics are manufactured across the globe. Around 200 billion
pounds of new plastic material is thermoformed, foamed, laminated and
extruded into millions of packages and products. (R. LeBlanc, 2018)

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Washing and Shredding Machine for Commingled Waste Plastics
Plastics are synthetic materials derived from organic compounds that
are produced from oil and natural gas as raw materials. In today's modern
world, the rapid rate of urbanization and development, and increase in the
global population resulting in the rising demand for food and other essentials,
has led to the rise in the usage of film packaging plastics like PE, PP, PS,
multilayered plastics and laminates etc. This low value plastic wastes i.e
Commingled Waste Plastics have proven to be a serious environmental
issue, as plastic waste is increasing day by day due to the lack of
knowledge, awareness and the need for proper collection and disposal
systems. The problems in plastic waste management and disposing them in
landfills and burning them severely affect the environment and leads to
pollution of Air, Water and Soil. Mechanical recycling of low value waste
plastics i.e. shredding or agglomeration of the plastics is primarily necessary
in converting the waste plastics into a more useful form of recycled plastics
using further recycling methods like extrusion, injection or other recycling
methods.
Solid waste management is a crucial problem; not only for developing
countries but for the developed countries as well. Enormous amount of

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waste is generated throughout the world and the most crucially posed
question is how to manage these wastes effectively and efficiently to save
the environment for the continuous existence of mankind. The process of
plastic recycling starts with the shredding of waste plastic material using
shredders, grinders and agglomerators. The basic principle of shredders,
grinders and agglomerators is reducing large volume of plastic to a smaller
volume. The reason for using a shredder is because the waste materials
used are soft plastics which are fluffier and less dense than hard plastics.
Limbasiya et al. studied the various plastics available in the Indian markets
and listed the various stages in which the plastic was recycled. He also
suggested various size reduction techniques and pointed out various
methods currently available for plastic recycling. The publication also
discussed various advantages and disadvantages of plastic recycling and
methods of reducing the environmental damage caused by plastics. He also
found out that there is a great potential for development of different
technologies applicable to plastic waste disposal management with energy
and material recovery. He suggests that for recycling to achieve its intended
purpose, government authorities must play an important role in the
promotion and viability of plastics reprocessing activities not only by their

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approaches to local waste management but also by the economic policies
they adopt. Khandelwal et al. designed a prototype of a waste plastic
agglomerator and provided information regarding the mathematical models
associated with the prototype. Through his research he found out the
limitations of pre-existing agglomerator machines and tried to fix these
limitations through his prototype. He also formulated mathematical formulae
for various constraints of the machine like minimum required speed of the
blades, minimum length of the blades, minimum diameter of the drum, etc.
Odior et al. developed a polythene recycling machine and provided the
design of the developed machine. He provided the various design
considerations for various components of his machine like the drum, blades,
shaft, frame, etc. He also explained how he could reach those necessary
design considerations. After the construction of the machine he could
conclude that the machine was capable of processing 30 kg of polythene
wastes per hour.
Plastics are shredded between the rotor knives and a fixed counter
knife in the presence of water. The agricultural film plastics are usually
contaminated by soil, sand, and other foreign material coming from the
fields. The sand wears the blades of the shredder while any stones or metal
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can break these blades. Dry cutting of plastics cannot be performed (unless
an expensive shredder with internal water cooling is used) since the
overheated blades melt the plastic and contaminants (paper labels,
adhesives, dirt, etc.) together, into a molten mass. This is particularly true for
low melting polymers like the PE. Wet shredding also can increase blade life
since water is washing and flushing the contaminants (dirt, sand, etc.) from
the product before granulating. Blades in a wet grinder generally can go
about three times longer between re-sharpening than blades in a dry grinder.
To tackle the problem of waste plastics, a plastic extruder was
developed to convert the plastic wastes into plastic bricks. The development
of an extrusion machine which converted the shredded plastic waste into a
more economical material i.e., plastic bricks, was considered. After the
plastic bricks were produced by the extrusion machine, the bricks were
subjected to compression testing to determine the amount of load the plastic
bricks could tolerate. The results revealed that waste plastic material mixed
with rubber powder and Calcium Carbonate, and the subsequent bricks
which were produced, had the highest compressive strength and could
sustain high compressive loads. Study was done by mixing different types of
mixed waste plastics in different percentages along with materials like Fly
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Ash, Rubber Powder and Calcium Carbonate. The developed waste plastic-
rubber composite material was three times stronger than the normal fired
clay brick and could be used as a cheaper alternative to clay bricks and
various other building materials in construction like bricks, interlocks, floor
tiles and roof tiles etc. This study attempts to use the above listed findings in
developing a machine that combines the process of washing and shredding
of waste plastics to granulated chips for further processing. (N. D. Shiri et.
al., 2017)
Working Principle of Washing and Shredding Machine
This work was carried out with the objective of designing and
developing a washing and shredding machine for the conversion of waste
plastics into granulated chips which is to serve as input to an extruder-
injection moulding machine to manufacture plastic lumber. The focus in
developing the washing and shredding machine was to create a machine
with minimal parts, possess durability, affordability, easy to operate, and safe
operating conditions.
The process begins with the loading of plastic waste is loaded in
terms of batches. The batch sizes entering the drum will be approximately
between 30-45 kg in weight and it is loaded manually. The loaded plastic will
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then be subjected to wet shredding in presence of pressurized cleaning
water sprayed from the top of the drum using the water pump. The shearing
effect or cutting action takes place due to the interaction of the moving
blades with the fixed blades. Thus, the soft plastic breaks away into small
chips or flakes and is pushed to the sides of the drum wall due to centrifugal
force. The blades rotate at a speed of about 900 RPM and as a result cause
the shredded plastics to keep rotating in a vortex within the drum causing
further reduction in size. Also, during the process of shredding, water is
sprayed at high pressure from the top of the drum which cleans the waste
plastics while wet shredding takes place. Water also increases the blade life
as it cools the blades during the cutting action of the waste plastics. Once
this shredding and cleaning process is completed, the plastic outlet is
opened by means of rotating a hand wheel and the shredded plastic moves
out of the drum due to centrifugal force and is collected in sacks / bags/
containers. The water that is obtained from the cleaning process is drained
into the water chamber present at the base of the drum via the perforated
base sheet below the rotary blades. This water is then drained into a water
filter via pipes attached to the base of the drum. (N. D. Shiri et. al., 2017)
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Recycled Plastics as Coarse Aggregate for Structural Concrete
The researcher had concluded that plastic coarse aggregates have
low crushing values and will not be crushed as easily as the stone
aggregates. That is why concrete cubes having lower amount of plastic
coarse aggregates have less compressive strength than with optimum
amount of plastic aggregates.
(S. Varghese et al., 2013)
Interlocking Block with a Shredded PET as Aggregate
The interlocking blocks are different from conventional block since
they do not require mortar to be laid during bricklaying work. Because of this
characteristic, the process of building walls is faster and requires less skilled
labor as the blocks are laid dry and lock into place. In addition, the recycled
plastics (PET) such as bottles were used to prepare the course aggregates
by crushing it to small size thereby providing a sustainable option to deal
with the plastic waste.
The normal concrete blocks are inconvenience to use because it
takes too long to be stacked, have a low productivity enhancement, high cost
and low value of aesthetics. Interlocking blocks are easy to assemble and
disassemble. An interlocking lock system for mortar less wall or other

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structure assembly in which a plurality of blocks are laid up in courses in a
staggered relationship. The blocks are configured so that each end of a
block comprises a half interlock and adjacent ends of a pair of blocks in a
course together define an interlock portion that interlocks with a mating full
interlock portion carried by a block in an adjacent course of blocks.
Therefore, the main function of interlocking block is to provide better jointing
and has enough strength to support the load bearing walls. The interlocking
design techniques are also very effective to solve the workmanship problem
to ensure the installation of block works is under good quality.
Other than that, plastics are many recycling plants across the world,
but as plastics are recycled they lose their strength with the number of
recycling. In this circumstance instead of recycling it repeatedly, if it is
utilized to prepare aggregates for concrete, it will be a boon to the
construction industry. (M.Mokhtar et. al., 2018)
Recycling of Polyethylene Waste to Produce Plastic Cement
The researcher proposed the disposal of plastic waste in an
environment is considered to be a big problem due to its very low
biodegradability and presence in large quantities. Polyethylene waste and
Portland cement can be effectively utilized in plastic cement production by

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using 60 percent and 40 percent of them respectively .In addition, their
decreased density, increased ductility, and well improved workability leaded
to production of lightweight materials. The best compressive strength for
product has been found for 25 percent, 30 percent and 35 percent of
polyethylene utility. The yield points for them are 971,915 and 945 N, for
immersed 7 days, respectively, and 2352 for mixed of 25% and 1271 N 30%
after immersed 28 days. The product with 25% to 30% waste polyethylene
has good workability to make holes without any problem. (A.K.Jassim et.
al.2017)
Polystyrene Concrete
Polystyrene concrete is a relatively new building material that
has broad applications and solves many problems of traditional concrete
blocks. It is made from a combination of different materials to create a
product that is durable, lightweight and offers lots of architectural design
potential. Different manufacturers have different combinations of materials,
polystyrene concrete is generally made from a mix of cement silica
aggregate, recycled polystyrene granules and modifying agents such as
setting accelerators.
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The end result is a product that offers both construction and insulation
properties. The polystyrene bricks can be used solely as an insulation
system for new or existing buildings, or it can be used as a construction
material in a variety of ways. Because the bricks are lightweight they reduce
the labor required for construction of masonry walls, and at the same time,
increase the speed of construction.
The product uses two water products in its composition. First, it
uses fly ash from thermal power stations. This by-product of the plants is
captured by electrostatic precipitators. It contains high levels of silica which
contributes to the polystyrene bricks thermal properties. The bricks also
contain recycled polystyrene. Polystyrene bricks are just one alternative
product to traditional clay or concrete bricks. Alternative bricks and
masonry options are continually being explored by construction research and
innovation companies to find solutions that offer fast and easy construction
combined with materials that offer stability and excellent thermal properties.
(L. Cowin, 2017)

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Building Blocks made of Recycled Plastic
There is little doubt as to the negative effects plastic is having on our
oceans and waterways. It is estimated that by 2050, for example, plastic
products could outnumber fish in our oceans. This 100% modular technology
can convert all types of plastic waste found in our ecosystem into a building
block called “Replast”. Key to the innovation is the variety of different plastics
that can be used. “By Fusion” explains that there are actually seven different
types of plastic in common circulation. However, as a result of toxicity, high
processing costs and safely, only three types are typically processed and
recycled. But even these three types must be sorted and cleaned before
being processed, which is of course labor intensive.
By contrast, the “By Fusion” process can work with all seven types of
plastic waste, whether clean, contaminated or mixed. Offering considerable
design flexibility, the Replast blocks are produced in sizes and dimensions of
typical concrete cinder blocks, as well as in different colors. They can be
used for applications in architecture, infrastructure and landscape thanks to
their durability to the elements.
Additional material benefits include 95% lower Greenhouse Gas
Emissions during their production than that produced by concrete, as well as

30
better thermal and sound insulating capabilities than a concrete block.
Furthermore, Replast requires no glues or insulations and can help
contribute towards USGBC LEED certification. (Materia, 2016)
These studies will be helpful on our research since the amount of
solid waste increasing and rise in the cost of landfill management; it is
becoming extremely difficult to manage such a vast quantity of waste
effectively and economically. In this scenario, the shredded and compacted
waste is easier and cheaper to transport for land-filling. Also, separating out
of materials from the solid waste that can be reclaimed and recycled can
increase the productivity of landfill and generate revenue as a means to
decrease the processing and disposal cost of solid waste. Since the study is
to minimize the waste, we could also use same principle of mechanism that
was used in the design to our prototype.

31
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter will cover the details explanation of methodology that is
being used to make this project complete and working well. It also includes
the design and the materials used on developing the Prototype. It will also
discuss the function and purpose of this study.
Project Design Narrative
Plastic is one of the most common used materials in the world today,
but they cause serious environmental pollution and exhaustion of landfill
space. The development of technology has brought many comforts to the
ever increasing world population. Such progress, however, has also
increased the demand for energy and, as a consequence, created massive
environmental damage.
A further danger to the environment is the growth of the consumer
society, typified by convenience and disposability. The popularity of the
plastic water bottle illustrates the escalating problems of consumption and
waste.Nowadays, people face no more critical trouble than the need to save
weakening environment, mainly in urban areas, where waste are uselessly
dumped.Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to

32
reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the
plastics industry today.Plastic materials can be recycled in a variety of ways
and the ease of recycling varies among polymer type.
This prototype presents a method of reducing the amount of plastic
waste by recycling plastic bottles in to eco blocks. The plastic place in the
inside the shredder, the shredder unit compose a two (2) hp induction motor
drive a 2 inches of pulley connected to 6 inches pulley by using v-belt. The
pulley is attached to the two small pulleys, the small pulleys drives the two
big pulleys that attached to the driver of the sprocket connected to the driven
sprocket that attached to the shredder.
After shredding the shredded plastic will mix to cement, sand, and
water into the mixer. The mixer is consisting of the one-fourth (1/4)
horsepower gear-motor coupled to the mixing drum. The speed of the motor
is about 60 revolutions per minute. The time of the mixing is about 10-30
minutes. The output mixture of mixer place to an eco-block molder, the eco-
block molder is the standard size of the hollow blocks used in construction of
houses. The molded eco-block should expose to air for drying the eco-block.
The curing time of the eco-block is about 15-20 days.

33
Design Parameter
1. Power developed by the 2 HP motor attached to the shredder
shafting.
2. Theoretical torque required to rotate all the components attached
with the shredder shafting.
3. Mechanical Power losses.
4. Required rotative speed (rpm) of the motor to produce power.
5. Volume of the plastics loaded to shredder unit.
Cost Estimation of Materials
Table 3.1 Estimated Price of Materials
NAME QUANTITY UNIT PRICE SUBTOTAL
PLASTIC
SHREDDER 1 UNIT ₱30,000 ₱30,000
MACHINE
MIXER MACHINE 1 UNIT ₱15,000 ₱15,000
ECO-BLOCK
1 UNIT ₱1,500 ₱1,500
MOLDER
BREAKER 2 PCS. ₱200 ₱400
SWITCH BUTTON 2 PCS. ₱150 ₱300
2 HP GEAR
1 UNIT ₱20,000 ₱20,000
MOTOR
¼ HP GEAR
1 UNIT ₱7,000 ₱7,000
MOTOR
34
SMALL PULLEY 3 PCS ₱200 ₱600

BIG PULLEY 2 PCS ₱300 ₱600
PILLOW BLOCK 3 PCS ₱300 ₱900
CIRCUIT WIRES 8 METERS ₱30 ₱240
CABLE WIRES 8 METERS ₱150 ₱1,200
TOTAL PRICE ₱78,000
The Table 3.1 shows the canvassed price of the material for
construction of the prototype.
Materials and Specifications
Table 3.2 Materials and Dimension
MATERIAL FIGURE DIMENSION
FIGURE A. 15 AMPERES
BREAKER
SWITCH BUTTON
SHREDDING SECTION FIGURE A.1
SHAFT OF SHREDDING SECTION FIGURE A.

2 HP INDUCTION
DRIVING MOTOR OF THE
MOTOR, 4-POLE;
PLASTIC SHREDDER MACHINE
SINGLE PHASE
DRIVING MOTOR OF THE MIXER ¼ HP GEAR-MOTOR;
MACHINE 220V
SIEVE FIGURE A.2
HOPPER FIGURE A.
35
MIXER BLADE ASSEMBLY FIGURE A.3
MIXING DRUM PLANE FIGURE A.4
INCLINER STOPPER FIGURE A.5
SHAFT PLATE FIGURE A.6
MACHINE POST FOOTINGS FIGURE A.7

MACHINE POST FOOTINGS
FIGURE A.8 2” X 26”
SUPPORT
INCLINER FIGURE A.9 3/2” X 12.5”
MOTOR PLATE FIGURE A.10 10” X 20.5”
CASTER WHEEL PLATE FIGURE A.11 3/2” X 12”
PIVOT ARM FIGURE A.12 2” X 32”
As shown in Table 3.2 the materials to be used for construction
of plastic shredder machine and mixer machine.
Table 3.3 Mechanical and Electrical Components
MECHANICAL SECTION ELECTRICAL SECTION
COMPONENT FUNCTIONS COMPONENT FUNCTIONS
For mixing the

sand, water, To drive the
Mixer cement, and ¼ HP Gear- mixer at 60
shredded Motor revolutions per
plastics for final minute (rpm)
molding
Last terminal of To drive the
Eco-Brick Molder 2 HP Induction
the mixed shredder at 80
Motor
materials rpm
36
Flexible
transmitting
Metal conductor
device attached Wires
Chain that carries
to the sprockets
electricity
to rotate the
shredder blades
Toothed A Lever Switch
machine element can forward and
Sprocket attached to the Toggle Switch reverse the
shaft of the shredder blades
plastic shredder movement
Connectors and
lock for
Bolts & nuts assemble and Breaker
disassemble of
machine
components
Thin metal plates
with hole that
distribute the
load of bolts and
Washers Push Button
nuts; also
Switch
compensates the
space between
machine
elements
It it’s the heart of
the prototype
Shredding Section that shreds the
plastics in
decomposable
size/ bits
37
A machine
member which
supports, guides
Pillow Block
and control the
Bearing
motion of
shafting in the
shredder
Frame The main frame
of the design
Used to transmit
rotary motion and
Shaft power from a
driver to driven
element
A flexible band
used to connect
pulleys or to
Belt convey materials
by transmitting
motion and
power
A part of mixer
attached inside
the mixing drum
Mixer Blade
responsible for
Assembly
mixing the sand
and shredded
plastic
A part of
shredder used to
Hopper prevent flying of
plastic material
while shredding
38
Used to keep
plastic inside the
shredding section
Sieve till the shreds
become small
enough to pass
through holes
This Table 3.3shows the mechanical and electrical components and
its function used in the prototype.
Design Specifications &Components
This study views the design prototype as shown in Figure 3.1, a
miniature model of the P2B - Plastic Recycling Machine and its components.
Fig 3.1 Isometric View of the P2B – PRM

39
The Figure 3.1 shows the main components of P2B – Plastic
Recycling Machine; the plastic shredder (Figure 3.2), the mixer (Figure 3.3),
and eco block molder (Figure. 3.4). The plastic shredder machine was based
on open-source blueprints from the Precious Plastic machine series, a non-
profit project by Dave Hakkens to reduce plastic waste. Its purpose is to
shred common plastic waste so that the shreds can be re-melted to create
new products by students in the subsequent machines of the series.
The one of the objective of this project were to build the shredder at
minimum cost and to develop an improved version after testing it. The plastic
shredder worked as intended but caused some difficulties during assembly.
The design addressed this issue as well as increased the rate of cutting
action by modifying the knives and counter knives. Due to lack of time and
restricted funds, an actual version of this design was never built and tested,
so we redesign the actual design.

40
Plastic Shredder Machine
Figure 3.2 Plastic Shredder Machine
In Figure 3.2 the researchers change the gear motor to an induction
motor and the coupling to pulley and chain and sprocket to reduce speed of
induction motor. The shafting of the actual shredder is hexagonal the
researcher change to square shaft. Even the Researcher focused on the
shredder because it is most critical machine in the P2B – Plastic Recycling
Machine.
41
Shaft and Blades
The main shaft serves as the cutting blade holder. The main shaft has
a square shape in the position of cutting blade holder and has a round shape
at both ends in the position of the holder main bearings and sprockets.
Figure 3.3 the Shaft Assembly
The shaft assembly consists of blades and washer as shown in Figure
3.3.The washers is a normal ring form made of mild steel and its only
function is to align and lock the blades such that they do not move during
operation. The cutting blade is a round-shaped blade with 2 (two) cutting

42
edges, given a square-shaped hole in the middle. This blade is used to cut
the plastic material in vertical direction. The Precious Plastic blade design is
a hexagonal-shaped hole with two cutting edges shown Figure 3.4.
Figure 3.4 Blade Design of Precious Plastic
The number of teeth also affects the performance of the machine.
More teeth mean faster cutting; but it also increases the risk of the object to
be shredded skipping on top of the knives, as well as the risk of clogging the
machine and thus forcing a reverse of the spin direction. If the knives have
too many teeth the machine may not be able to shred tougher objects as
more teeth will be engaged at any time.
Sieve
The machine as designed by Hakkens uses a bent sieve made out of
perforated sheet metal as that attaches to the shredder section under the
43
blades. This is meant to keep the plastic inside the SSP till the shreds
become small enough to pass through the holes of the sieve. Modifying the
number and sizes of the holes changes the size of the shreds as well as the
processing time.
Figure 3.5 Size of shredded plastic without sieve
The Figure 3.5 shows the output of shredded plastic without using
sieve. Using sieve is important to finer the output shredded plastic suitable
for making an eco-block.

44
Transmission System
The transmission system is one of the main parts of plastic shredder
machine that serve to forward rotation or power from induction motor to the
cutting system. Based on the specifications and the load application it was
decided that a geared motor would be best suited for the task. Dave
Hakkens uses an angular geared motor in his setup shown in Figure 3.6 that
he found on a local junkyard, albeit with a lower speed than the specified.
Figure 3.6 Dave Hakkens angular geared motor
The researchers decided to change geared motor to induction motor
due to the cost of geared motor and to lessen the cost of producing a plastic
shredder machine. The transmission system uses a series of pulley and
sprocket with a certain ratio to reduce the rotation.

45
Mixer Machine
Figure 3.7 Mixer Machine
In this Figure 3.7 the design of mixer machine with dimension and
measurement. The researcher designed is for mixing the water, cement,
sand, and the output of the plastic shredder machine. It helps the community
to create a hollow block with shredded plastics. They can sell the output or
used for construction of their houses. It eliminates the time of mixing and
work.
46
Eco-Block Molder
Fig. 3.8 Eco Block Molder
This Figure 3.8 the molder of the mixtures (cements, sand, water, and
shredded plastic). This is the standard size of making hollow blocks.
.
47
Phases of Construction
The study will follow a step by step procedure in constructing the
design prototype.
a. Design of Prototype
This is the preliminary design prototype which covers the actual
dimensions such as length, width and height of every machine
components to be assembled together.
b. Canvassing of Materials
This shows the selection of right materials and costs of every
components of the design prototype.
c. Measurement of Production of Eco Blocks
This covers the volume of the shredded plastic bottles, the
process of mixing of cement and the quality of the eco blocks.
This study is very important for the researchers to calculate
and analyze the precise dimensions of the eco blocks.
d. Testing of Prototype
This part of the research will run the prototype if it is working or
not. If not, the researchers will go back to the previous steps to
make sure the functionality of the prototype.

48
Testing / Evaluation
The researchers need to examine the effectiveness of the plastic
shredder in shredding different sizes of plastic bottles and different types of
plastics, determining the hardness of the hollow blocks by the use of drop-
test method, to know the time of shredding per plastic bottles.
Table 3.4 Shredding Different Materials
Object Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
5
49
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter shows the results of the testing conducted by the
prototype and the eco block as well as the analysis and interpretation of the
data gathered.
Objective No. 1: Determine if the any kind of plastic material will be
shredded.
The table below is the list of plastic material will be shred in shredding
machine. Note: The threaded head of the bottle will be separate.
Table 4.1 Checklist of Material Shredded
Plastic Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Figures
Materials Yes No Yes No Yes No
Plastic Cups   
Plastic
  
Wrapper/Sachet
Plastic Utensil   
Microwavable
  
Container
Plastic Water
  
Bottle
LEGENDS:
Yes 
No 
50
The result of Table 4.1 shows the shredder can shred plastic cups,
plastic wrapper/sachet, and plastic utensil. However, the researchers
decided to cut the bottle into half and cut the head or the thread part of the
bottle because the threaded head of bottle is tough.
Objective No. 2: Evaluate how much plastic material can be shred.
The Table 4.2 shows the different plastic material will be shred, the
time of shredding the plastic, and the output mass of shredded plastic. Note:
The threaded head of the bottle will be separate from the body.
Table 4.2 Mass of Shredded Material
Time of Mass of
Trial Plastic Material Operation Shredded
(min) (kg)
Plastic
1 30 0.25 kg
Wrapper/Sachet
2 Plastic Cups 30 0.75 kg
3 Plastic Bottle 30 2 kg
Based from the result obtained in Table 4.2, this objective was
achieved since the prototype able to know the mass of the shredded plastic.
The mass of plastic wrapper/sachet is lesser the weight of mass of the
plastic cups and plastic bottle.

51
Objective No. 3: Test the amount weight mixer can be mix by loading of
cement, sand, and shredded plastics.
Table 4.3 Test of Mixer
Total mass of Mixing the Load

Cement,
Mixing Time Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Sand, and
per Trial
Shredded
(min)
Plastic Yes No Yes No Yes No
(kg)
5 30   
10 30   
15 30   
LEGENDS:
Yes 
No 
The mixer is tested if it is capable to mix the different mass in total of
thirty 30 minutes of mixing. At first trial, the total mass of cement, sand, and
shredded plastic is 5 kilogram and the mixing time is 30 minutes. The
researchers add 30 minutes for the second trial and third trial. The result is
the sand, cement, and shredded are well mixed.
The test repeated in the second time but the total mass added by 5
kilograms. All the trials are added 30 minutes. The results are same as the 5
kilograms. The last trial has a total mass of 15 kilograms and every trial
52
added by 30 minutes. The result obtained from the last testing for the load of
15 kilogram same as the 5 kilograms and 10 kilograms.
Objective No. 4: Examine the strength of the eco blocks made from
different ratio of cement, sand, and shredded plastics.
Table 4.4 Drop Testing
Ratio Drop Test

of Height 1ft Height 3ft Height 5ft
cement
, sand,
and Low High Low High Low High
shredd Strength Strength Strength Strength Strength Strength
ed
plastic
1:7:2   
1:4:2   
Legends:
Low Strength 
High Strength 
In Table 4.4 show the strength of the different ratio in different height
of dropping. 1:7 and 1:4 cement-sand ratios have the same strength but 1:4
ratio is not recommended because concentrated mixture has higher cost.

53
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter discusses the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations obtained from the entire experimental research. The aim
of this chapter is to analyze the performance of P2B – Plastic Recycling
Machine and provide possible solutions to develop the project.
Summary of Findings
The findings of this study were as follows:
1. The researcher found out the plastic bottle does not fit to the
shredder that causes to jump out and threaded head in the
plastic bottle is can’t shred.
2. The researcher found out the plastic cups and plastic
wrappers/sachets are easy to shred than the plastic bottle.
3. The researcher found out the maximum mass considerable to a
mixer is 15 kilogram from the result of Table 4.3, because the
last trial was untidy and the mixtures are getting out of the
mixer.
4. The researcher found out the ratio 1:7:2 and 1:4:2 ratios have
the same strength.

54
Conclusions
These are the following conclusions established from the results of
tests conducted:
1. The researchers conclude that shredder machine can shred
smaller pieces of plastic.
2. The mixing time of mixtures should be 30 minutes.
3. The researchers conclude that the made eco-blocks are the
same with the normal blocks or even better.
4. The researchers conclude that the waste plastic can be reuse
in terms of making blocks by means of shredding.
Recommendations
Based from the findings and results of the tests conducted, these are
the following recommendations presented by the researchers:
1. The researchers recommend adding more shredder blades,
torque and power to shred the threaded head of the plastic
bottle.
2. The researchers recommend a fully automated system and
auto-reverse if the plastic material will stock from the shredder
blades.
55
3. The researchers recommend that the mixer can be an
automated loading and unloading of mixtures.
4. The researchers recommend doing other ways of testing to
measure the strength and toughness of the eco blocks.

56
Appendix A
57
ILLUSTRATION
58
Figure A.1 Shredding Section

59
Figure A.2 Sieve
Figure A.3 Mixer Blade Assembly

60
Figure A.4 Mixer Drum Frame
Figure A.5 Incliner Stopper

61
Figure A.6 Shaft Plate
Figure A.7 Machine Post Footings

62
Figure A.8 Machine Post Footings Support
Figure A.9 Incliner

63
Figure A.10 Motor Plate
Figure A.11 Caster Wheel Plate

64
Figure A.12 Pivot Arm

65
Appendix B
66
USER MANUAL
This user’s manual provides instructions and guidelines for assistance
with the operation of P2B – Plastic Recycling Machine. Even though this P2B
garbage recycling machine is designed with easy operation, it is still advised
to the operator to read, understand and carefully follow the instructions listed
on this manual.
Safety Precaution
P2B – Plastic Recycling Machine is designed with the operator’s
safety in mind. However, there are still hazards and dangers involved with
any mechanical and electrical equipment and the surrounding environment
as well.
Safety must be the primary concern as you plan the location,
assembly and operation of the P2B – Plastic Recycling Machine. All times be
aware of mechanical and electrical and hazards.
Please read thoroughly the instructions in this user’s manual before
operating the system.

67
Electrical hazards
 Always check the circuit breaker and switch if it is turned off before
plugging the mixer and plastic shredder.
 Always turn off the switch and circuit breaker before pulling of the
plug.
Mechanical hazards
 Never operate the system without the permission of the operator.
 Never force the container of the mixer machine to stop when it is
running.
 Avoid any objects touching the pulleys and chain.
 Be careful on putting plastic bottles to the shredder. Do not pull it
back when it is loaded.
Assembly
 Prepare all materials needed on making Eco-Blocks.
 Check on the machines if it is working well before starting the
operation.
 Remove the thread part of the bottle before putting it on the shredder.
68
Operation
Shredding Machine
1. Cut off the thread part of the plastic bottles.
2. Plug in the machine and switch on the circuit breaker.
3. Turn on the switch when everything is clear and ready to shred.
4. Put the plastic bottles in the shredder one at a time.
5. In case of jamming, set the switch on reverse for a while and then
turn it back in normal rotation when the jammed plastic is removed.
6. Remove and transfer the shredded plastic on a separate container
when it is already full.
Mixer Machine
1. Plug in the machine and switch on the circuit breaker.
2. Turn the mixer in charging position (45° inclination).
3. Put the shredded plastics, sand and cement (7:1 ratio by volume,
Standard CHB) and 1/2 water.
4. Turn the mixer in mixing position (15° inclination).
5. Turn on the switch when everything is clear and ready to mix.
6. Run the mixer for 20 to 30 minutes.
7. Discharge mixture to the eco brick molder.

69
Appendix C
70
BILL OF MATERIALS
UNIT
NAME DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT AMOUNT
PRICE
TOGGLE SWITCH TS-DPDT 1 pc ₱43 ₱43
CABLE WIRE for ROYAL CORD
4 mts. ₱130 ₱520
MIXER MACHINE GAUGE 12/2
CIRCUIT WIRE THHN WIRE 12/7 4 mts. ₱26 ₱104
PLUG EAGLE PLUG 2 pcs ₱50 ₱100
ON/OFF SWITCH
PUSH BUTTON
of MIXER 1 pc ₱100 ₱100
15A
MACHINE
ON/OFF SWITCH
of PLASTIC PUSH BUTTON
1 pc ₱130 ₱130
SHREDDER 30A
MACHINE
ELECTRICAL
PVC TAPE 13 1 pc ₱35 ₱35
TAPE
BREAKER of
PLASTIC
C-BREAKER 20A 1 pc ₱230 ₱230
SHREDDER
MACHINE
BREAKER of
C-BREAKER 15A 1 pc ₱230 ₱230
MIXER MACHINE
HOUSING of
OUTDOOR PANEL 2 pcs ₱380 ₱760
BREAKER
CRS 3/4” X 18” ₱225 ₱225
SHAFTINGS 1 pc
CRS 1” X 12” ₱180 ₱180
CHAIN AND SPROCKET
1 set ₱550 ₱550
SPROCKET (BARAKO)
71
UNIT
NAME DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT AMOUNT
PRICE
PILLOW ∅ 1” 1 pc ₱450 ₱450
BLOCK ∅ ¾” 4 pcs ₱350 ₱1,400
8 X 1/3 X ¾ 3 pcs ₱600 ₱1,800
PULLEY 4 X 18 X ¾ 2 pcs ₱300 ₱600
4 X 18 X 28 mm 1 pc ₱300 ₱300
DRUM ∅14” X 18” 1 pc ₱300 ₱300
FABRICATION FIRST PAYMENT ₱5,000
of PLASTIC SECOND PAYMENT ₱10,000
1 unit ₱36,000
SHREDDER THIRD PAYMENT ₱15,000
MACHINE LAST PAYMENT ₱6,000
FABRICATION FIRST PAYMENT ₱5,000
of MIXER SECOND PAYMENT 1 unit ₱15,000 ₱5,000
MACHINE LAST PAYMENT ₱5,000
CASTER
CASTER WHEEL 1 pc ₱100 ₱100
WHEEL
ECO-BLOCK HOLLOW BLOCK
1 unit ₱2,000 ₱2,000
MOLDER MOLDER
¼ HP; SINGLE
GEAR MOTOR 1 unit ₱9,500 ₱9,500
PHASE 220V
INDUCTION 2 HP; 4-pole,1600
1 unit DONATED
MOTOR rpm; 220V
PORTLAND
CEMENT 1 bags ₱235 ₱235
CEMENT
SAND BISTOX 9 bags ₱30 ₱270
JUNCTION
JUNCTION BOX 2 pcs
BOX
BELT B-24 2 pcs ₱200 ₱400
V-BELT
BELT B-25 1 pcs ₱250 ₱250
TOTAL 70462
72
Appendix D
73
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Praveen Mathew, Shibi Varghese, Thomas Paul, Eldho Varghese (2013)
Recycled Plastics as Coarse Aggregate for Structural Concrete.
Ahmad K. Jassim (2017). Recycling of Polyethylene Waste to Produce
Plastic Cement.

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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

bottles, plastic bags, toothbrushes, plastic cups, or plastic eating utensils,

plastic pervades our environment. We all practically live in a plastic world,

whether we notice it or not. Although plastic provides us many benefits, it

hurt us and our environment. Plastic manufacturers and giant corporations

considerable damage while also harming marine life.

shampoo. For a developing country, such as the Philippines, people prioritize

price because they have a limited income. As a result, most companies

Plastic pollution is without a doubt toxic.

predators, such as humans.

The purpose of this study is to show that conservation/recycling efforts

service, environmental concern, and public relations as a profit motive,

determine the perception of plastic disposal by means of shredding to solve

society's sustainability in our country.

So one way to lessen those problems is to utilize those plastic waste

products, instead of dumping them, and make them reusable. We therefore

sustainability by means of shredded plastics.

Objectives of the Study

and shredding plastic bottles or wrappers in making hollow blocks/bricks, to

sustainable innovation and to prove that plastics can be recycled into

reusable hollow blocks/bricks and help environment by lessening the plastic

1. Determine if the any kind of plastic material will be shredded.

2. Evaluate how much plastic material can be shred.

and shredded plastics.

cement, sand, and shredded plastics.

Significance of the Study

for improving the quality of products (gadgets, appliances, furniture etc.) to

a heavy rainfall. It is also affects our oceans.

Students in this study can be a reference for mechanical subjects and

boost the youth’s consciousness about our environment particularly in

recyclingthe plastics produce by the people.

Society and Environment this study help our waste management by

Infrastructure andConstruction Industryin this study they can benefit

they can use to build their housing projects and units.

Businesses in this prototype will help the community to recycle the

gravel in the construction.

to make a better environment, by collecting plastic wrappers as well as other

environment. This project can prove useful in homes, commercial

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study cover subjects in the field of Mechanical Engineering, such

as Machine Design and Engineering Materials. Given that plastic is our

medium; we include different types of plastic such as Polyethylene

Terephthalate (PET), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) and also

materials that has high amount of hardness. Like High-Density Polyethylene

(HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC),Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), and

researcher delimits the amount of volume that will be simultaneously crushed

For clarification of the presentation, the following terms are defined

according to its use in the study:

AcryIonitrite Butadiene Styrene(ABS)is a type of plastic used for

electronic equipment cases.

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)is a type of plastics used for

Landfill is a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by

burying it and covering it over with soil.

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)is a type of plastic used for

dispensing bottles, wash bottles, plastic grocery bags, and trays.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a type of plastic used for soft drink

Polypropylene (PP) is a type of plasticused for margarine containers,