Guidelines On Water Proofing

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
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MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS
Guidelines
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on
Waterproofing
in
New/Old Construction
Report no. RDSO/WKS/2015/1 Revision -2
October – 2019
Works Directorate
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Research Design and Standards Organization, Lucknow – 226011.

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Preface
INDEX
Sr. Description of Item Page No.

No.
1.0 Water Proofing during Construction stage 2
2.0 General precautions during construction of building 2
3.0 Integral cement based treatment for water proofing on 5
horizontal surface of under-ground structure/Basement
4.0 Integral cement based water proofing treatment on the vertical 7
surface of underground structures
5.0 Water proofing treatment to vertical and horizontal surface of 8
depressed portion of WC, Kitchen etc.
6.0 Water Proofing Treatment in Sunken portion of WCs, 10
Bathrooms etc.
7.0 Junction of roof with parapet wall in New Construction 11
8.0 Expansion Joints 12
9.0 Water Proofing Treatments on Roof Slab 14
10.0 New Developments in Water Proofing 15
10.1 Bitumen/Polymer base Systems 15
10.2 Water Proofing Treatment with APP (Atactic Polypropylene 18
Polymeric) Membrane
10.3 Five Layered Water Proofing Treatment with Atactic 23
Polypropylene Polymer Modified Prefabricated Membrane
10.4 Concrete water proofing by Crystallization 26
10.5 Water proofing treatment with integral crystalline admixture 27
10.6 Water proofing treatment with integral crystalline water proofing 32
coating / slurry
10.7 Water proofing treatment with integral crystalline water 36
proofing dry-shake
10.8 Crystalline water proofing mortar 39
10.9 Fibre reinforced elastomeric liquid water proofing membrane 41
having sun reflectivity index (SRI) of 105
10.10 Flexible cementatious negative side waterproofing coating with 43
elastic waterproofing polymers
10.11 Swellable type water stop tape 44
10.12 Water proofing by Nano Technology 46
11.0 Traditional Water Proofing Methods 51
11.1 Lime Concrete Terracing 51
11.2 Mud PhuskaTerracing 53
11.3 Integral cement based water proofing treatment with Brick Bat 55
Coba
11.4 Water proofing Treatment with Bitumen Felt 59
11.5 Water proofing using polyethylene film 65
11.6 Polymer modified cementitious slurry coating 67
11.7 Waterproofing using Polymer modified Bituminous Membrane 68
11.8 Integral Waterproofing Compound for Plaster & Concrete 69
(Cement Based)
12.0 Diagnosis of dampness and remedial action in existing building 70
Annexure : Product details of some of the known waterproofing 71-84
Manufacturers
PREFACE
This report covers water proofing methods in new as well as old building constructions,
roads and new construction chemicals. This report supersedes Guidelines on
Waterproofing on New /old construction (Guideline No. RDSO/WKS/2015/1 Rev.1:
January 2019). Repair of damaged structure due to seeping water is a very costly affair.
Hence proper waterproofing of building at construction stage is essential. This report
also covers the system of roof overhangs and extending part of roof as parapet wall.
Besides this modern water proofing methods including the use of nano technology and
construction chemicals has also been incorporated in the report. This guideline aims to
bring together various water proofing practices available in scattered forms in various
text books, handbooks, codes & manuals and Industries for the benefit of field
engineers. It is hoped that engineers in the field will find it a useful source of knowledge
and guidance. If there is any suggestion for improving or if any error/ discrepancy is
noticed in its contents, kindly suggest.
Guideline on Waterproofing in New/Old Construction (Report No. RDSO/WKS/2015/1 Rev.-2)
Water Proofing of Buildings
A building may be a house, office or service building is an important asset

involving large investment. Water is the most destructive weathering element
of these structures; water continues to damage or completely destroy more
buildings and structures than natural disasters. It is very costly to repair if a
building structure is damaged by water. Roof /Terrace is the most crucial
segment of a building from water leakage point of view and assumes greater
significance in case of large plan terraces of buildings, and it is exposed to
direct climatic variations, extremes of rainfall and structural movements caused
thereby and every effort should be taken at the design stage, to ensure that a
proper protection system has been incorporated. It has often been found that
the economic solution is not always the best solution. So, the system, which
assures maximum protection, should be selected even though it may cost little
more.
Waterproofing is the formation of an internal or external membrane which is

designed to prevent water from entering or escaping the concrete. Internal
membranes are created with waterproofing admixtures. External membranes
are applied to the surface of the concrete
Basic concept behind various methods used for water proofing, is use of
material such as admixtures, impregnation, film forming membranes,
surfacing, joint seal and grouting.
Admixtures: Mineral admixtures and Chemical admixtures widely used for

specific purposes. These help to reduce the water content of mix and make
the concrete dense, compact and durable.
Impregnation: For water proofing of old and new structures, impregnation

type is used. In this method the solution is penetrated into the pore structures
considering three different actions such as hydrophobic, partial filling and
filling. For hydrophobic phase silane, siloxane, diffused quartz carbide solution
are used. For partial filling phase silicone, sodium silicate solutions are being
used. For filling low viscosity epoxy and methacrylate solutions are being used.
Film forming membranes: This may be liquid applied waterproofing coating

or a preformed elastomeric membrane.
Surfacing: For water proofing, asphalt, concrete, epoxy mortar, polymer

concrete, polymer modified mortar etc. are used as an overlayment or cover
over a concrete.
Page 1 of 84
Sealants : Joints are the necessary important parts of the structures as it acts
as a link between parts of structures as column-beam joint , column-slab joint,
slab-slab joint , beam-beam joint, floor-floor joint etc. all these shall be sealed
with proper sealants.
1.0 Water Proofing during Construction stage:
Waterproofing of building at construction stage will not only prevent damage

caused by the water but also add value to it over the period of time through
reduced maintenance cost. In new construction, water proofing treatment is
required from the foundation stage in case of basement/ underground tanks
etc. to the roofing stage.
Due to inadequate workmanship/ poor material quality, dampness may be

seen at the later stage. Stagnation of water due to undulation in roof surface,
provision of less number of drainage pipes or choking of same and improper
detailing at junction of parapet and roof etc., are some major contributors in
making the roof leaky.
2.0 General precautions during construction of building:
Since precaution is better than cure, necessary precautions should be taken

during the construction of building itself. Some of the essential precautions to
be taken at the time of construction are as follows:-
2.1 Every building plan, whether of new building OR of addition/alteration to a

building, adequate thought into orientation of building and design of roofing
system, chajja, openings in buildings etc should be given. It must give details
of terracing to be provided, water proofing system for roof with details of joint
with parapet wall, sunken floor and down water pipes in scale not smaller than
1:20.
2.2 It is absolutely essential that roofs are provided with adequate slope to ensure
effective drainage. The slope of roof should be such that the water gets drained
off quickly by achieving adequate velocity under influence of gravity. Even
areas with light rainfall will require adequate slope as continuous light drizzling
without dry spell will induce roof leakage problem badly. For the guidance of
the field Staff, each building plan must also incorporate a roof plan, showing the
position of drainage Pipes and direction and extent of slope on the roof.
Drainage slope should not be flatter than 1 in 80 and should preferably be 1 in
40. There should be no undulations in the roof surface, which may result in
accumulation of rain water. Extra care is necessary for construction of golas,
coping and joints.
Page 2 of 84
2.3 At the expansion joints of buildings, water proofing should be strengthened by

inserting a PVC or a copper plate to prevent water seeping. These joints should
also be plugged by a good sealant. Poly-sulphide based flexible sealants have
good adhesion to concrete surfaces and can be compressed or stretched upto
50% of the width of the joints and are good material for sealing of expansion
joints. Depth of the expansion joints above the copper/PVC plate should
normally be kept half of the joint width and should not exceed 20 mm.
2.4 Special precautions should be taken for sealing of area around the water spouts
to make them water proof.
2.5 Any impermeable layer/coating should never be applied on both faces of the
wall as the wall must be allowed to “breathe”. A non-permeable finish or
waterproof finish should not be applied on a wet wall, as it takes a long time to
lose water used during construction.
2.6 Dense and low permeability of concrete also ensures relief-from dampness and
comes by adequate cement content and low water cement ratio in concrete
apart from required level of compaction and adequate curing. Use of Mineral
and chemical admixtures are widely used for specific purpose. These all help
to reduce the water content of the mix and make concrete dense and compact,
crack free and durable. Compatibility of Chemical admixtures with the concrete
mix ingredients, should be checked before going for casting of Slab or any
concreting activity, as RMC plants readily supply concrete mixes. Use of
Integral waterproofing compounds for cement mortar and concrete shall comply
IS 2645-2003.
2.7 Area surrounding plinth of the building should be filled with good earth and
rammed with slope away from the building, preferably with plinth protection
apron.
2.8 Proper drip course should invariably be provided on parapet wall copings, sun-
shades, chajjas etc. Particular care to be taken to seal architectural façade with
Main structure of building so that these joints, which may open during its
designed life, do not become a source of water ingress locations.
2.9 Sunken floors are a constant source, of leakage and dampness. These floors
are provided for accommodating the toilet seats. Sunken floors must invariably
be coated with suitable epoxy or polyurethane compound or polymer
cementitious waterproofing compound.
2.10 Joints of the W.C. pans and the trap should not be sealed with cement mortar,
as it has poor adhesion to ceramic surfaces. Also shrinkage cracks develop in
Page 3 of 84
the cement mortar. Such joints should be sealed with epoxy putty, which has
good adhesion to ceramic surface and is not affected by acids and chemicals.
2.11 Joints in tiles provided in floors of toilets and bath rooms are a source of
leakage. A specially formulated solvent based polymer sealant is commercially
available for sealing these joints. It is a clear transparent compound, having low
viscosity and excellent adhesion to ceramic surfaces.
2.12 Floors of bath rooms should be constructed of materials which do not readily
absorb moisture. Entire floor to be sunk 25 mm from adjoining floor. Slope
towards outlet 1 in 60 is recommended.
2.13 Bath room walls to a height of at least 1 M from floor (2 M where shower is
provided) should be made of impervious material such as cement plaster
(smooth finish) with water proofing compound, Mosaic, Ceramic tiles or stone
lining.
2.14 Any Concealed water supply (Hot and Cold) pipeline network needs to be
checked thoroughly at the time of installation and checked personally by SSE,
particularly joints, to ensure it does not leak, after tiles are placed on walls. The
same applies to drainage pipelines of Wash Basins which may be encased in
flooring tiles. A sketch showing concealed pipe network and distribution layout
of bathroom shall be fixed on the back of bathroom door for reference in future.
2.15 Specifications laid down by the manufacturers of the water proofing products
should be followed to ensure that no air bubbles are left between the under
lying surface and the water proofing layer. Adequate overlaps should be
provided for the water proofing layers, including cover up to the parapet wall.
There are a large number of relevant Indian Standards and Code of practice
available. Their provisions regarding material & execution may be followed.
2.16 Adequacy of drainage must be ensured. As a general guide line for every 40
M2 of roof area, one 100 mm diameter rain water pipe must be provided.
Drainage will also depend upon the intensity of rain fall in the area. As per
provisions of IRWM-2000, The size of rain water pipes, depending upon the
average rate of rain fall and roof area, should be as given in Table, for its
adequacy.
Page 4 of 84
Diameter of 2
Average rate of Rainfall in mm/hr (Roof area, m )
pipes in mm
2 2 2 2 2 2
50 m 75 m 100m 125m 150m 200m
50 13.4 8.7 6.6 5.3 4.4 3.3
65 24.1 16.0 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0
75 40.8 27.0 20.4 16.3 13.6 10.2
100 85.4 57.0 42.7 34.2 28.5 21.3
125 - - 80.5 64.3 53.5 40.0
150 - - - - 83.6 62.7
3.0 Integral cement based treatment for water proofing on horizontal surface
of under-ground structure/Basement: (CPWD DSR 2018 : Item No. 22.1 &
Specification 2009 Vol.-2 Item No. 22.1)
3.1 Water Proofing of Horizontal Surfaces of Under-ground Structure:
3.1.1 Preparation of Surface: The Water Proofing Treatment over the lean
concrete/levelling course surface should adhere to the surface firmly; the
surface of levelling course should be roughened properly when the concrete is
green. In case the surface is not made rough before the concrete is set, the
work of water proofing should not be executed till proper key is provided for
the base layer of Cement Mortar.
3.1.2 Blending Cement/Water with Water Proofing Compound: The required
quantity of cement bags to be used for a particular portion of work should be
emptied on a dry platform. Water proofing compound conforming to IS 2645
should then be mixed properly with the cement. The quantity of water proofing
compound to be mixed should be as prescribed by the manufacturer but not
exceeding 3% by weight of cement. The quantity of cement and water proofing
compound thus mixed should be thoroughly blended and the blended cement
should again be packed in bags. For the water proofing compound in liquid
form, the blending is to be done with water. This can be done by taking the just
required quantity of water to be mixed in the particular batch of dry cement
mortar. The required quantity of dry cement mortar to be prepared should be
mixed with liquid water proofing compound from sealed tins with ISI mark. The
water mixed with water proofing compound shall be thoroughly stirred so that
the water is blended with water proofing compound properly.
3.1.3 Rough Kota Stone: Rough kota stone slabs of 22 mm to 25 mm thickness

may be laid over the base course. Larger size of stone slabs i.e. 550 mm x 550
mm or 550 mm x 850 mm shall be used to minimise the number of joints.
Besides kota stone, rough Shahabad tiles of suitable size may also be used.
Now a days, various other materials in the form of ‘Sheet Membranes’ and
Page 5 of 84
‘Liquid Membranes’ are also available in the market and are extensively used.
Examples of sheet membranes are Multilayer bituminous paper system with
gravel topping, Butyl rubber sheeting, Bitumen/polyethylene sheets, Neoprene
rubber sheets and modified polypropylene bitumen sheets. Examples of liquid
membrane are Mastic asphalt, modified polyurethane tar, Flexible epoxy
resins, Acrylic co-polymers and epoxy based paints.
3.1.4 Preparation of Cement Slurry: Cement slurry shall generally be prepared by

using 2.2 kg of blended cement per sqm. area. Each time only that much
quantity shall be prepared which can be covered on the surface and the entire
surface in turn should be covered with 25 mm thick cement mortar base within
half an hour. Slurry prepared and remained unused for more than half an hour
shall be rejected.
3.1.5 Preparation of Cement Mortar for base course: Cement mortar 1:3
(1 blended cement: 3 coarse sand) shall be prepared with cement/ water duly
blended as explained in clause 3.1.2 with water proofing compound. Only that
much quantity of cement mortar which can be consumed within half an hour,
shall be prepared. Any cement mortar that is prepared and remains unused for
more than half an hour shall not be used in the work and shall be rejected.
3.1.6 Laying Water Proofing Course:
 Before laying the base course of cement mortar, the lean concrete surface
shall be cleaned neatly with water.
 Cement slurry prepared as per clause 3.1.4, shall be applied only on the area
of the concrete surface, that can be covered with the cement mortar (1:3) base
course within half an hour.
 The cement slurry should cover every spot of the surface and no place shall
remain uncovered. Just after the application of cement slurry on the surface,
the cement mortar prepared as per clause 3.1.5 should be used for laying the
base course.
 Base Course should be laid to a perfect level with wooden / aluminium straight
edge of at least 2 m long.
 The top surface of cement mortar should be finished neatly and later scratched
when green with a suitable instrument before the base course dries and gets
hard that is just before the base course takes up initial set.
 When the 25 mm thick base course is just getting set, the cement slurry
prepared as per clause 3.1.4 should be spread over the base course upto the
area that shall be covered with just two to three stone slabs.
 The cement slurry shall be spread in such a way that the area of base course
to be covered immediately shall be covered with slurry without any gap or dry
spots. Then immediately on applying cement slurry on the base course, the
rough Kota Stone slabs (or other material as specified in clause 3.1.3) may be
laid over the base course and pressed gently so that the air gap can be
removed.
 The slurry applied on the surface which gets spread when the stone slab is
pressed shall get accumulated in the joints of adjacent stone slabs and if any
Page 6 of 84
gap still remains between the stone slabs the same should also be filled with
additional quantity of cement slurry.
 Cement mortar 1: 3 prepared as per clause 3.1.5 shall be used for laying the
next course.
 For laying this course 25 mm high wooden strips shall be used and the top
surface shall be finished smooth without using additional cement or slurry.
 After laying 3rd course and before the mortar layer takes the initial set, Stone
aggregate of 10mm to 12 mm nominal size shall be uniformly spread and
lightly pressed into the finished surface @.008cubic meter/sqm (approx.1/2
Bag).
 The aggregates shall not be embedded totally inside the mortar and shall be
visible on the top surface.
 In cases where slope is to be provided for the water proofing layer, grading
with additional cement concrete/cement mortar shall be provided and then the
water proofing layer shall be laid on the graded surface.
3.1.7 Curing: Immediately after completing the fourth layer, arrangements shall be
made for the top RCC slab as quickly as possible and in the mean time till the
top slab is casted the water proofing treatment shall be kept wet continuously.
In case the concreting of slab gets delayed for more than 2 weeks the curing
can be stopped after 14 days.
Fig.1
4.0 Integral cement based water proofing treatment on the vertical surface of
underground structures (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No. 22.2 & Specification
2009 Vol.-2 Item No. 22.2)
4.1 Preparing the Surface: The surface of the structure to be treated shall be
roughed either by raking of joints in case of brick/ stone masonry or by hacking
the cement concrete surface with a specifically made hacking tool just after
removing shuttering. Alternately, the surface should be roughened by providing
spatter dash key as explained under clause 3.1.1. While doing water proofing
to vertical faces from inside, it shall be ensured that water proofing treatment
of floor slab is not damaged. Preferably, water proofing of vertical surface shall
be done before that of horizontal surface.
Page 7 of 84
4.2 Blending Cement/Water with Water Proofing Compound: As explained

under clause 3.1.2.
4.3 Rough Kota Stone Slab: As explained under clause 3.1.3.
4.4 Preparation of Cement Slurry: As explained under clause 3.1.4.
4.5 Preparation of Cement Mortar: As explained under clause 3.1.5.
4.6 Laying Water Proofing Course: As explained under clause 3.1.6. In order to
hold stone slabs in vertical position, the grip for the stone slab may be
increased by planting 12 mm to 15 mm nominal size stone aggregate fixed with
araldite on surface of each sand stone slab.
4.7 Curing: Same as explained under clause 3.1.7. Further till the water proofing
work on vertical face is in progress, the water proofing work done on floor slab
shall be kept wet for a minimum period of 14 days. Immediately after
completion of water proofing on vertical faces of side walls, the water tank shall
be gradually filled with water for testing.
Fig.2
5.0 Water proofing treatment to vertical and horizontal surface of depressed

portion of WC, Kitchen etc. (CPWD DSR 2018 : Item No. 22.3 &
Specification 2009 Vol.-2 Item No. 22.3)
5.1 Before the Water Proofing Treatment: Before the water proofing treatment,
the internal plaster of ceiling and walls of WC block leaving the portion for
dado/skirting should be completed. Grooving / chasing for doing the concealed
work of GI/CI pipes/Electrical conduits should be completed. Clean the
depressed/sunken portion of WC of all debris, extra mortar sticking to the
vertical and horizontal surface etc. Necessary holes for ‘P’ trap /Nhani
trap/Water escape pipe etc should be completed.
5.2 Preparing Surface and Fixing Pipes and Fittings: Before the water proofing
treatment work, proper key in the concrete surface should be provided. The
depressed/sunken portion should be hacked by a hacking tool, after the
Page 8 of 84
concrete slab is cast and when this concrete is still green. The vertical surfaces
of the depressed /sunken portion should be hacked with a hacking tool just
after the shuttering is removed. In case of old work, the water proofing
treatment on such surfaces shall be permitted after making proper spatter dash
key. Fixing the ‘P’ trap in position and all other pipes work including the water
escape pipe shall be fixed properly and the holes should be plugged carefully
before taking up the water proofing work.
5.3 1st Course: Cement duly blended with water proofing compound as explained
in clause 3.1.2 shall be used for preparing the cement slurry. The consistency
of the slurry should be such that 4.4 kg of blended cement with water proofing
compound is used per sq. metre area of surface to be treated. The slurry
should be started from the vertical faces towards the bottom of the floor as
shown in Fig. 3 below. Particular care should be taken to see that the slurry is
applied to corners without leaving any gap.
5.4 2nd Course: Immediately on applying the blended cement slurry on the surface
to be treated cement plaster 20mm thick in cement mortar 1:3 (1 blended
cement: 3 coarse sand) shall be applied both on vertical and horizontal
surfaces taking particular care to complete the entire depressed/ sunken
portion of WC within a day so that the plaster can be done without any joint.
Junctions shall be properly rounded. The surfaces of the plaster shall be left
rough but finished in one plain and cured for a week. On completion of the
curing period both horizontal and vertical surfaces shall be cleaned properly
and gently and allowed to dry.
5.5 3rd Course: Only after the surface is completely dried the blown or residual
bitumen shall be applied @ 1.7 kg of bitumen per sqm area.
5.6 4th Course: 400 micron thick PVC sheet shall be spread evenly without any
kink immediately, so that the PVC sheet sticks to the surface firmly. PVC sheet
shall be continued to be laid over the main slab upto 100mm. Overlapping of
PVC sheet should be done with a minimum overlap of 100 mm, duly pasting
the overlapped sheet with an application of bitumen @ 1.7 kg./ sqm. The
projections of pipes and ‘P’ trap outlet etc. inside the depressed/sunken portion
of WC shall also be cladded with water proofing treatment layer upto a height
of 150 mm, using a coat of bitumen with PVC sheet complete. The surfaces of
depressed/sunken portion of WC shall not be left without covering with
specified filling material and base concrete, otherwise the PVC sheet layer may
be tampered by the labour working in the vicinity. Fixing up of WC pan, filling
specified material and the top base concrete should be done as early as
possible and the top horizontal layer of water proofing may be taken up later
i.e. just before laying the floor tiles.
Page 9 of 84
Fig.3
6.0 Water Proofing Treatment in Sunken portion of WCs, Bathrooms etc.

(CPWD DSR 2018 : Item No. 22.5 & Specification 2009 Vol.-2 Item No. 22.5)
6.1 Preliminaries to be Attended

The preliminaries shall be attended as described in relevant clause 5.1.
6.2 Preparing Surface, Fixing Pipes and Fittings

In this case, unlike as described in clause 5.2, no hacking of surface need be
made, but only extra mortar sticking to the surface should be removed and the
surface should be cleaned thoroughly. Fixing ‘P’ trap etc. shall be done as
described in Clause 5.2.
6.3 Providing and Laying of Slurry for First Layer

The consistency of the slurry should be such as to cover the desired area by
using 0.488 kg of blended cement per sqm of area. On deciding the correct
quantity of water required per sqm. area the required quantity of slurry should
be prepared which can be applied over the desired surface within half an hour
of mixing with 0.488 kg. of grey cement + 0.253 kg. water proofing compound
as per manufacturer specifications + x litres of water per sqm. area and the
required quantity of slurry thus prepared should only be used for first
application. The first layer shall be applied with painting brushes over the
specified and dampened area carefully including the corners, holes on the
surfaces and joints of pipes in concrete etc. and the application should
continue at least upto 150 mm height of fixtures of pipes from the surface. The
surface on application shall be air cured for 4 hours.
6.4 Providing and Laying of Slurry for Second Layer

The quantity of slurry required for second application to be covered within an
hour of mixing shall be prepared with 0.242 kg. cement + 0.126 kg. water
Page 10 of 84
proofing compound + y litres of water per sqm. area and the required quantity
of slurry thus prepared should only be used for second application. The
application of 2nd layer of slurry is same as for first layer as detailed in clause
6.3. The applied surface shall be allowed to air cure for 4 hours and thereafter
water curing shall be done for full 48 hours. In case no further work as
described above is to be taken up immediately on completion of water proofing
treatment due to any reason it is recommended to protect the treated portion
with cement plaster 1:4 as a protective layer .
7.0 Junction of roof with parapet wall in New Construction:
Junction of roof with parapet wall is a vulnerable location for leakage. Hence
detailing at the junction of roof and vertical face of parapet wall is a necessary
and complicated issue requiring careful planning.
Providing sufficient roof overhangs of about 0.50m and extending part of roof
as parapet wall can address this issue to large extent as it avoids the junction
points of roof with parapet wall. It also provides shade from rains and solar
heat and help in saving energy, providing some spill over space and increase
the life span of the building.
The following points should also be ensured at junction point:
i) The fillet (angular or concave, not convex) of adequate size should be provided
all along the junction of parapet wall with roof.
ii) Coping on top of the parapet wall should also be provided with adequate slope
along with the provision of drip course on either side.
iii) Water proofing system should be extended from roof to parapet wall for a
minimum height of 150 mm with a chase.
iv) Typical details of junction arrangement of rain water pipe with roof are indicated
in Fig. 5. Invert level of rain water pipe should be approx. 25 mm below the
level of top of adjacent tiles/water proofing work. Grating should be fixed at the
mouth of rain water pipe to prevent entry of leaves/other waste material from
roof. Unless, specified otherwise, rain water pipe and fittings should be
properly secured to the walls.
General arrangements at junction of roof with roof overhang and extending

part of roof as parapet are given in fig.4& 5.
Page 11 of 84
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS AT JUNCTION OF WALL AND ROOF

WITHOVERHANG
8.0 Expansion Joints:
Expansion joints in buildings/ other structures may become source of perennial

seepage due to failure of expansion joint filler sand sealants. Expansion joint
should be treated with suitable non-absorbent, compressible, non-brittle and
Page 12 of 84
water tight sealants so that no leakage occurs through joint. Joint filers should
confirm to IS: 3414-Code of Practice for Design & Installation of Joints in
Buildings or IS:1838 (Pt.I and Pt.II)-Specification for Preformed Fillers for
Expansion Joint in Concrete Pavement and Structures. Sealing compound
should confirm to IS:1834-Specification for Hot Applied Sealing Compounds
for Joints in Concrete. General Arrangements for an expansion joint are shown
in Fig. 6.
(a) EXPANSION JOINT AT FLOOR LEVEL
(b) EXPANSION JOINT AT ROOF LEVEL TYPICAL DETAILS EXPANSION

JOINT
Fig. 6
Page 13 of 84
9.0 Water Proofing Treatments on Roof Slab

A building or structure needs waterproofing as concrete itself will not be
watertight on its own. All the flat roofs in the modern age are generally
constructed of reinforced cement concrete. This material removes all the
problems of flat roofs except that the roof should be made water proof by
employing any of the various methods available for moisture proofing.
Ideally concrete, the most widely and regularly used construction material is
supposed to be water tight. A well-made concrete with proper mix design and
with proper pouring and curing practices is regarded as a very low porous
material. However it is seen in practice that concrete loses its permeability due
to the following reasons:
1. Improper gradation of materials
2. Excessive water cement ratio
3. Less compaction
4. Awkward architectural section
5. Improper shuttering
6. Cold joints shuttering either in mass concreting or in tall vertical structures
7. Use of bad quality construction materials such as corrosive reinforcement or
reactive aggregates
8. Lack of curing: timely curing specially in high cement content concrete mix or
where high grade cement is used in plastering
9. Damage to structures due to earthquake effects
10. Failure of plumbing
9.1 Water proofing methods can be broadly classified into the following types:
• Traditional Waterproofing Methods

• Modern/New Waterproofing Methods
 Traditional Water Proofing Methods are
1. Lime Concrete Terracing
2. Mud Phuska Terracing
3. Terracing With Brick Bat Coba
4. Bituminous Surface Treatment:-
5. Water Proofing with Bitumen Felt
 New/Modern methods of waterproofing: Some of the Modern Water

Proofing Methods are
1. Polymerized Bitumen.
2. Water proofing by APP(Atactic Polypropylene Polymeric ) Membrane
3. Water Proofing By Crystallization (Cement and Liquid Polymer)
Page 14 of 84
5. Fibre Reinforced Elastomeric liquid Water proofing membrane.

6. Swellable Type water stop tape.
7. Water proofing by nano technology
Before taking up the water proofing work, the construction of parapet walls
including finishing should be completed. Similarly, the ancillary items like
haunches, khurras, grooves to tack the fibre cloth layer, fixing up of all down
take pipes, water pipes and electric conduits etc. should be completed and no
such work should be allowed on the area to be treated during the progress of
water proofing treatment or even later.
10.0 New Developments in Water Proofing:
10.1 Bitumen/Polymer base Systems: -

A number of new products with different combination have come to the market
in the recent past, to overcome the disadvantages of normal bitumen based
products. Several recognized waterproofing companies have come up that
manufacture many of these products with the different trade name.
Salient features and recommended areas of applications are given below:
Sl. Product Salient features Recommended Area

No. of Application
1 Polymer i) More flexible and elastic i) Water proofing of roof
modified ii) Their elastic recover is high and slabs, foundation,
bitumen are best suited for cooler basements, floors,
coatings climates. Better resistance to and underground
fracture over a wide range of structures, storage
temperature and moisture tanks, pipelines etc.
variations. ii)Heavy duty roof
iii)Provide protective coating after coating new or old
curing time of 690 days. construction.
iv) Cracks under weathering iii) Water proofing of
action. domes shells.
v) Black in colour and therefore
not pleasing in appearance
2 Polymer i) Treated or reinforced felt Roofs and basements

Modified sandwiched between polymer require protection on top
bitumen felts. modified bitumen layers. with grit/sand from
ii)Laying by pour of roll method ultraviolet rays of sun.
and joints sealed by flow torch.
iii)Behaves like a continuous
membrane.
3 Prefabricated i) Polymeric bitumen reinforced Terraces, water tanks
elastic with non woven plastic fabric. swimming pools.
membrane.
Page 15 of 84
ii) Provided with a thin

polyurethane film on outer
surface.
iii) Available under various brands
name also in rolls of 20 x 2 sqm.
iv) Life 5-15 years. High crack
resistant and heat resistant.
4. Polymer i) Performance is good. To prevent dampness

Emulsions/ ii) Allows concrete to breathe and efflorescence and
membranes without allowing diffusion of for water proofing of
water based Oxygen, CO2, rainwater etc. terraces, walls, chhajjas
coatings based from outside. and all other concrete
on. PVA, SBR iii) Acrylic emulsion have better surfaces.
etc. – acrylic compatibility with the
based polymers substrates and better
are the best. weatheribility.
iv) These are transparent after
Polymers drying.
-Solvent Based v) Excellent adhesion to all types
-Water Based of building materials such as
Concrete stone, brick and
timber.
vi) Resistance to high
temperature variations, ultra-
violet rays etc.
i) Weight of treatment approx.
0.4 kg/sqm.
viii) Not suitable for surfaces
having macropores.
ix) Solvent based polymer
waterproofing compounds
applied on dry surface by spray
only.
5 Alkali proof i) Gives water proofing, thermal Terrace gardens.
synthetic felt insulation on walls as and
alkali resistance.
ii) Synthetic polymeric membrane
of 4 layers including LPDE and
HDPE
iii) Available also in brand name
of `Roof guard’ is fire
retardant.
iv) Life 40 years (claimed by
manufactures)
6 Silicon based Colourless water repellent, limited Vertical walls, specially

emulsions life, poor bridging capacity, do not stone facades.
withstand hydrostatic pressure.
Page 16 of 84
7 Epoxy based i) Very good adhesion and i) Used as water

coatings bonding properties. proofing, damp
ii) Resistant to more of the proofing, protective
chemicals. coatings for internal
iii) Costly, limited resistance application.
when exposed to sunlight. ii) Water thinableepoxy
iv) Water thinable epoxy coating coatings can be
cannot be use for external applied on wet
walls. surfaces for damp
v) Cannot withstand proofing.
expansion/contraction. iii) Useful for coating in
water tanks, surface
floors, swimming
pools, treatment
plants.
v) For Grouting of
cracked CC/RCC
elements
8 Polyurethane Forms impervious membrane. Waterproofing/ damp
compounds Has good adhesion to concrete. proofing of floorings and
Resistant to mild acids/alkalis. internal surfaces i.e.
High elasticity, strong addition to water tanks, basements,
substrate, high abrasion and inside of treatment
cracking resistance and high plants.
resistant to biological
defacement. Adverse effect of
ultraviolet rays and requires
covering by materials resistant to
sun rays. Should be applied on
dry surfaces.
9 Cementious i) Available in two packs part-A– Terraces walls, water
Polymer Cement and chemical tanks effluent, treatment
Waterproofing additives Part-B Polymer plants, lagoons etc.
compound. emulsion.
ii) Suitable for application on
surfaces having macropores
also.
iii) Can be applied on wet
surface.
iv) Resistant to aggressive
environment and abrasion.
v) Can be applied by brush on
dry & wet surfaces. Weight of
treatment 1 kg/ sq m.
Page 17 of 84
10.2 Water Proofing Treatment with APP (Atactic Polypropylene Polymeric)

Membrane (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No. 14.86-14.88 & Specification 2009
Vol.-2 Item No. 22.11):
Water proofing treatment of roofs with APP modified polymeric membrane

shall be either five course, seven course as specified in the item. In selecting
the combinations of layers of APP membrane, consideration shall be given to
the type and construction of buildings, climate and atmospheric conditions and
the degree of permanence required. Five course treatment is a normal
treatment suitable to moderate rainfall conditions (less than 50 cm.) and seven
course treatment is suitable for heavy rainfall (50 cm and above). Seven course
treatment with APP modified polymeric membrane 2.00 mm thick and weight
3.00 kg./sqm. to suitable for very heavy conditions of rainfall (more than 150
cm).
10.2.1 Materials - The bitumen primer shall conform to the requirements laid down in
IS 3384.
APP Modified Membrane: It is a polymeric water proofing membrane

manufactured to high standards. It is five layered APP modified polymeric
membrane with centre core as 20 micron HMHDPE/100 micron HMHDPE High
Molecular High Density Polythylene Film, is the heart of the membrane and
protects against water and moisture. The centre core is sandwiched on both
sides by high quality polymeric mix with properties of high softening point, high
heat resistance and cold resistively to make it ideal for all water proofing
treatment. The polymeric mix is protected on both sides with 20 micron
HMHDPE film. The membrane is available in variable thickness and weights.
Usual width is 1.0 m.
Important physical and chemical parameter of the membrane shall be as given

in Table for guidance.
Centre Core Film Thickness Weight

20 micron HMHPDE 20 micron HMHPDE 1.5 mm 2.25 kg/ sqm.
100 micron HMHPDE 20 micron HMHPDE 2.00 mm 3.00 kg./ sqm.
Where proprietary brands Atactic Polyproplene modified polymeric membrane

is proposed to be used by the contractor, they shall conform in all respect to
the specification in the preceding paras and manufactured by a company of
repute.
10.2.2 Bonding Material: This shall consist of blown type bitumen conforming to IS
702 or residual bitumen 85/25 conforming to IS 73 heated to the correct
working temperature of 180°C. The penetration of the bitumen shall not be
more than 40 when tested in accordance with IS 1203, unless otherwise
specified each coat of bonding material shall be of blown type bitumen of grade
Page 18 of 84
85/25 heated to a working temperature of 180 degree C and applied @ 1.20

kg. per square metre of the surface area.
10.2.3 Surface Finish: Surface finish shall be with brick tiles of class designation 100
grouted with cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement : 3 fine sand ) with 2% integral water
proofing compound by weight of cement over a 12 mm thick layer of cement
mortar 1:3 (1 cement: 3 fine sand) and finished neat.
10.2.4 Preparation of Surface:
 The surface to be treated shall have a minimum slope of 1 to 120.

 This grading shall be carried out with cement concrete or cement plaster with
coarse sand, as desired, to the average thickness required and finished
smooth.
 Junctions between the roof and vertical faces of parapet walls, chimneys etc.
shall be chased by running triangular fillets 7.5 x 7.5 cm. size, cement concrete.
 At the drain mouths, the fillets shall be suitably cut back and rounded off for
easy application of water proofing treatment and easy flow of water.
 Cement concrete where shall be 1:2:4 mix (1 Cement: 2 Coarse sand: 4
Graded stone aggregate 20 mm nominal size). The provision of fillets shall be
deemed to be covered by the item of water proofing and shall not be measured
or paid for separately.
 In existing roof where gola and drip course are provided at the junction of roof
and vertical face of parapet wall, chimney stacks, etc. These shall be dressed
suitably and finished smooth so as to ensure an easy and gradual turning of
the flashing.
 Any dismantlement or forming and finishing smooth the junction for forming the
base of the flashing shall not be measured or paid for separately and shall be
deemed to form part of the preparation of the surface.
 While the grading of roof surface is being done, it shall be ensured that the
outlet drain pipe have been fixed and mouth at the entrance have been eased
and rounded off properly for easy flow of water.
 When any pipe passes through the roof to be treated, angular fillet shall be
built around it for the water proofing treatment to be taken over it. These fillets
shall not be measured or paid for separately.
 For carrying over and tucking in the water proofing felts into the parapet walls,
chimneys stacks etc. a horizontal groove 6.5 cm. deep, 7.5 cm. wide section
with its lower edge at not less than 15 cm. above the graded roof surface shall
be left on the inner face of the same; during construction if possible.
 When such groove has not been left, the same shall be cut out neatly and the
base at rear of the groove shall be finished smooth with cement plaster 1:4 (1
cement: 4 coarse sand).
 Such cutting of the groove and its finishing smooth shall be part of the water
proofing or paid for separately.
 No deduction shall be made either for not making the groove or when the latter
has already been left in the masonry by the construction agency.
 Tucking in the water proofing felt will be required where the parapet wall
exceeds 45 cm. in the height from the graded surface.
Page 19 of 84
 Where the height is 45 cm. or less, no groove will be required as the water
proofing treatment will be carried over the top of the parapet wall to its full
thickness.
 In the case of low dividing walls of height 30 cm. or less, outlets therein shall
be cut open for full height and the bottom and sides shall be rendered smooth
and corners rounded and such treatment shall not be measured and paid for
separately.
 Where expansion joints are left in the slab the provision of dwarf walls and/or
RCC slabs for covering them and finishing the surface smooth shall be the
responsibility of the construction agency, which had laid the roof slab and will
not be included in the operation of water proofing.
 The graded surface of the roof and concrete fillets and the faces of walls shall
be thoroughly cleaned with wire brushed and all loose scales etc. removed.
The surface shall then be dusted off.
 Any crack in the roof shall be cut to V section, cleaned and filled up flush with
cement mortar slurry 1:4 (1 cement : 4 coarse sand) or blown type petroleum
bitumen of IS grade 85/25, or approved quality conforming to IS 702. Such
cleaning of the surface or treating the cracks shall not be paid for separately.
10.2.5 Treatment: The water treatment shall be of five or seven course as specified.
In seven course treatment, the first four courses shall be the same as for five
course treatment. The fifth course shall be a layer of APP modified polymeric
membrane. The sixth course shall be a coat of bonding material and the top
most seventh course shall be of specified surface finish.
10.2.6 Laying:
(a) First course shall be a coat of bitumen primer @ 0.40 kg per sq mt followed
by subsequent course as per treatment required.
(b) Drain outlets shall be given a four or six course treatment as specified for the
roof in the description of the item in the manner specified for the flat roof
surface. Water proofing treatment shall be carried into the drain pipe or outlets
by at least 10 cm. The water proofing treatment laid on the roof surface shall
overlap the upper edge of the water proofing treatment in the drain outlets by
at least 10 cm.
(c) The APP modified polymeric membrane shall be cut to the required length,
brushed clean of dusting material and laid out flat on the roof to eliminate curls
and subsequent stretching. The membrane shall normally be laid in length in
the direction of the slope and laying shall be commenced at the lowest level
and worked up to crest. The membrane shall not be laid in single piece of very
long lengths as they are likely to shrink; 6 to 8 m are suitable lengths. The roof
surface shall be cleaned and dry before starting the membrane treatment.
Each length of membrane shall be laid in position and rolled up for a distance
of half its length. The hot bonding material shall be poured on the roof across
the full width of the rolled membrane as the latter is steadily rolled out and
pressed down. The pouring shall be so regulated that the correct weight of
Page 20 of 84
bonding material per unit area is spread uniformly over the surface. Excess
bonding material that gets squeezed out at the ends shall be levelled up as
laying proceeds. When the first half of the strip of felt has been bonded to the
roof, the other half shall be rolled up and then unrolled on the hot bonding
material in the same way. Subsequent strips shall also be laid in the same
manner.
Each strip shall overlap the preceding one by at least 7.5 cm. at the longitudinal
edges and 10 cm. at the ends. All overlaps shall be firmly bonded with a blow
lamp and levelling down unevenness. The fourth layer of bonding material in
the five course treatment shall be carried out in a similar manner after the
flashing has been completed.
(d) In a seven course treatment the fifth layers of membrane shall be laid in the
manner already described, taking care that laps in the membrane are
staggered from those in the earlier layer. The sixth layer of bonding material
shall be carried out after the flashing is done.
(e) High Parapet Walls, Chimney Stacks etc.: Membrane shall be laid as flashing
wherever junctions of vertical and horizontal surfaces occur. Longitudinal laps
shall be 10 cm. The lower layer of flashing membrane in a six course treatment
shall overlap the roof water proofing by not less than 20 cm. while the upper
layer shall overlap the roofing felt by 10 cm. The minimum overlap of the
flashing membrane in five course treatment over the roofing membrane shall
be 10 cm.
The flashing shall consist of the same five or seven course treatment as for the
roof except that the final course shall be replaced by an application of 12 mm
thick cement plaster 1:3 on the vertical and sloping faces only, of the flashing.
The overlap along the length of flashing shall stagger with those in the second
layer of flashing membrane (in a seven course treatment and with the joints in
the roof membrane).
The upper edge of the finishing membrane shall be well tucked into the flashing
grooves in the parapet, chimney stacks etc. to a depth of not less than 6.5 cm.
Corresponding applications of bonding material shall also be made. The
flashing treatment shall be firmly held in place in the grooves with wood edges
at intervals and the grooves shall be filled up with cement mortar 1:4 (1
cement: 4 coarse sand) or cement concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement: 2 coarse sand :
4 graded stone aggregate 6 mm nominal size) and surface finished smooth
with the rest of the wall. The cement work shall be cured for 7 days. When dry,
the exposed plaster joints of grooves shall be painted with bitumen and two
coats of bituminous solution shall be applied on the vertical and sloping surface
of flashing.
After the top flashing membrane layer has been fixed, the penultimate layer of
bonding material shall be applied over the roofing membrane and the
horizontal overlaps and vertical and sloping surfaces of the flashing at the
specified rate.
Page 21 of 84
(f) Low Parapet Walls: Where parapet walls are of height 45 cm. or less,
membrane flashings shall be provided in the same manner as for flashings in
the case of high parapet walls except that the upper edge shall be carried upto
the full height of the wall and taken right across the top of the parapet and
down on the external vertical faces to a minimum distance of 5 cm.
(g) Low Dividing Walls: Where low dividing walls or inverted beams are met with,
the same shall be covered with a four or six layer treatment as for the main
roof, the latter bearing carried down both sides of the wall and overlapping the
roofing treatment as in the case of flashing of high parapet walls.
Drain outlets where formed in the low dividing walls, shall be given water
proofing treatment of the same number of courses as specified for the flat roof
surface. The bottom and sides shall be so treated that all overlaps are in the
direction of flow of drainage.
(h) Expansion Joints: Where the expansion joints are provided in the slabs, the
joints and their cover slabs shall be suitably treated with water proofing. A
typical sketch of an expansion joint with the RCC slabs on either side of the
joint turned vertically up and dwarf walls by not less than 7.5 cm. and are
provided with throatings on their underside along their length. The water
proofing treatment shall be taken up the sloping junction fillets and the vertical
faces of the walls to the underside of the cover slabs. The cover slabs are
given the water proofing treatment like the roofs slabs, after the cross joints
between adjacent cover slabs are first sealed with 15 cm width of roofing felt
struck to them with bitumen. The water proofing treatment shall be carried
down the sides of the cover slabs to their full thickness. Care shall be taken to
see that overlaps if any in the roofing over the cover slabs stagger with the
joints between cover slabs. The formation of the expansion joints and provision
of the cover slabs shall be the responsibility of the construction agency. The
formation of the junction fillets and the water proofing treatment of the joint and
cover slabs shall be carried out by the water proofing agency. Nothing agency
extra shall be paid for the sealing of the cross joints in the cover slab with 15
cm. width of bitumen strips.
(i) Pipes: Where vertical pipe outlets are met with, 7.5 x 7.5 cm fillets of lime or
cement concrete of the type shall be provided and flashing of four or six course
treatment, same as for the roofing treatment shall be laid. The upper edge of
the flashing shall be laid sloping down forward and butted against the pipe and
annular depression so formed shall be filled with hot bitumen. A circular metal
collar in the shape of an inverted truncated cone shall be fixed on the pipe to
throw off the rain water clear of the flashing and this shall be paid for
separately.
Page 22 of 84
Fig. 7
10.3 Five Layered Water Proofing Treatment with Atactic Polypropylene

Polymer Modified Prefabricated Membrane (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No.
14.89-14.91 & Specification 2009 Vol.-2 Item No. 22.12):
Atactic Polypropylene Polymer modified prefabricated five layer water proofing

membrane shall be of thickness as specified. In selecting thickness of
membrane due consideration shall be given to the type and construction of
building, climate and atmospheric condition and permanence required. Five
layered treatment 2.00 mm thick with glass fibre is with a normal duly treatment
suitable for pitched roofs. Five layered 3.00 mm thick with glass fibre matt
treatment is suitable for moderate condition of rainfall (50 to 150 mm) and fine
layered 3.00 mm thick with non-woven polyester matt treatment is suitable for
heavy condition of rainfall.
10.3.1 Materials:
Bitumen primer for bitumen membrane shall have density at 25°C in the
range of 0.87 - 0.89 kg./litre and viscosity of 70-160 CPS primer shall be
applied @ of 0.40 litre/sqm.
Atactic Polypropylene Polymer Modified Prefabricated Membrane: It is a

polymeric water proofing membrane. This shall be one of the following types:
(i) 2 mm thick with glass fibre matt.
(ii) 3 mm thick glass fibre matt.
(iii) 3 mm thick with non-woven polyester matt.
It is prefabricated five layered black finish water proofing membrane

comprising of centre core of 50 gsm. Glass fibre matt/170 gsm nonwoven
polyester matt sandwiched on both sides by APP polymer modified bitumen
which is protected on both sides by 20 micron thermo fusible polyethylene
sheet. Composite thickness of the membrane including all five layers shall be
2/3 mm with glass fibre matt and 3 mm with non-woven polyester matt. It is
available in 1 m width and variable lengths.
Page 23 of 84
Physical and chemical parameters of the membrane shall be as given in Table

below.
SI. No. of Layers Thickness Elongation Joint Tear strength Softening Cold
No. at 23° C strength in in longitudinal Point flexibility
in longitudinal Transverse
longitudinal and direction
transverse Transverse
direction direction
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Five Layered 2 mm 3 N/5 cm. 350/300 60/80 N 150° -2°C
reinforced with N/5 cm.
fibre glass
2 Five layered 3 mm 3.3 N/5 cm. 350 / 3000 60/80 N 150° -3°C
reinforced with N/ 5 cm.
fibre glass
3 Five layered 3 mm 40/50 N/5 650 N/450 300/250 N 150° -2°C
reinforced with cm. N/5 cm.
non-woven
polyester matt.
10.3.2 Preparation of Surface: The surface to be treated shall have a minimum slope
of 1 in 120 or as specified, provision specified in clause 10.2.4 shall apply for
preparation of surface except for pitched roof where surface shall be cleaned
off any loose material dust etc. To ensure good adhesion between the surface
and water proofing treatment suitable method to dry the surface shall be
adopted. All hair line cracks in the surface should be filled with approved
sealant.
10.3.3 Treatment: The water proofing shall consist of prefabricated five layered 2 mm
/ 3 mm membrane as shown in Fig.8 . The choice of 2 mm or 3 mm membrane
will depend on the type of roof i.e. pitched or flat and importance of building,
durability, cost and rainfall etc.
10.3.4 Laying:
 Bitumen primer @ 0.40 lts/sqm shall be applied to the prepared roof, drain and
all other surfaces where polymer modified membrane is to be laid.
Page 24 of 84
 The five layered water proofing membrane shall be laid using Butane torch and
sealing all joints and preparing the surface complete.
 Drain outlets shall be given same treatment as specified for the roof in the
description of the item in the manner specified for the flat roof surface.
 Water proofing treatment shall be carried into the drain pipe or outlets by at
least 10 cm.
 The water proofing treatment laid on the roof surface shall overlap the upper
edge of the water proofing treatment in the drain outsets by at least 10 cm.
 The APP polymer modified prefabricated water proofing membrane shall be
cut to the required length.
 Water proofing membrane shall normally be laid in length in the direction of the
slope and laying shall be commenced at the lowest level and worked upto
crest.
 APP water proofing membrane shall be laid in 6 to 8 m lengths.
 The roof surface shall be cleaned and bitumen primer shall be applied in the
correct quantity, over this specified water proofing membrane shall be laid with
butane torch after allowing 24 hours for primer to dry.
 Each strip shall overlap the preceding one by at least 10 cm. at the longitudinal
edges and 15 cm. at the ends.
 All overlaps shall be firmly bonded with bitumen primer and levelled by heating
the overlap with butane torch.
 If the roof is accessible the treatment is protected by brick tiles laid over 12 mm
thick cement mortar of specified grade bedding and joints sealed with cement
mortar of which shall be measured and paid for separately.
 APP water proofing membrane shall be laid as flashing wherever junction of
vertical and horizontal surfaces occur.
 Longitudinal laps shall be 10 cm.
 The upper edge of flashing membrane shall be well tucked into the flashing
grooves in the parapets, chimney stack etc. to a depth of not less than 6.5 cm;
corresponding applications of primer coat shall also be made.
 The flashing treatment shall be firmly held in the grooves and it shall be sealed
with the approved sealant after terminating the membrane.
 Where parapet walls are of height 45 cm or less AP water proofing membrane
flashing shall be provided in the same manner as for splashing in the core of
high parapet walls except that upper edge shall be carried out the full height of
the wall and taken right across the top of the parapet and down on the external
vertical faces to a minimum distance of 5 cm.
 Where low dividing walls or inverted beams are met with, the same treatment
shall be provided as for the main roof, the lateral bearing carried down both
sides of the wall and overlapping the roof treatment.
 Drain outlets where formed in the low dividing walls, shall be given water
proofing treatment same as for the main roof.
 Where the expansion joints are provided in the slabs, the joints and their cover
slabs shall be suitably treated with water proofing treatment.
 The cover slabs shall cover the vertical turned up dwarf walls by not less than
7.5 cm and are provided with throatings on their underside along their length.
 The water proofing treatment shall be taken up the slopping junction fillets and
the vertical faces of the walls to the underside of the cover slabs are given the
Page 25 of 84
water proofing treatment like the roof slabs, after the cross joints between
adjacent cover slabs are first sealed with 15 cm. width of roofing felt struck to
them with bitumen.
 The water proofing treatment shall be carried down the sides of the cover slabs
to their full thickness.
 Care shall be taken to see that overlaps if any in the roofing over the cover
slabs stagger with the joints between cover slabs.
 The formation of the expansion joints and provision of cover slabs shall be the
responsibility of construction agency.
 The formation of the junctions fillets and the water proofing treatment of the
joint and cover slabs shall be carried out by the water proofing agency.
 No extra shall be paid for the junction fillets or for the sealing of the cross joints
in the cover slab with 15 cm. width of bitumen strips.
Fig.8
10.4 Concrete water proofing by Crystallization:

An innovative technology is changing the way concrete structures around the
world are waterproofed and repaired. Used for more than 30 years worldwide,
“Integral Crystalline Waterproofing (ICW)” utilizes a chemical reaction to turn
concrete into a permanent, waterproof barrier.
While conventional waterproofing involves applying a coating or membrane to

the concrete surface, crystalline technology permanently seals concrete by
plugging its natural pores and capillaries and blocking the movement of water.
It also reacts with incoming water to self-seal the cracks that inevitably develop
in concrete, protecting structures against water and contaminants that can
weaken or destroy concrete and corrode steel reinforcement. The ability of
crystalline products to self-seal new cracks in concrete is one of its most
unique and dramatic benefits
Page 26 of 84
These products comprise mineral based hydraulically setting products, which

when applied to concrete as a cementious slurry which reacts with concrete to
form a crystalline structure deep within the capillary and pore structures,
thereby blocking voids and producing a water proofing effect. Cement and
sand used in the product are used as a carrying agent for the chemicals.
The active components in slurry react with the by-products of cement

hydrations and give rise to insoluble crystals. The system becomes
permanent, integral part of the concrete itself. There is no other preparation of
concrete required beyond the cleaning of surface. The product comes in
different trade name.
Once the concrete has cured, the crystalline chemicals sit dormant until
another dose of water (such as through a new crack) causes the chemical
reaction to begin again. The ability to reactivate in the presence of water gives
crystalline-treated concrete the ability to “self-seal”. When cracks form due to
curing shrinkage, settling, seismic activity, etc., water entering through them
causes new crystals to form and grow, blocking and filling the cracks. Its ability
to self-seal cracks is one of crystalline technology’s most unique and useful
features, and can help to dramatically reduce the long-term maintenance and
repair costs of a concrete structure.
Incorporating crystalline technology into the concrete ensures that minor

cracking that occurs even years later can self-seal without any intervention
needed. This can help to dramatically reduce the long-term maintenance and
repair costs of a concrete structure.
Such treatments can be used as solution to dampness due to capillary action

of poorly executed plinth damp course. For better results however, downwardly
inclined holes are to be bored in the masonry where the liquid compound can
be grouted. This will diffuse into the masonry and give plinth protection from
dampness.
10.5 Water proofing treatment with integral crystalline admixture: (CPWD DSR
2018: Item No. 22.22)
10.5.1 General: One method that can simplify the protective process is to make
concrete with Integral Crystalline Admixtures that reduce its permeability in
effect to make the concrete itself waterproof. Apart from the regular workability
admixtures, Integral Crystalline Durability admixtures shall be added to all
concrete, structural and otherwise, to waterproof & enhance the Concrete
Durability. The Crystalline Admixture shall be added either at the time of
Page 27 of 84
batching at the batching plant or in the drum of the transit mixer, when the
concrete arrives the point of pouring.
The concrete water proofing industry redefined their terminology a short time
ago. American Concrete differentiates between those suitable for concrete
exposed to Non Hydrostatic Conditions (PRAN) and other beneficial
characteristics such as reduced drying shrinkage, reduced chloride-ion
penetration, and improved freeze thaw resistance and enhanced autogenously
sealing.
10.5.2 Material: Integral crystalline water-proofing admixture is one part cementitious

powder added to the concrete mix at the time of batching. Integral crystalline
water-proofing admixture consists of hydrophilic chemicals such as Portland
cement, very fine treated silica sand and various active, proprietary chemicals.
These active chemicals react with moisture in fresh concrete and with the by-
products of cement hydration to cause a catalytic reaction, which generates a
non-soluble crystalline formation throughout the pores and capillary tracts of
the concrete. Thus, the concrete becomes permanently sealed against the
penetration of water or liquids from any direction. The concrete is also
protected from deterioration due to harsh environmental conditions. Integral
crystalline water-proofing admixture is specially formulated to meet varying
project and temperature conditions. This reaction continuous over the life of
the concrete serving to seal not only initial shrinkage cracks, but also cracks
that occur over time.
10.5.3 Technical Specifications / Parameters: The specifications of the materials

should match or exceed the requirements mentioned in nomenclature of the
item the product should be stored under dry condition. The shelf life of the
integral crystalline admixture should be treated as one year when stored under
normal conditions.
The water proofing compound used in integral crystalline water proofing
treatment shall satisfy all the requirements indicated in relevant standards or
as specified in concerned relevant codes etc. and the same shall be got tested
and get approved from the Engineer-in-charge before its use.
The integral crystalline waterproofing admixtures of hydrophilic in nature shall
confirm to the following requirements:
1. Dosage as specified in the item or higher as recommended by manufacturer’s

specification, material shall fulfil the requirements of American Concrete
Institute Guidelines ACI-212- 3R10 Chapter 15 and fall under PRAH
(Permeability reducing Admixtures for HYDROSTATIC conditions) and must
reduce Coefficient of Permeability of concrete by more than 90% (preferably
zero Permeability), when compared to control concrete and tested as per DIN
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1048 Part 5 by carrying out 4 cycles each of 5 bar hydrostatic pressure for 72
hours and drying for 48 hours between the cycles & co-efficient of permeability
calculated as per Darcy’ formula/ Valenta equation by incorporating
penetration values obtained at the end of fourth cycle pressure.
2. The crystalline admixture shall be compatible with any other concrete

admixture confirming to ASTM C494 and IS 9103.
3. The performance of the crystalline admixture must not be restricted by water-

cement ratio of concrete mix. In other words, the crystalline admixture must
perform at any water-cement ratio of the concrete mix.
4. It shall possess CE mark approval as per EN934-2 and shall be procured from
CE mark approved manufacturing unit. It shall also possess approval
certificate from any national apex institution mandated to issue design codes.
The product has no corrosion effect on reinforcement steel according to test
norm DINV18998. The maximum chloride content lies less than 0.1% and
maximum alkali content less than 9.3%.
5. The material must be capable of withstanding high hydrostatic pressure. It is

important that the civil contractor chooses the best material available in the
market and the product meeting all the required criteria and demonstrating
highest resistance to the high hydrostatic pressure will be given preference.
In addition to recognizing the use of Integrate Crystalline Admixtures. ACI 212-

3R-10 has also provided some guideline in para 15.3- “Selection and
Evaluation” to select the best quality PRAH’s materials as maximum
permeability reducing admixtures at maximum Hydrostatic Pressure. Para
15.3 stated that the effect of the admixture can be evaluated by testing the
permeability of concrete both directly and indirect methods. The US Army
Corps of Engineers CRC C48-92 (1992) test method is a direct measurement
of concrete permeability resistance during exposure to water under 200 psi or
13.8 bars or 1.38 MPa of hydrostatic pressure.
6. The material must reduce Chloride diffusion Co-efficient by minimum 45%

when tested as per ASTM C 1556-4 and compared with the control concrete,
thereby prolonging the durability & service life of the treated concrete structure.
7. The material must demonstrate minimum reduction of 20% in shrinkage cracks

as compared to control concrete when tested as per standard BSISO1920-
8:2009 & no internal expansion under Sulphate attack, when tested as per
ASTM C-1012-12.
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8. The crystalline admixture must be capable of self-healing of cracks up to a

width of 0.5mm.
9. Product must possess third party assurance, confirming that the product, when
used in the concrete, will have no detrimental side effects in terms of Alkali
Silica Reaction (ASR), corrosion of steel re-enforcement etc.
10. The product performance shall not be affected by wear abrasion of the treated
concrete surface and crystalline treated concrete shall not require protection
layer.
11. The crystalline admixture shall be non-toxic and shall confirm to NSF-61 USA.
Note: The manufacturer shall produce relevant test certificates of Integral

Crystalline Admixture Material from reputed laboratories as per relevant codes
stated above. To support the claim of crystal formation, national/ international
test report of scanning electrons microscopic (SEM) Photographs dandified
and mature crystal formation to plug all the capillary track and pores of the
concrete shall be provided.
Total quantity of Integral Crystalline Admixture Material required shall be

arranged only after obtaining the prior approval of the Engineer-in-Charge in
writing. Materials shall be kept under double lock and key and proper account
of water proofing compound used in the work shall be maintained. It shall be
ensured that the consumption of the compound is as per specified
requirements. Contractor shall associate himself with anyone of the specialist
firms mentioned in approved list of specialized agencies for the work relating
to the Water Proofing Treatment.
10.5.4 Recommended uses: Foundations/Rafts, Reservoirs, Bridges and Dams,

Sewage and Water Treatment Plants, Secondary Containment structures,
Tunnels and Subway Systems, Underground Vaults, Parking Structures,
Swimming Pools and water tanks, Pre-Cast, Cast-in-Place and Shotcrete
applications, Basement Retaining Walls
10.5.5 Dosage: 0.8% (minimum) to the weight of cement content per cubic meter of
concrete or higher dosage as recommended by manufacturer’s specification
10.5.6 Mixing: The integral crystalline admixture shall be used @ 0.8% (minimum)
to the weight of cement content per cum of concrete or higher as
recommended by manufacturer’s specification desired to meet water proofing
and durability criteria. Integral crystalline Admixture must be added to the
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concrete at the time of batching at the batching plant or in the drum of the
transit mixer, when the concrete arrives the point of pouring.
The sequence of procedures for addition will vary according to the type of
batch plant operation and equipment. The mixing shall be followed as below
unless & until specified otherwise. For any detailing and mixing guidelines
recommended by manufacturer’s specification should be followed.
10.5.7 Ready mix plant- Dry batch operation: Add integral crystalline admixture in
power form to the drum of the ready-mix truck under the batch plant and add
60%- 70% of the required water, along with required aggregate. Mix the
materials for 2-3 minutes to ensure that the integral crystalline admixture is
distributed evenly throughout the mix water. Add the balance of materials to
the ready-mix truck in accordance with standard batching practices.
10.5.8 Ready mix plant- Central mix operation: Mix integral crystalline admixture
with water to form a very thin slurry (e.g. 18kg of powder mixed with 22.7 litre
of water). Pour the required amount of material into the drum of the ready-mix
truck. The aggregate, cement, sand and water should be batched and mixed
in the plant in accordance with standard practices (taking into account the
quality of water that has already been placed in the ready-mix truck). Pour the
concrete into the truck and mix for at least 5 minutes to ensure even distribution
of integral crystalline admixture throughout the concrete.
10.5.9 Precast batch plant: Add integral crystalline admixture to the aggregate and
sand, then mix thoroughly for 2-3 minutes before adding the cement and water.
The total concrete mass should be blended using standard practices.
It is important to obtain a homogeneous mixture of integral crystalline

admixture with the concrete. Therefore dry integral crystalline admixture
powder should never be mixed directly to wet concrete as this may cause
clumping and hence thorough dispersion in the concrete mix may not occur.
10.5.10 Setting time and strength: The setting time of concrete mix is directly
affected by the chemical and physical composition of ingredients, temperature
of the concrete and prevailing climatic conditions. Retardation of set may occur
when using integral crystalline admixture. The amount of retardation will
depend upon the concrete mix design and the dosage rate of integral
crystalline admixture. However, under normal conditions, integral crystalline
admixture will provide a normal set concrete. Concrete containing integral
crystalline admixture may develop higher ultimate strengths than plain
concrete. Trial mixes of the concrete should be carried out under project
conditions to determine setting time and strength of the concrete.
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10.5.11 Application: Concrete treated with Integral Crystalline Admixture should be

placed and finished in accordance with good concrete practices. ACI
guidelines and recommendations should be observed.
10.5.12 Precaution / Special Consideration: It is important to obtain a homogeneous

mixture of Crystalline Admixture with the concrete. Therefore, do not add dry
Crystalline Admixture power directly to wet concrete as this may cause
clumping and through dispersion will not occur.
When incorporating Integral Crystalline Admixture, the temperature of the
concrete mix should be above 4º C.
10.5.13 Storage / Shelf Life: Integral Crystalline Admixture must be stored dry at a
minimum temperature of 7º C and its shelf life is one year when stored under
proper conditions.
10.6 Water proofing treatment with integral crystalline water proofing coating
/ slurry: (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No. 22.23)
10.6.1 General: This Integral crystalline water proofing coating / slurry of hydrophilic
in nature is applied to surface of the concrete to water proof and protect the
concrete in-depth. It consists of Portland cement, specially treated quartz sand
and a compound of active chemicals. Integral crystalline water proofing coating
material needs only to be mixed with water prior to application.
When integral crystalline water proofing material is applied to a concrete

surface, the active chemicals react with moisture and the by-products of
cement hydration to cause a catalytic reaction that generates an insoluble,
crystalline structure. These crystals fill the pores and minor shrinkage cracks
in the concrete to prevent any further water ingress (even under pressure).
However, integral crystalline water proofing material will still allow the passage
of vapour through the structure (i.e. The concrete will be able to “breathe”).
In addition to water proofing the structure, integral crystalline water proofing
Slurry protects concrete against seawater, wastewater, aggressive
groundwater and many other aggressive chemical solutions. Integral
crystalline water proofing material is approved for use in contact with potable
water and is therefore suitable for use in water storage tanks, reservoirs, water
treatment plants, etc. Integral Crystalline Slurry is not a decorative material.
10.6.2 Material: This Integral crystalline water proofing material consists of Portland
cement, specially treated quartz sand and a compound of active chemicals.
The water proofing compound used in integral crystalline water proofing

treatment shall satisfy all the requirements indicated in relevant standards or
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as specified in concerned relevant codes etc. and the same shall be got tested
and get approved from the Engineer-in-charge before its use.
10.6.3 Technical Specification/ Parameters: The integral crystalline slurry / coating

material of hydrophilic in natural shall confirm to the following requirements:
1. Dosage as specified or at the manufacturer’s recommended reduction of co-
efficient of Permeability of concrete more than 90% at 56 days curing, when
tested as per DIN 1048 Part 5 (after applying 4 cycle each 5 bar hydrostatic
pressure) and permeability co-efficient calculated as per Valenta/ Darcys
formula.
2. It shall confirm to EN1504-3 (For structural repairs-R3, Compressive Strength
> 25 Mpa) supplied from an approved manufacturing unit having CE approval
confirming to EN1504-3R3.
3. The product has no corrosion effect on reinforcement steel according to test
highest resistance to the high hydrostatic will be given preference.
5. The Integral Crystalline Slurry must be capable of self-healing of cracks up to
a width of 0.5mm.
Silica Reaction (ASR), corrosion of Steel Reinforcement etc.
layer.
8. Potable Water Compatibility: Nontoxic & suitable for use in potable water
facilities- NSF listed as per ANSI 61 listing.

Crystalline water proofing slurry material from reputed laboratories as per
relevant codes as stated above.
Total quantity of the Integral Crystalline water proofing slurry material required
shall be arranged only after obtaining the prior approval of the Engineer-in-
Charge in writing. Materials shall be kept under double lock and key and proper
account of water proofing compound used in the work shall be maintained. It
shall be ensured that the consumption of the compound is as per specified
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10.6.4 Recommended uses: Foundations/Rafts, Reservoirs, Bridges and Dams,

Sewage and Water Treatment Plants, Secondary Containment structures,
Tunnels and Subway Systems, Underground Vaults, Parking Structures,
Swimming Pools and water tanks, Pre-Cast, Cast-in-Place and Shotcrete
applications, Basement Retaining Walls
10.6.5 Preparation of surface: All concrete to be treated with integral crystalline

water proofing slurry material must be clean and have an “open” capillary
surface. Remove laitance, dirt, grease etc. by means of high pressure water
jetting, wet sandblasting or wire brushing. Faulty concrete in the form of cracks,
honeycombing, etc. must be chased out, treated with the same material and
filled flush with the mortar mixture as specified by the manufacturer. Surface
must be carefully pre-watered prior to the application of integral crystalline
water proofing material. The concrete surface mush be damp but with no wet
sheen on the surface.
10.6.6 Mixing: Integral crystalline water proofing slurry / coating material should be
mechanically mixed with clean water to a creamy consistency resembling to
thick oil. Only that much material should be mix as can be used within 20
minutes and mixture should be stirred frequently. The mixture should not be
allowed to set, it if happens, simply re-stir to restore workability but no more
water should be added to it. The ratio of integral crystalline water proofing
material with water should be as below
i) Vertical surface: - For applying with brush the ratio should be 5 parts of integral
crystalline water proofing material to 2 parts of water.
For applying with spray the ratio should be 5 parts of Integral Crystalline water
proofing coating material to 2.75 - 3.25 parts of water.
ii) Horizontal surface: - The ratio should be 3 parts of Integral Crystalline water
proofing coating material to 1 part of water. This should be applied by brush
only.
10.6.7 Application Procedure: The slurry mix of the Integral Crystalline water
proofing slurry material shall be applied in one or two coats as specified/
required according to work situation in the item. After preparation of surface as
described in para 9.6.4, and making the surface saturated with water before
application of Crystalline Slurry, then first coat of the slurry mix shall be applied
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by the brush or appropriate power spray equipment. The second coat as

specified shall be applied while the first coat is still green.
The other method of application known as Dry powder consistency can also
be applied on horizontal surfaces only. The specified amount of integral
crystalline water proofing material is distributed in powder form through a sieve
or a semi mechanical barrow spreader and troweled into the freshly placed
concrete as this reaches the initial set.
The integral crystalline water proofing material to be used shall be as

following:-
i. Vertical surface: - Two coats of integral crystalline water proofing material

slurry coat shall be applied @ of 0.70 kg per sqm. per coat or as specified.
ii. Horizontal surface: - One coat of integral crystalline water proofing material
slurry coat shall be applied @ of 1.10 kg per sqm or as specified by the
manufacturer to harden concrete. Alternatively integral crystalline water
proofing material mix can be dry sprinkled @ of 1.00 kg per sqm and trowel
applied to fresh concrete when it has reached initial set.
iii. Construction joint: - Integral crystalline water proofing material mix shall be
applied either as slurry coat or dry powder consistency immediately prior to
placing the next lift/ bay of concrete @ 1.60 kg per sqm. or as specified.
iv. Binding concrete: - Integral crystalline water proofing material mix shall be
applied either as slurry coat or dry powder consistency immediately prior to
placing the overlying concrete slab.
10.6.8 Curing: The treated surfaces should be kept damp for a period of five days
and must be protected against direct sun, wind and frost, by covering with
polyethylene sheeting, damp burlap or similar material.
10.6.9 Precaution / Special Consideration: Do not apply Integral Crystalline Slurry

at temperatures at or below freezing or to frozen or freezing surfaces. Integral
Crystalline slurry cannot be used as an additive to concrete or plasters.
(Integral Crystalline Admixture should be considered for these applications).
10.6.10 Storage / Shelf Life: When properly stored in a dry place in unopened and
undamaged original packaging its shelf life is 12 months.
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10.7 Water proofing treatment with integral crystalline water proofing dry-
shake: (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No. 22.24)
10.7.1 General: Crystalline water proofing dry-shake of hydrophilic in nature is a

unique Integral Crystalline chemical treatment for the waterproofing and
protection of concrete. Crystalline water proofing dry-shake has been
formulated for dry-shake applications on horizontal concrete surfaces where
greater impact and abrasion resistance is required.
10.7.2 Material: Integral Crystalline water proofing dry-shake (dry powder) compound
consists of Portland cement, various active proprietary chemicals, and a
synthetic aggregate hardener that has been crushed and graded to particle
sizes suitable for concrete floors.
Crystalline water proofing dry-shake becomes an integral part of the concrete

surface, thereby eliminating problems normally associated with coatings (e.g.
scaling, dusting, flaking and delaminating). The active chemicals react with the
moisture in the fresh concrete causing a catalytic reaction that generates a
non-soluble crystalline formation within the pores and capillary tracts of the
concrete.
10.7.3 Technical Specification/ Parameters: The Integral Crystalline dry shake

material of hydrophilic in nature shall confirm to the following requirements:
1. Dosage as specified or at the manufacturer’s recommended reduction of co-

efficient of Permeability of concrete more than 90% at 56 days curing, when
tested as per DIN 1048 Part 5 (after applying 4 cycle each 5 bar hydrostatic
pressure) and permeability co-efficient calculated as per Valenta/ Darcy’ s
formula.

confirming to EN 1504-3R3.


highest resistance to the high hydrostatic will be given preference.
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5. The Integral Crystalline dry shake must be capable of self-healing of cracks up

to a width of 0.5mm.
layer.

Crystalline water proofing dry shake material from reputed laboratories as per
relevant codes as state above.
Total quantity of the Integral Crystalline water proofing dry shake material
required shall be arranged only after obtaining the prior approval of the
Engineer-in-Charge in writing. Materials shall be kept under double lock and
key and proper account of water proofing compound used in the work shall be
maintained. It shall be ensured that the consumption of the compound is as
per specified requirements. Contractor shall associate himself with anyone of
the specialist firms mentioned in approved list of specialized agencies for the
work relating to the Water Proofing Treatment.
10.7.4 Application Rate (Dose): Crystalline water proofing dry-shake material to be

used under normal conditions should cover the application surface @
minimum 0.60 kg per sqm. depending upon of the degree of abrasion
resistance required.
If the surface is to be used under heavy traffic conditions or where greater

abrasion resistance is required, the manufacturers recommendation should be
taken into account while applying crystalline water proofing dry-shake on the
concrete surface.
10.7.5 Application Procedure

i. After fresh concrete is placed. Consolidated and levelled, wait until concrete
can be walked on leaving an indentation of 6-8mm.
ii. Concrete should be free of bleed water and be able to support the weight of a
power trowel. Float open the surface.
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iii. Immediately after floating open the surface and within one hour of finishing the
concrete, apply one-half of the Integral Crystalline water proofing dry-shake
material by hand or mechanical spreader, in one direction only. The Integral
Crystalline water proofing dry-shake material must be spread evenly.
iv. As soon as the Integral Crystalline water proofing dry-shake material has
absorbed moisture from the base slab, it should be power floated to the
surface.
v. Immediately after power floating, apply remaining Integral Crystalline water

proofing dry-shake material at right angles to the first application.
vi. Allow remaining Integral Crystalline water proofing dry-shake material to

absorb moisture from the base slab and then power float the material into the
surface. When concrete has hardened sufficiently, power trowel surface to the
required finish.
10.7.6 Curing: Curing is important and shall begin as soon as final set has occurred
but before surface starts to dry. Conventional moist curing procedures such
as water spray, wet burlap or plastic covers may be used. Curing should
continue for at least 48 hours. In hot dry sunny or windy conditions, it is
advisable to use an evaporation retardant on the fresh concrete surface to
prevent premature drying of the slab conditions due consultations should be
made from the technical representatives of the manufacturer for specific
instructions. In lieu or moist curing, concrete sealers and curing compounds
may be used. In all cases, recommended guidelines for proper curing should
be followed.
10.7.7 Recommended uses: Foundations /Rafts Slabs, Water tank base slab ,
Sewage and Water Treatment Plants, Below Grade Structures, Warehouses
Floors, Traffic Bearing Surfaces, Parking Structures
10.7.8 Precaution / Special Consideration: For the best results when applying
Integral Crystalline dry shake materials, the air content of the concrete shall
not exceed 3% (a high air content can make it difficult to achieve a proper
application).
In hot, dry, or windy conditions, it is advisable to use an evaporation retardant
on the fresh concrete surface to prevent premature drying of the slab. Chronic
moving cracks or joints will require a suitable flexible sealant.
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10.7.9 Storage / Shelf Life: Integral Crystalline dry shake must be stored dry at a
minimum temperature of 7º C and its shelf life is one year when stored under
proper conditions.
10.8 Crystalline water proofing mortar: (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No. 22.25)
10.8.1 Material: Crystalline water proofing mortar consists of Portland cement,

specially treated quartz sand and a compound of active chemicals.
The active chemicals react with moisture and the by-products of cement
hydration to cause a catalytic reaction, which generates an insoluble integral
crystalline complex. These crystalline complexes grow in the presence of
water and block the capillaries of the concrete and minor shrinkage cracks,
thus water proofing the concrete. Chemicals activation begins when the power
is mixed with water and may take several days to completely block the
capillaries, depending on ambient temperature and environmental conditions.
It can be applied to the positive or negative water pressure sides of a structure.
10.8.2 Technical Specification/ Parameters:

confirming to EN 1504-3R3.
norm DIN V 18998. The maximum chloride content lies less than 0.1% and
layer.
Note: The manufacturer shall produce relevant test certificates of Crystalline

Mortar from reputed laboratories as per relevant codes as state above.
Total quantity of the water proofing Crystalline Mortar material required shall
be arranged only after obtaining the prior approval of the Engineer-in-Charge
in writing. Materials shall be kept under double lock and key and proper
account of water proofing compound used in the work shall be maintained. It
shall be ensured that the consumption of the compound is as per specified
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10.8.3 Recommended Uses: This material can be applied in conjunction with

crystalline water proofing coating for:
(i) Installation of seal strips, reglets and coves at joints to assure water tightness
(ii) Patching and filling / sealing of routed out cracks.
(iii) Patching of tie holes and faulty construction joints.
(iv) Repairing of spalled and honeycombed area.
10.8.4 Preparation of Surface: All surfaces to be patched, repaired or sealed with

crystalline water proofing mortar must be clean and sound. Crack should be
routed out to a U-shaped configuration, approximately 25 mm wide and a
minimum of 25 mm deep. Tie holes should be roughened prior to filling. Spalled
and honeycombed area must be thoroughly cleaned and chiseled back to
sound concrete prior to repair. Remove all dirt, cement laitance, form release
agents, curing compounds, paints, coating, etc. by means of wet or dry
sandblasting, high pressure water jet or other approved mechanical means.
Surfaces must be well moistened to a dull dampness at the time of application.
The concrete should be damp with no wet sheen on the surface.
10.8.5 Mixing
i. For routed cracks, coves and non-moving joints: Add water to crystalline water
proofing mortar powder until a medium stiff, trowel able consistency reached.
The texture of the mix should be pliable enough to be trowelled into the cracks
with some pressure, but not so pliable that it would run out or sag out of the
crack.
Approximate mixing ratio (by volume) is 4.5 parts crystalline water proofing
mortar powder to 1 part water. Alternatively, 450gm of crystalline water
proofing mortar powder to 100 ml of water is to be mixed.
ii. Tie holes and pointing applications: Add only a small amount of water. Mixed
consistency should be that of “dry earth” holding a shape when squeezed but
easily crumbled when pressed between fingers. Mix only as much material as
can be used within 20 minutes.
10.8.6 Application Procedure:

i. For sealing cracks and faulty construction joints, routed out/making U-shape
groove size 25x25mm and then priming the surface with integral crystalline
slurry @0.05 kg per running meter and while the surface is tacky filled the
cavity upto surface crystalline mortar @1.50 kg per running meter. Once
crystalline mortar is touch dry then finally applying two coats of integral
crystalline slurry @0.05 kg per running meter per coat.
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ii. For repairing spalled & honeycombed areas, prepared the surface and chiesel
back upto sound concrete and then primed the area with integral crystalline
slurry @0.70 kg per sqm. and while the surface is tacky repair and level the
honeycomb area with crystalline mortar @ 22.70 kg per sqm. for an average
thickness of 10mm. Once crystalline mortar is touch dry then finally two coats
of integral crystalline slurry @ 0.70kg per sqm. per coat.
iii. For patching of tie rod holes, prepared tie rod hole surface and primed the area
with integral crystalline slurry @ 0.07 kg per sqm and while the surface is tacky
repair and filled the tie rod holes with crystalline mortar @ 0.040 kg per hole.
The crystalline mortar shall be tightly rodded into tie holes or packed tightly.
For 25x25x25 mm hole, use 0.040 kg per hole to fill the tie hole.
10.8.7 Curing: Provide protection against extreme weather conditions, such as heavy
rain or freezing conditions, during the setting period. Curing is not normally
required except during hot, low humidity weather. In these conditions, a light
mist of water approximately 25 hours after the repair is completed will help to
ensure a controlled cure. In extreme dry heat, water misting may be carried
out at required intervals more frequently.
10.8.8 Precaution / Special Consideration: Crystalline mortar shall not applied at

temperatures below 40ºF (4ºC), to a frozen substrate or if temperatures will
drop below freezing during the curing period (approximately 24 hours). This
product is not recommended for use in expansion or construction joints.
Crystalline mortar can be applied in (13 mm) layers not exceeding 2.5 inch
(approximately 6.5 cm) to prevent shrinkage cracks in the mortar.
10.8.9 Storage / Shelf Life: Crystalline mortar shall be stored in a dry enclosed area
off the ground at a minimum temperature of 7ºC. Shelf life when stored in
proper conditions in unopened, undamaged packaging is 12 months.
10.9 Fibre reinforced elastomeric liquid water proofing membrane having sun
reflectivity index (SRI) of 105: (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No. 22.22A)
10.9.1 Material: Fibre reinforced elastomeric liquid water proofing membrane is a

ready-to-use waterproofing, white product, with high solar reflectance and
thermal index SRI of 105, for external applications. This is made from resilient
acrylic polymers and synthetic resins in water dispersion, and when dry forms
a continuous, flexible waterproofing membrane. This is resistant to all
atmospheric conditions and UV rays, and guarantees long-lasting protection
for the substrate.
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10.9.2 Technical Specification/ Parameters: The Fibre reinforced elastomeric liquid

water proofing membrane shall confirm the following requirements:
1. Fibre reinforced elastomeric liquid water proofing membrane with fibers in

water emulsion with high reflectance and emissivity with a solar reflectance
index SRI of 105 should comply with the requirements of EN 1504-9 ( ‘Products
and system for protecting and repairing concrete structures: definitions,
requirements, quality control and conformity assessment. General principles
for the use of products and systems”), EN1504-2 coating (C) principles PI, MC
and IR (“concrete surface protection systems”)
2. This should possess a paste like consistency having highly reflective white
colour.
3. This should have density of 1.35 with dry solid content of 61.4%.
4. This should be applied within a temperature range of 5°C to 35°C
5. This should have minimum tensile strength (ISO 37) of 1.5N/mm²
6. This should confirm to results after testing as per EN1062-11 for exposure to
artificial weather conditions.
7. The Sun Reflectivity Index when tested as per ASTM E1980 should be 105
minimum
10.9.3 Applications: It is to be applied using a long-haired roller, brush or spray on

any horizontal, sloping or vertical surfaces to form a string, flexible, tack-free
dry surface, suitable for occasional light foot traffic. This can with stand normal
expansion and contraction stresses caused by temperature variations due to
its flexibility. This also helps lower the working temperature of roofs and
guarantees good energy performance properties of all the layers of the roof.
The SRI value of 105 helps in reducing the heat island effect of roofs.
10.9.4 Preparation of Surface: All the substrates, whether they are new or old, must
be sound, clean, dry and free of all traces of oil, grease, old paint, rust, mould
and nay other material which could compromise the bond.
Concrete and in general mineral substrates must be sound and dry with no
rising damp. Any loose parts must be removed. All wax, water-repellent
treatments, etc. must be removed from the surface of ceramic substrates with
a suitable detergent and/ or by sanding. Any hollows and gaps in the surface
must be repaired properly with appropriate material as described and
instructed by the manufacturer of this product. The tools to be used must be
properly cleaned.
10.9.5 Application Procedure: All the area of operation shall be thoroughly cleaned
as described in para 10.9.3 above. Mix the content in such a manner that they
are perfectly blended into a homogenous state of liquid which can be applied
by long haired roller or airless spray. For applying 1st coat of self-priming
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elastomeric water proofing liquid the material should be diluted with water in
the ratio of 3:1 (3 parts of elastomeric water proofing liquid and 1 part of water).
Wait until the 1st coat is completely dry and becomes slightly darker in colour.
After the 1st coat has dried completely apply 2nd coat with undiluted elastomeric
water proofing liquid in a criss-cross direction to the previous coat. After the
drying of 2nd coat completely apply the final coat of undiluted elastomeric water
proofing liquid in a direction perpendicular to previous coat. The minimum
thickness of the dry film of complete application should not be less than as
recommended by manufacturer’s specification. The overall dry thickness
should not be in any case less than 500 microns. Protect the membrane from
rain unless it is completely dry. The overall consumption of the material should
be as per nomenclature of the item and should also adhere to the
specifications detailed in the approved schedule of the manufacturer.
10.10 Flexible cementatious negative side waterproofing coating with elastic

waterproofing polymers (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No. 22.23A)
10.10.1 Material: Flexible cementations negative side waterproofing coating with

elastic waterproofing polymer is a one-component, concentrated liquid
admixture used to enhance the performance of cementations repair mortars,
plasters, stuccos, concrete mixes and toppings for restoration of horizontal,
vertical and overhead concrete; concrete masonry units (CMU); and masonry
surfaces.
Technical Specification/ Parameters: Flexible cementations negative side

waterproofing coating with elastic waterproofing polymer shall confirm the
following requirements:
1. Flexible cementations negative side waterproofing coating with elastic
waterproofing polymer should have PH value of 7 and consist of liquid state
with the application temperature range of 7°C to 35°C.
2. This should have the density of 1.02 gm per ml.
3. This should possess the property of application in undiluted as well as diluted
form.
4. This should be non-re emulsifiable.
10.10.2 Applications: It is to be applied using a long-haired roller, brush or spray on

any horizontal, sloping or vertical surfaces to form a string, flexible, tack-free
dry surface. This is easy to use and control in construction works for water
proofing of the surface and optimizes bond to concrete substrates. It also
improves resistance to abrasion and freeze/ thaw cycles.
10.10.3 Preparation of Surface: All substrates must be structurally sound, stable and
solid, with all loose material removed. Thoroughly clean the surface of any
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substance that could interfere with the bond of the installation material,
including dirt, paint, tar, asphalt, wax, oil, and grease, latex compounds, from
release agents, laitance, loose toppings, foreign substances and any other
residues. Concrete surfaces must be mechanically profiled and prepared by
shot blasting, sandblasting, diamond-grinding, water-jetting, scarifying or other
engineer-approved methods to obtain an acceptable profile. Concrete
substrate and ambient room temperatures must be maintained between 45°F
and 95°F (7°C and 35°C) before application. Temperatures must be
maintained within this range for at least of 72 hours after the application
coating.
10.10.4 Application Procedure: Apply the coating on to this sound and dry surface
using a long-haired roller, brush or spray. The dilution of the compound the
water should be done in a clean mixing pail. The ratio of mixing with water is
to be done in accordance with the nomenclature of the item along with
corresponding coats and manufacturer specifications. The number of coats to
be applied should be as directed under the nomenclature of the item and the
total material used in complete process should not be less than 14.35 kg per
10 sqm under any circumstances. The 1st coat should be applied on to the
properly prepared and dried surface. More coats should be applied when the
coat below is still wet. All the coats should be applied in perpendicular direction
to each other. The final surface is to be protective from excessive heat or draft
conditions during the first 24 to 72 hours. Final surface should be cured for at
least 5 to 7 days. Use of damp burlap, polyethylene sheeting or water-based
curing compound is also recommended to be used for curing.
10.11 Swellable type water stop tape (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No. 22.26)
10.11.1 General: Swellable type water stop tape of size 19 mm x 25 mm is a unique

sealing compound designed to expand rapidly when exposed to moisture,
making it a self-healing joint material for construction joint applications /
treatment.
10.11.2 Material: This is a swellable type sealing compound which expand rapidly after
coming in to contact or exposed to moisture. This acts as a self-healing
material and is used for applications in construction joints.
10.11.3 Physical Properties

i. Specific gravity (ASTM D71): 1.35 ± 0.05 (ASTM D-71)
ii. Volatile matter: 1% maximum (ASTM D-6)
iii. Penetration, 150g cone at 25°C, 5sec : 40 ± 5mm (ASTM D-217)
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iv. Rate of Rapid Expansion: (a) Fresh Water Exposure: 24 Hours-140%, 48

Hours- 175%, 72 Hours-190% & 120 Hours-210%
(b) Salt Water Exposure: 24 Hours-7%, 48 Hours-12%, 72 Hours-14%, 120 Hours-
18%
The water stop material should meet the requirements to EU REACH
Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006.
10.11.4 Physical Properties of Swellable Water stop Primer

i. % Solid : Min 20%
ii. Flash Point: 93 deg C
iii. Dry Time : 25 deg C:10 min
iv. Dry Time : 4 deg C : 60 min
10.11.5 Recommended Uses: Typical applications for swellable type waterstop tape
include building foundations, slabs, retaining walls, storage tanks, and similar
non-moving cold construction joints
10.11.6 Application:
i. The entire surface length where the water stop is to be applied is cleaned
thoroughly by using blower and brush. Apply one coat of required primer
throughout the length of the joint @ 3.78 litre per 240 running metre. Allow the
primer to dry for 10 to 15 minutes at the temperature of 25°C. This should be
allowed to dry for some longer time in the areas where the temperature are
low.
ii. By using the heel of the hand and moderate pressure, press the self expanding
joint material firmly into the position on the structure on the entire area which
has been primed and dried. Make sure that the product has bonded with the
primed area.
iii. Where required, splice ends to from a continuous, uninterrupted seal. For best
results, cut each end at opposite 45deg. angles and tightly butt ends together.
DO NOT OVERLAP ENDS. Gently knead the spliced ends creating an
uninterrupted seal.
iv. Peel the protective covering from the exposed side of the installed expandable
joints sealing compound.
v. Pour the matting structural member in position.
Notes:
Always use sellable type waterstop primer to avoid displacement of the
swellable type waterstop tape during concrete pouring. It may be necessary to
utilize masonry nails or other mechanical means to hold the sealant in place
on vertical surfaces.
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Place swellable type water stop tape so that it is not closer than 5 cm away
from the outer surface of poured structure. If a Keyway is utilized, place the
swellable type water stop tape into the bottom of the formed Keyway area.
10.11.7 Precaution / Special Consideration: Always use swellable type water stop
primer to ensure tight adhesion and to aid in preventing swellable type water
stop tape from moving during the concrete pour. For vertical surfaces, nails
may be used to hold the product in place in conjunction with swellable type
water stop primer. Swellable type water stop tape shall be used at a minimum
depth of 50 mm inside the concrete. When used on pipes and other structural
penetrations, swellable type water stop tape shall be cut to measured length
and placed around the penetration with ends butted. In all cases, swellable
type water stop tape shall be in direct contact with the substrate along the
entire length of the installation. Swellable type water stop tape is not an
expansion joint sealant and only suitable for non-moving concrete joints.
Swellable type water stop tape should not be installed in standing water or on
frozen or icy surfaces.
10.11.8 Storage / Shelf Life: When stored in a dry enclosed area off the ground at a
minimum temperature of 45°F (7°C) in unopened, undamaged cartons, its
shelf life is unlimited.
10.12 Water proofing by Nano Technology (CPWD DSR 2018: Item No. 26.59 -
26.60):
Nanotechnology, shortened to “Nanotech”, is the study of the controlling of
matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, Nanotechnology deals
with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension,
and involves developing materials within that size. Nanotechnology is very
diverse approach based upon molecular self assembly, from developing new
materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can
directly control matter on the atomic scale. Any technology based on particles
size less than 10 ηm is considered Nano Technology. Molecule of modern
nanotechnology based water proofing compounds, when dissolved in solvent
has estimated size of 5-6 ηm.
Polymers contain many thousands of monomers attached with each other and
form a long chain molecule. These polymers form clusters in a solution or
emulsion. When this polymers form a film on the substrate surface, polymer
molecular clusters are forced to adhere to the surface. Then polymers further
undergo shear stress because of exposed heat and moisture. As a result, the
cohesive forces are weakened. Additionally, Polymers are visco-elastic i.e.
they always move to attain thermodynamically stable format. Under these
circumstances, molecular bonds are weakened and UV, a high energy source,
can attack the polymer network to form free radicals. Free radicals are reactive
centers on the molecule and can easily react with oxygen (oxidation),
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eventually break down molecular structure. Nanotechnology based

waterproofing uses monomeric water repellent compounds that can penetrates
several millimeters inside the core of the substrate. 2000 hours of UV test
results for such compounds indicates that nanotechnology base water proofing
compounds are very stable and does not change chemically and protect the
bulk of the substrate structure.
10.12.1 Technical details of NANO Technology Based Water Proofing

compounds:
Flash Point >100oC, Non flammable

Specific Gravity 1.05-1.10
(25oC)
Viscosity (25oC) 500-800 CPS
Solubility Mixable with water
Dilution One part waterproofing compound with 10 Parts
water/solvent (horizontal surface) One part waterproofing
compound with 20 Parts water/solvent (Vertical Surface)
Suitable for Concrete, Expose aggregates, Brick, Mortar, Plaster,
Lime stone, Sandstone, Granite, Tile and Grout, Cement
sheets
Water repellence By Nano level hydrophobation
Mechanism
Diluents Water/solvant
Ensure protection As Micro level crack filler.
Weathering Cycle UV exposure according to ASTM G-154 (21
hours), followed by rain showers (1 hour)
and drying at 110 oC (2 hours)
Life >15 years
Nanotechnology Based Water proofing compounds should comply:
 ASTM D 6489 regarding Concrete water penetration Less than 15% after 24
& 48 Hours
 ASTM G 154 regarding Accelerated Weathering Less than 5% Loss after
2000 hours
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 ASTM E514 regarding Brick/Masonry Standard Test for Water Penetration-

Passes 85% Reduction
 ASTM 1653:03 regarding Masonry Vapor Transmission (breathability)
 ASTM E 303:93 regarding Wet Concrete Slip Resistance
 IS 3067-1988 regarding Masonry Damp proofing of Building
 IS 13182-1991 regarding Masonry Damp proofing & Waterproofing of
Buildings
10.12.2 Effectiveness of Nanotechnology Based Water proofing compounds:

Almost all material commonly used for construction can be treated with these
water proofing compounds. This includes Concrete, Bricks, Sand Stone,
Granite, Lime stone, Marble, Plaster, Cement sheet and Natural stones.
Nanotechnology based Water proofing compounds are generally a monomeric

compound. The size of the molecule is less than 6-8 ηm. They can easily enter
into the pores of the substrates. Because of their small size, the molecules
flows through the pores branches inside the substrate. Normally they are
applied as water solution though other solvent may also be used as indicated
by manufacturer. Such water proofing compounds are found to be very efficient
in covering the surface and provide deep penetration as below:
(a) They with stand hydraulic pressure generated by high wind driven rains.
(b) They give protection against micro cracks
(c) They also protect the structures from water damage after abrasion due to
heavy traffic or natural weathering of the surface
(d) Protects the reinforcement from corrosion.
 Protection at the joints:

Joints are relatively small but important and vulnerable component of a
structures. Joints are normally under more stress then the rest of the
structures. Water penetrates easily because of the porous nature of the joints
components, due to high concentration of reinforcement and difficult shuttering
including poor workmanship. Water swells the joints and it de-swells when ever
water leaves the joints. Swelling and de-swelling process generates void sand
develops cracks. Waterproofing treatment of joints prevents water penetration
in to the joints thus avoiding swelling and de-swelling process.
 Protection of structures after the cracks are formed:

There are two types of concrete: concrete that is cracked and concrete that
has the potential to crack. When exposed to wetting and drying conditions,
concrete will expand and contract. If the stress associated with these volume
changes exceeds the tensile capacity of the concrete, cracks will form. Such
cracks are referred as a shrinkage cracks. Besides this, normal RCC is also
designed as cracked section, in order to transfer tensile stresses to
reinforcement bars.
Potential Cracks are also expected to develop in joint area as it acts as a

"pressure release valve". At junction, members of different thickness are joined
together, for example beam & slab junction where slab of less thickness is
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joined to a beam. This allows a crack to form along a straight line within the
joint since the thin section provides a path with less resistance than a thicker
section. These micro cracks are normally 0.1 to 0.2 mm width and 2-3 mm
deep. Nanotechnology based hydrophobic water proofing compound
penetrates inside the concrete structures and protect it from water infiltration.
 Prevention of surface developed black spots on new structures:

The black spots are remains of biological growth (Mildew, Fungi). Concrete
surface is very course and porous. Therefore concrete traps moisture in these
pores and biological growth occurs where moisture and food are available.
Concrete and plaster surfaces retains moisture very effectively and promotes
fungus growth. These biological growths die and leaves organic residue (black
spots). This residue becomes food for the next generation. These vicious
cycles continues and covers the entire surface within few monsoon cycles.
These stains are generally removed by high pressure water jet and 3-5%
solution of bleach (Sodium hypochlorite). First the surface is cleaned by high
pressure water jets to loosen the residue. Then 3-5% Bleach solution is
sprayed over the surface. Allow 30-60 minutes to Oxidize the residue before
cleaning again with high pressure water jet.
This biological growth can also be eliminated by removing one of the important
component, i.e. moisture. Use of nanotechnology based water proofing compounds
changes the surface characteristics from hydrophilic to hydrophobic thereby
prevent moisture accumulation in the pores. Hence formation and growth of
fungus or mold is prevented for a longer period.
10.12.3 Application of Nanotechnology Based Water proofing compounds

Preparation of surface:
The substrate should be made clean and dry. Surface should be free from
loose particles, wax, sealers, curing compounds, grease and efflorescence.
Concrete should be fully cured for at least 28 days. Now surface sealers should
be applied to surfaces that are above 500F. Surface should be dry with no rain
expected within 2 hours following application.
Vertical Surfaces:
 Pressure washing (min. 1400 psi) followed by drying.
 Chemical cleaners may be used to remove and/ or neutralize surface
contamination.
 Remove all traces of dirt, efflorescence, mold, mildew, grease, oil, asphalt,
laitance, curing compounds, paint, coatings or any other surface contaminant.
 Repair all visible cracks greater than 1/32 of an inch.
 Insure all caulking or sealants have formed a heavy skin prior to application of
nanotechnology based water proofing compounds.
Horizontal Surface
 Pressure washing (minimum 1400 psi) followed by drying or shot blasting prior
to application is suggested. Preparation should include all surfaces to be
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sealed, plus 10 cm of the vertical surface adjacent to the horizontal surface if

possible.
 Chemical cleaners should be used to remove and/ or neutralize surface
contamination
 Remove all traces of dirt, efflorescence, mold, mildew, grease, oil, asphalt,
laitance, curing compounds, paint, coatings or any other surface contaminant.
 Repair all visible cracks greater than 1/32 of an inch.
 Insure all caulking or sealants have formed a heavy skin prior to application.
10.12.4 Mixing Instructions:

 Use cool, clean water, clean tools and clean containers
 Take water; slowly pour in water proofing concentrate as per manufacturer’s
recommendations. Stir slowly for 3-5 minutes or with a very slow speed paddle
mixer for two minutes. Avoid creating foam.
 The sealer is concentrated and needs to be diluted with clean water/solvent at
the rate advised by manufacturer.
 Mix only the quantity that can be used within 24 hours. Discard excess material
that is not used.
10.12.5 Application: Applications requiring a warranty require approval and sign off of
a product representative prior to application. Safety instructions on the
container and the information manual/sheet prior to the application should be
read carefully.
a) Diluted sealer is applied by low pressure pump up airless spray (15-20 psi)
b) Insure that all windows and metal trim have been cleaned during the cleaning
process. The sealer will not react with metal or glass, but will react with dirt
making removal more difficult.
c) Cover or pre-wet with clean water any vegetation to reduce the chances of
temporary browning. Check if the active ingredient is toxic.
d) Cover or pre-wet asphalt to avoid any asphalt residue from leaching out and
staining adjacent surfaces.
e) On horizontal surfaces, apply enough material to flood the surface. Move
around any material which has not penetrated the surface after 5-10 seconds.
Keep traffic off the surface until the sealer has dried.
f) On vertical surfaces, work from the bottom up. Saturate the surface with the
sealer; run downs are not required as with other sealers.
g) After the surfaces have dried, rinse off any over spray on windows or metal
trim with water. If the windows or metal trim were not cleaned prior to the
application of the sealer, warm soapy water will be required.
10.12.6 Treatment of Cold Joint in Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC):

Concrete are cast in parts. The junction of new and old structure will always
create cold joint. The waterproofing of the cold joints is a critical requirement
in order to have a water tight structure. Water proofing procedure for the cold
joints is as below:
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 Treat the cold Joint Vertical surface of PCC/RCC with one coat of diluted
waterproofing solution.
 Pour concrete mix for the first 100mm of the cold joint. Use mechanical vibrator
for compaction followed by wet–on-wet pouring of design specified concrete.
This reduces water breakout from the cold joint.
 Grade slab should be cured completely and dried before treatment.
 Prepare the surface by removing loose particles, laitance, dust and dirt by
manual cleaning and water jet cleaning. Dry the surface.
 Apply diluted waterproofing solution on the grade slab by flooding procedure.
 Test the dry surface for water absorption.
 Prepare the treated surface free from dirt by water spray then dry.
 Apply one coat of sealant before further works like screed, concreting,
plastering as per designed specification.
10.12.7 Limitations of Nanotechnology Based Water proofing compounds:

 These are generally not suitable for frozen or frosted surface and the sealer
should not be applied below 500F, nor should the sealer be exposed to
freezing conditions during the first 24 hours of drying.
 Water proofing materials should be used within 24 hours of mixing.
 These compounds should not be applied over previously sealed/painted
surfaces.
 These should not be applied during windy conditions or when rain is expected
within 2 hours.
 Should not be applied over concrete that has not reached 80% design strength
and until completely dry.
11.0 Traditional Water Proofing Methods

11.1 Lime Concrete Terracing: This system consists of laying, ramming &
compaction of lime concrete to a desired slope. Lime concrete used in this
system is a mixture of hydrated fat lime (conforming to IS 712) pozzolanic
material (calcinated clay pozzolana conforming to IS1344) and concrete
aggregate (broken burnt clay bricks conforming to IS: 3068 or natural stone
aggregate conforming to IS 383) having maximum size 25mm. This system is
suitable for new as well as old roofs.
11.1.1 Application Procedure: Various steps involved in this system areas under:
i) Preparation of Lime Concrete:-
 One part of slaked lime and two parts of burnt brick pozzolana / surkhi, by
volume, shall be mixed on a water tight platform.
 This shall then be sprinkled with required quantity of water and well ground in
a mill or using mechanical grinder to obtain lime pozzolana mortar.
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 Coarse aggregate and lime pozzolana mortar, in proportion of 2½:1 parts by

volume, shall be used for preparation of lime concrete.
 In case of hand mixing, coarse aggregate shall be staked to an even surface
on the platform and lime Pozzolana mortar shall than be evenly spread over
the aggregate and the whole thoroughly mixed in just sufficient quantity of
water to obtain concrete of uniform consistency. The mixing shall be done by
turning it over and over several times - until all the aggregate are covered with
mortar and a concrete of uniform consistency is obtained.
 In case of machine mixing, two and a half parts by volume of clean saturated
surface dry coarse aggregate shall first be fed in to the mixer and then one
part, by volume, of lime.
 Pozzolana mortar shall than be added to the mixer and the content mixed well.
 Mixing shall be continued until there is a uniform distribution of the material.
 Final adjustment of water, to obtain concrete of required consistency may be
made by adding clear water, if necessary, and turning the ingredients in the
mixer.
ii) Laying, ramming & compaction of lime concrete:-

 Before laying of lime concrete, all preparatory work described in IS 3067 i.e.
cleaning of roof surface, attention to cracks by filling with cement sand slurry,
provision of adequate numbers of opening and fillet at the junction of roof and
parapet wall shall be completed.
 Roof surface should be made rough to develop sufficient bond between lime
concrete and base concrete.
 After cleaning, roof surface shall be painted with hot bitumen 80/100@ 1.7
kg/m2 blended with coarse sand. Subsequently, laying of lime concrete shall
be started from a corner of a roof and proceed diagonally towards centre and
other sides considering the slopes required for draining the rain water
smoothly.
 The average thickness of lime concrete shall not be less than 100mm.
 On flat roof, slope of 1 in 60 shall be given. However, in heavy rainfall area,
slope of 1 in 40 is recommended.
 After laying it shall be initially rammed with a rammer weighing not more than
2 kg and then finished to the required evenness sand slopes.
 Further consolidation shall be done using wooden 'thapies' with rounded
edges.
 The workmen will sit close together and beat the surface lightly.
 The beating will normally have to be carried on for at least seven days until
the 'thapi' makes no impression on the surface and rebounds readily from it
when struck.
 During compaction the surface shall be sprinkled liberally with lime mortar and
small proportion of sugar solution (i.e. solution prepared by mixing, 3 kg of
jaggery, 1½ kg of Bael fruit to 100 litre of water by boiling), for obtaining
improved water proofing of concrete.
 On completion of beating, the mortar that comes on the top shall be
smoothened with a trowel or float.
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iii) Curing :- The lime concrete after compaction shall be cured for a minimum of
10 days or until it hardens by covering with a thin layer of grass or straw which
shall be kept wet continuously.
iv) Treatment at junction of roof and parapet:- All along the junction of roof
surface with parapet wall, a strip of lime concrete fillet shall be laid and finished
smooth.
v) Finish:- In case of accessible roof, one layer of burnt clay flat terracing tiles
(according to IS:2690 Part-1 and Part-2) may be laid over a thin layer of lime
mortar. However, in the extreme condition where there is considerable
expansion and contraction, two layers of tiles may be put on the top of lime
pozzolana concrete. These tiles should be joined with non-shrinking
impervious cement mortar.
For more details, IS: 3036 – Laying Lime Concrete for Water Proofed Roof
Finish, may be referred.
11.2 Mud Phuska Terracing:

11.2.1 Material:
i) Soil for Mud Phuska: The soil for mud phuska shall be free from gravel and
coarse sand (of particle size greater than 2mm), vegetable matter and fine
kankar particles. The soil shall also be free from harmful and efflorescent salts.
The coarse material shall not exceed 25% by mass. The plasticity index of the
soil shall be between 10- 15 percent. Generally soil suitable for brick making
is suitable for mud-phuska.
ii) Soil for Mud Plaster and Mud Mortar: The soil shall be free from vegetable
roots, gravel and coarse sand of particle size greater than 2mm. The coarse
material shall not exceed 10% by mass. The soil shall also be free from harmful
and efflorescent salts. The plasticity index of the soil shall be between 10-15
percent.
iii) Mud Plaster: The mud plaster shall be prepared from soil conforming to above
ii). The dry soil shall be reduced to fine powder and mixed with water in a pit,
adding wheat straw 6% by mass and cow dung 12% by mass. The mixture
shall be allowed to rot for a period of not less than 7 days. During this period,
it shall be pugged manually using spades, if necessary, to get a homogeneous
mass free from lumps and clods. The consistency of the mortar shall be
adjusted by taking it in a trowel and observing how it slides off the face of
trowel. The mortar shall readily slide off, but at the same time shall not be so
wet as to part into large drops before falling. Alternatively, slump test may be
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performed in accordance with the procedure laid down in IS: 1199. The slump
should be about 70mm.
iv) Mud Mortar: Mud mortar, used as bedding under brick tile layer, shall be
prepared in the same manner as mud plaster but without any addition of fibrous
reinforcing material and binding material. The mud mortar may be used
immediately without any rotting period.
v) Brick Tiles: These shall conform to the requirements given in IS: 2690 (Part-
1) or IS: 2690 (Part-II).
11.2.2 Application Procedure: Various steps involved in this system are as under:
i) Preparatory Works: Prior to application of treatment, preparatory works like

filling of cracks by cement sand slurry, provision of adequate number of drain
outlets, provision of 75mm fillet at junction of roof slab with parapet wall,
provision of a groove /chase in parapet wall etc. as described in IS: 3067-
Code of Practice for General Design Details & Preparatory Works for Damp
Proofing and Water Proofing of Buildings, shall be completed.
ii) Cleaning of Roof Surface: The surface of roof and the part of the parapet
and gutters, drain mouths, etc. over which the water proofing treatment is to
be applied shall be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign matter, namely fungus
and dust etc. by wire brushing and dusting.
iii) Application of Bitumen over Cleaned Roof Surface: After cleaning of roof
surface, a coat of hot bitumen (Residual type bitumen 80/100) over the roof
surface shall be applied evenly over the entire surface without any gap.
Bitumen coat is extended over the vertical surfaces meeting with the slab.
Bitumen commonly used is residual type petroleum bitumen of grade 80/100
or hot cut back bitumen. Residual type bitumen is heated to a temp of not less
than 165oC and not more than 170o C. The quantity of bitumen to be spread
per 10sqm of the surface is approx. 17 kg.
iv) Laying of Mud-Phuska:
a) Preparation: The soil shall be stacked in required quantities in about 300mm

high stacks over a level ground and the top surface divided into suitable
compartments of convenient size by bunding. The estimated quantity of water
corresponding to optimum moisture content shall be added about 12 hours
before the use and allowed to soak. The stacks of soil shall then be worked
up with spades and hands to ensure proper distribution of moisture at the time
the soil is to be used.
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b) Laying:
 The Mud-Phuska prepared as above shall be carried to the surface to be

covered and laid in loose thickness not greater than 150mm.
 The surface shall then be brought to the slope of 1 in 40.
 It shall then be rammed manually with wooden rammers and 'thappies' so as
to obtain maximum density.
 Normally a Mud Phuska layer, laid to a compacted thickness of not less than
100mm, is considered adequate.
 The surface shall be allowed to dry for a period of not less than 24 hours. If
any cracks appear, these shall be filled with a grout of the binder material.
v) Applying Mud Plaster: After laying the mud phuska, mud plaster shall be laid
to a total thickness of not less than 25mm over the surface. The plaster may
be applied in a single coat or two coats of 15mm and 10mm. After the
application, the coat of plaster shall be allowed to dry. The surface shall be
checked once more for slope and evenness with a straight edge and spirit
level and made up wherever necessary by application of the plaster.
vi) Paving with Brick Tiles: After application of mud plaster, the brick tiles shall
be laid flat on a thin layer of mud mortar. The tiles shall be laid close to each
other and the thickness of joints shall not be less than 6mm and not more than
15mm. It shall be ensured while laying tiles that mud mortar rises vertically in
joints to a height of about 15mm. The brick tile shall be allowed to dry for a
period of 24 hours before grouting the joint. After drying, the joint shall be
grouted with cement sand mortar (1:3). It shall be ensured that the joints are
completely filled by mortar. The mortar shall be allowed to set for a minimum
of 12 hours before further pointing of the joints which need to be done only if
necessary. Before pointing, the grouted joints shall be brushed clean with a
soft brush.
vii) Curing: The surface of finished roof shall be kept wet for a period of not less
than 7 days.
For more details IS: 2115 – Code of Practice for Flat Roof Finish: Mud- Phuska,
may be referred.
11.3 Integral cement based water proofing treatment with Brick Bat Coba
(CPWD Specification 2009: Item No. 22.7):
Before taking up the water proofing work the construction of parapet walls,
including finishing should be completed. Similarly, the ancillary items like
haunches, khurras, grooves to tack the fibre cloth layer, fixing up of all down
take pipes, water pipes and electric conduits etc. should be completed and no
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such work should be allowed on the area to be treated during the progress of
water proofing treatment or even later.
11.3.1 Preparing the Surface

The surface of the slab should be roughened by scrapping when the slab
concrete is still green, however, the surface need not be hacked. In case the
slab is already cast and surface fairly finished, the same shall be cleaned
neatly of all mortar droppings, loose materials etc. with brooms/cloth.
11.3.2 Providing and Laying of Slurry under Base Coat

The consistency of the slurry should be such as to cover the 1 sqm by using
2.75 Kg of cement.
Depending upon the area of surface that has to be covered, the required
quantity of slurry should be prepared using 2.75 kg cement + water per sqm
area to be covered, taking particular care to see that only that much quantity
of slurry shall be prepared which can be used within half an hour of preparation
i.e. before the initial setting time of cement.
The prepared slurry shall be applied over the dampened surface with brushes
very carefully, including the joints between the floor slab and the parapet wall,
holes on the surfaces, joints of pipes, masonry/concrete etc.
The application of the slurry should continue upto a height of 300 mm on the
parapet wall and also in grooves. Slurry should also be applied upto a height
of 150 mm over pipe projections etc.
11.3.3 Laying Base Coat 20 mm thick

Immediately after the application of slurry and when the application is still
green, 20 mm thick cement plaster as base coat with cement mortar 1:5 (1
part cement: 5 part coarse sand) shall be evenly applied over the concrete
surface taking particular care to see that all the corners and joints are properly
packed and the application of the base coat shall be continued upto a height
of 300 mm over the parapet wall.
11.3.4 Laying Brick Bat Coba

 Brick bat of size 25 mm to 115 mm out of well burnt bricks shall be used for
the purpose of brick bat coba.
 The brick bats shall be properly dampened for six hours before laying.
 Brick bats shall be laid to required slope/gradient over the base coat of mortar
leaving 15-25mm gap between two bats. Average thickness of Brick-bat Coba
shall be 120mm.
 Cement mortar 1:5 (1 cement: 5 coarse sand) shall be poured over the
brickbats and joints filled properly. Under no circumstances dry brick bats
should be laid over the base coat.
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 The haunches/gola at the junction of parapet wall and the roof shall be formed
only with brick bat coba.
 In case the brick bat coba is laid on the base coat immediately on initial set
there will be no necessity of applying cement slurry over the base coat before
laying the brick bat coba.
 However, if the brick bat coba is to be laid on the subsequent day, cement
slurry prepared as described in clause 11.3.2 shall be applied over the top
surface of the base coat, then only the brick bat coba shall be laid.
11.3.5 Application of Slurry over Brick Bat Coba.
After two days of curing of brick bat coba cement slurry prepared as per clause
11.3.2 shall be applied on the surface of brick bat coba. The application of
slurry shall be the same as described in clause 11.3.5 (i) which should cover
the haunches/gola, and the remaining small portion of parapet wall and also
inside the groove.
(i) Providing and Laying of Slurry for First Layer –
 The consistency of the slurry should be such as to cover the desired area by
using 0.488 kg of cement per sqm of area.
 On deciding the correct quantity of water required per sqm. area the required
quantity of slurry should be prepared which can be applied over the desired
surface within half an hour of mixing with 0.488 kg. of cement + 0.253 kg. water
proofing compound as per manufacturer specifications + x litres of water per
sqm. Area and the required quantity of slurry thus prepared should only be
used for first application.
 The first layer shall be applied with painting brushes over the specified and
dampened area carefully including the corners, holes on the surfaces and
joints of pipes in concrete etc. and the application should continue at least upto
150 mm height of fixtures of pipes from the surface.
 The surface on application shall be air cured for 4 hours.
11.3.6 Laying Finishing Layer (Protective Coat)
 Immediately on applying the cement slurry over the surface of the brick bat
coba and when the slurry applied is still green, the fiber glass cloth as specified
in clause 11.3.6.(ii) shall be spread evenly on the surface without any kink &
pressed to see that no air spaces exist.
 The fiber glass cloth shall be taken up to a height of 300 mm on parapet walls
& tucked in the groove specially prepared at that height. 20mm thick layer of
cement plaster, without leaving any joints shall be applied with cement mortar
1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand) over the entire fibre glass cloth including the
haunches/gola and the small portion on the parapet wall.
 The groove in the parapet wall over the haunches shall also be filled neatly
packing the mortar firmly in the groove.
 The surface of the finishing layer (protective coat) shall be neatly finished with
cement slurry prepared as per clause 11.3.2.
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 The finished surface shall be allowed to dry for a while and then pattern of 300
mm x 300 mm groove, 8 mm deep shall be made over the entire surface.
(i) Providing and Laying of Cement Slurry - The procedure to prepare and
apply the cement slurry shall be same as detailed in clause 11.3.5.(i) except
that over projected pipes etc. slurry shall be applied just upto 100 mm height
instead of 150 mm height. The slurry shall be applied upto a height of 300 mm
on parapet walls and in the groove where the fibre glass cloth is to be tucked.
(ii) Providing and Laying of Fibre Glass Cloth (2nd Layer) –
 The fibre glass cloth shall be of approved brand and shall be thin, flexible
uniformly bonded mat composed of chemically resistant borosilicate glass fibre
distributed in random open porous structure bonded together with a
thermosetting resin.
 Immediately on applying the slurry on a sufficiently workable area as detailed
above in clause 11.3.6.(i) when the slurry applied is still green the fibre glass
as specified shall be spread evenly on the surface without any kink and
pressed in such a way that no air spaces exist.
 The fibre glass cloth shall be taken upto a height of 30 cm on parapet walls
and tucked in the groove specially prepared at that height.
 A minimum overlap of 100 mm width shall be provided when the fibre cloth has
to be joined. The joining of 100 mm overlap shall be done with the same slurry
used for the application on surface as first layer.
 The fibre cloth shall also be extended upto a height of 100 mm over pipes
projecting from the surface.
11.3.7 Curing and Testing the Treatment: The entire surface thus treated shall be
flooded with water by making kiaries with weak cement mortar, for a minimum
period of two weeks.
Fig. 9
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11.4 Water proofing Treatment with Bitumen Felt (CPWD DSR 2018: Item no.
22.8-22.11& Specification 2009 Vol.-2: Item No. 22.8):
Water proofing treatment with self-finished felt shall be four courses or six
courses as described in the item. Four course water proofing treatment with
self-finished felt is a normal duty treatment suitable for buildings where the cost
of roof treatment is required to be restricted.
Six course water proofing treatment with self-finished felt is a heavy duty
treatment suitable for important structures.
11.4.1 Materials
1. Self finished felt (Appendix A and B) shall conform to the type and grade given
in the description of the item. This shall be one of the following types:
(i) Type 3 grade 1 hessian base felt conforming in all respects to IS 1322.
(ii) Type 2 grade 1 fibre base bitumen felt conforming to IS 1322.
(iii) Type 2 grade 2 glass fibre base felt conforming in all respects to IS 7193.
2. Bonding Materials: This shall consist of blown type petroleum bitumen

conforming to IS 702 or residual petroleum bitumen conforming to IS 73. The
bonding material shall be so selected as to withstand the local condition of
temperature and gradient satisfactorily. The penetration of bitumen used shall
not exceed 40 in any case. Suitable residual type petroleum bitumen of
penetration 30/40 (IS grade S-35), residual type petroleum bitumen with higher
penetration and low softening point and suitable blown type petroleum bitumen
of IS grade 85/25 or 90/15 of approved quality shall be used.
Where proprietary brands of bonding materials are proposed to be used they

shall conform in all respects to the specifications in the preceding paras.
Sl. Description 1st course 3rd course 5th course

No kg/sqm kg/sqm kg/sqm
I Four course 1.45 1.45 -
treatment:
II Six course treatment
(a) With type 3 grade 1.45 1.20 1.45
1 hessian base self
finished bitumen felt.
(b) With felts other 1.45 1.20 1.70
than type 3 grade 1
hessian base.
3. Stone Grit and Pea- sized Gravel: Stone grit shall be 6 mm and down size.
Where pea sized gravel is used it shall be hard, round and free from dust, dirt
etc. The stone grit or pea-sized gravel shall not be spread over vertical and
sloping faces of flashings and at drain mouths. At these places the surface
shall be painted with two coats of bituminous solution.
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The quantity of stone grit or pea-sized gravel required for the final course of
four or six course treatment with hessian base self finished bitumen felt type 3
grade 1 shall be 6 cubic decimetre/ sqm.
11.4.2 Preparation of Surface
a. The surface to be treated shall have a minimum slope of 1 in 120. This grading
shall be carried out with cement concrete or cement plaster with coarse sand,
as per direction of Engineer-in charge, to the average thickness required and
finished smooth. Such grading shall be paid for separately.
b. Junctions between the roof and vertical faces of parapet walls, chimneys etc.
shall be cased by running triangular fillets 7.5 x 7.5 cm size, in cement
concrete. At the drain mouths, the fillets shall be suitably cut back and rounded
off for easy application of water proofing treatment and easy flow of water.
Cement concrete where used shall be 1:2:4 mix (1 cement: 2 coarse sand: 4
graded stone aggregate 20 mm nominal size). The provision of fillets shall be
deemed to be covered by the item of water proofing and shall not be measured
or paid for separately.
c. In existing roof where gola and drip course are provided at the junction of roof
and vertical face of parapet wall, chimney stacks etc., these shall be dressed
suitably and finished smooth so as to ensure an easy and gradual turning of
the flashing. Any dismantlement or forming and finishing smooth the junction
for forming the base of the flashing shall not be measured or paid for separately
and shall be deemed to form part of the preparation of the surface in the water
proofing treatment.
d. While the grading of roof surface is being done, it shall be ensured that the
outlet drain pipe have been fixed and mouth at the entrance have been eased
and rounded off properly for easy flow of water.
e. When any pipe passes through the roof to be treated, angular fillet of shape
shown in Fig. 10 shall be built around it for the water proofing treatment to be
taken over it. These fillets shall not be measured or paid for separately.
f. For carrying over and tucking in the water proofing felts into the parapet walls,
chimney stacks etc. a horizontal groove 6.5 cm deep, 7.5 cm wide section with
its lower edge at not less than 15 cm above the graded roof surface shall be
left on the inner face of the same during construction if possible. When such
groove has not been left, the same shall be cut out neatly and the base at rear
of the groove shall be finished smooth with cement plaster 1:4 (1 cement: 4
coarse sand). Such cutting of the groove and its finishing smooth shall be
deemed to be part of the water proofing item and shall not be measured or
paid for separately. No deduction shall be made either for not making the
groove or when the later has already been left in the masonry by the
construction agency.
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g. Tucking in the water proofing felt will be required where the parapet wall
exceeds 45 cm in the height from the graded surface. Where the height is 45
cm or less, no groove will be required as the water proofing treatment will be
carried over the top of the parapet wall to its full thickness. In the case of low
dividing walls of height 30 cm or less, outlets therein shall be cut open for full
height and the bottom and sides shall be rendered smooth and corners
rounded and such treatment shall not be measured and paid for separately.
h. Where expansion joints are left in the slab, the provision of dwarf walls and/or
RCC slabs for covering them and finishing the surface smooth shall be the
responsibility of the construction agency, which had laid the roof slab and will
not be included the operation of water proofing.
i. The graded surface of the roof and concrete fillets and the faces of walls shall
be thoroughly cleaned with wire brushes and all loose scales etc. removed.
The surface shall then be dusted off. Any crack in the roof shall be cut to ‘V’
section, cleaned and filled up flush with cement mortar slurry 1:4 (1 cement: 4
coarse sand) or blown type petroleum bitumen of IS grade 85/25, or approved
quality conforming to IS 702. Such cleaning of the surface or treating the cracks
shall not be paid for separately.
11.4.3 Priming Coat

Where so specified, or required by the Engineer- in-Charge for example under
slightly damp conditions a priming coat consisting of a bitumen primer
conforming to IS 3384 should be applied with brush on the roof and wall
surface at 0.24 litres per sqm to assist adhesion of the bonding material (i.e.
bitumen). Such application of primer shall be paid for separately, unless
specifically included in the water proofing item.
11.4.4 Underlay
Where a floating treatment of water proofing with self finished bitumen felt is
required i.e. where water proofing treatment is required to be isolated from the
roof structure, a layer of bitumen saturated felt (underlay) shall be spread over
the roof surface and tucked into the flashing groove. No bonding material shall
be used below the underlay in order to keep the underlay free of the structure.
The adjoining strips of the underlay shall overlap to a minimum of 7.5 cm at
sides and 10 cm at ends. The overlaps shall be sealed with the same bonding
material as used for the self finished felt treatment. Unless specifically included
in the water proofing item, the underlay treatment shall be paid for separately.
The underlay shall be of type 1 saturated felt conforming to IS 1322 in all
respects and having a total minimum weight of the finished bitumen felt in dry
condition with mica dusting powder @ 6.8 kg per 10 sqm. The roll shall not be
damaged or crack on being unrolled on a fairly smooth and flat surface.
11.4.5 Treatment
a. The water proofing shall consist of a four or six course treatment, as given in
the description of the item, each layer of bonding materials, self finished
bitumen felt or stone grit or pea sized gravel being counted as a course.
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b. The choice of a four or six course treatment will depend on the climatic
condition, the importance of the building, the durability required, cost and other
relevant considerations.
c. A four course treatment shall consist of the following layers:
i. Initial layer of bonding material applied hot at specified weight per unit area.
ii. 2nd layer of self finished bitumen felt conforming to the type and grade given
in the description of the item.
iii. Third layer of bonding material.
iv. Final layer of stone grit of pea sized gravel spread at specified volume of
material per unit area.
d. In a six course treatment, the first, second and third layer shall be of the same
as in the four course treatment. The fourth and fifth layer shall consist of self
finished felt and bonding material respectively. The sixth layer shall consist of
stone grit or pea sized gravel.
e. The primer or underlay where required to be provided shall not count against
the number of courses specified.
11.4.6 Laying
a. Bitumen bonding material of required grade shall be heated to the working

temperature specified for the particular grade by the bitumen manufacturers
and conveyed to the roof in buckets or pouring canes in weighed quantities.
Suitable working temperature for different grades of bitumen are as under:
(i) Blown type petroleum bitumen of IS grade 85/25 or 90/15 - 180 degree C.
(ii) Residual type petroleum bitumen of penetration 30/40 - 180 degree to 190
degree C (IS grade S35).
b. Drain outlets shall be given a four or six course treatment as specified for the
roof in the description of the item in the manner specified for the flat roof
surface. Water proofing treatment shall be carried into the drain pipe or outlets
by at least 10 cm. The water proofing treatment laid on the roof surface shall
overlap the upper edge of the water proofing treatment in the drain outlets by
at least 10 cm.
c. The self finished felt shall be cut to the required length, brushed clean of
dusting material and laid out flat on the roof to eliminate curls and subsequent
stretching. The felt shall normally be laid in length at right angles to the
direction of the slope and laying shall be commenced at the lowest level and
worked upto crest. The felt shall not be laid in single piece of very long lengths
as they are likely to shrink; 6 to 8 m are suitable lengths. The roof surface shall
be cleaned and dried before the felt treatment is begun. Each length of felt
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shall be laid in position and rolled up for a distance of half its length. The hot
bonding material shall be poured on the roof across the full width of the rolled
felt as the latter is steadily rolled out and pressed down. The pouring shall be
so regulated that the correct weight of bonding material per unit area is spread
uniformly over the surface. Excess bonding material that gets squeezed out at
the ends shall be levelled up as laying proceeds. When the first half of the strip
of felt has been bonded to the roof, the other half shall be rolled up and then
unrolled on the hot bonding material in the same way. Subsequent strips shall
also be laid in the same manner. Each strip shall overlap the preceding one by
at least 7.5 cm at the longitudinal edges and 10 cm at the ends. All overlaps
shall be firmly bonded with hot bitumen. Streaks and trailings of bitumen near
edges of laps shall be levelled by heating the overlap with a blow lamp and
levelling down unevenness. The third layer of bonding material in the four
course treatment shall be carried out in a similar manner after the flashing has
been completed.
d. In a six course treatment the third and fourth layers of bonding material and
self finished felt shall be laid in the manner already described, taking care that
laps in the felt are staggered from those in the second layer. The fifth layer of
bonding material shall be carried out after the flashing is done (See Fig. 10).
e. High Parapet Walls, Chimney Stacks etc.: Felts shall be laid as flashings
wherever junctions of vertical and horizontal surfaces occur. Longitudinal laps
shall be 10 cm. The lower layer of flashing felt in a six course treatment shall
overlap the roof water proofing by not less than 20 cm while the upper layer
shall overlap the roofing felt by 10 cm. The minimum overlap of the flashing felt
in four course specification over the roofing felt shall be 10 cm. The flashing
shall consist of the same four or six course treatment as for the roof except
that the final course of stone grit or pea-sized gravel shall be replaced by an
application of bituminous solution of approved quality in two coats on the
vertical and sloping faces only, of the flashing. The overlap along the length of
flashing shall stagger with those in the second layer of flashing felt (in a six
course treatment and with the joints in the roof felt). The upper edge of the
flashing felt shall be well tucked into the flashing grooves in the parapet,
chimney stacks etc. to a depth of not less than 6.5 cm. Corresponding
applications of bonding material shall also be made. The flashing treatment
shall be firmly held in place in the grooves with wood edges at intervals and
the grooves shall be filled up with cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand)
or cement concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement : 2 coarse sand : 4 graded stone aggregate
6 mm nominal size) and surface finished smooth with the rest of the wall. The
cement work shall be cured for 7 days. When dry, the exposed plaster joints of
grooves shall be painted with bitumen and two coats of bituminous solution
shall be applied on the vertical and sloping surface of flashing (see Fig. 10).
After the top flashing felt layer has been fixed, the penultimate layer of bonding
material shall be applied over the roofing felt and the horizontal overlaps and
vertical and sloping surfaces of the flashings at the specified rate. Stone grit or
pea sized gravel shall then be spread uniformly over the hot bonding material
on the horizontal roof surface at the specified quantity per unit area and
pressed into it with a wooden roller.
Page 63 of 84
f. Low Parapet Walls:
Where parapet walls are of height 45 cm or less, bitumen felt flashings shall
be provided in the same manner as for flashings in the case of high parapet
walls except that the upper edge shall be carried upto the full height of the wall
and taken right across the top of the parapet and down on the external vertical
faces to a minimum distance of 5 cm (see Fig. 10).
g. Low Dividing Walls:
Where low dividing walls or inverted beams are met with, the same shall be
covered with a four or six layer treatment as for the main roof, the latter bearing
carried down both sides of the wall and overlapping the roofing treatment as in
the case of flashing of high parapet walls (see Fig. 10). Drain outlets where
formed in the low dividing walls, shall be given water proofing treatment of the
same number of courses as specified for the flat roof surface. The bottom and
sides shall be so treated that all overlaps are in the direction of flow of drainage.
h. Expansion Joints:
Where the expansion joints are provided in the slabs, the joints and their cover
slabs shall be suitably treated with water proofing. A typical sketch of an
expansion joint with the RCC slabs on either side of the joint turned vertically
up and covered with precast RCC cover slabs as given in Fig. 10. The cover
slabs shall cover the vertical turned up dwarf walls by not less than 7.5 cm and
are provided with throatings on their underside along their length. The water
proofing treatment shall be taken up the sloping junction fillets and the vertical
faces of the walls to the underside of the cover slabs. The cover slabs are
given the water proofing treatment like the roof slabs, after the cross joints
between adjacent cover slabs are first sealed with 15 cm width of roofing felt
struck to them with bitumen. The water proofing treatment shall be carried
down the sides of the cover slabs to their full thickness. Care shall be taken to
see that overlaps if any in the roofing over the cover slabs stagger with the
joints between cover slabs. The formation of the expansion joints and provision
of cover slabs shall be the responsibility of the construction agency. The
formation of the junction fillets and the water proofing treatment of the joint and
cover slabs shall be carried out by the water proofing agency. No extra shall
be paid for the junction fillers or for the sealing of the cross joints in the cover
slab with 15 cm width of bitumen strips.
i. Pipes:
Where vertical pipe outlets are met with 7.5 x 7.5 cm fillets of lime or cement
concrete of the type and section shown in Fig. 10 shall be provided and flashing
of four or six course treatment, same as for the roofing treatment shall be laid.
The upper edge of the flashing shall be laid sloping down forward and butted
against the pipe and annular depression so formed shall be filled with hot
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bitumen. A circular metal collar in the shape of an inverted truncated cone shall
be fixed on the pipe to throw off the rain water clear of the flashing and this
shall be paid for separately.
j. Terrace:
Where roof surfaces are expected to be used precast cement concrete tiles or
40 mm thick cement concrete shall be laid on the water proofing treatment. In
such cases, the final course of stone grit or pea sized gravel shall not be laid
in the water proofing treatment. Suitable adjustment in the rates will be effected
for not providing the stone grit or pea sized gravel layer. Cement concrete in
situ flooring shall be laid in panel not exceeding 0.4 square metres each.
Precast tiles or in situ concrete flooring where laid shall be paid for separately
unless included in the description of the water proofing item.
Fig. 10
11.5 Water proofing using polyethylene film:
11.5.1 i) On slopped roof surface, polyethylene film can be laid. This system is
suitable for new as well as old construction. This treatment generally consists
of application of following courses:
ii) A coat of bitumen primer conforming to IS: 3384 applied to the prepared
surface at the rate of 0.3 to 0.5 kg/m2.
iii) Application of hot applied bitumen (straight run bitumen conforming to IS:73 )
at the rate of 0.70 kg/m2 minimum.
iv) Laying of polyethylene film conforming to IS: 2508 with cold cutback adhesive
in overlaps.
v) Laying of 100 gm brown kraft paper laminated in situ over the film with semi
hot layer of straight run bitumen.
vi) Application of semi hot applied bitumen at the rate of 0.7 kg/m2 dusted with
fine sand.
vii) Laying of finishing layer of tiles or Indian Patent Stones i.e. 1:2:4 cement
concrete with 10mm down aggregate or cement concrete.
Page 65 of 84
11.5.2 Application procedure:
Various steps involved in this system areas under:
i) Provision of slope and completion of preparatory works:- Prior to

application of water proofing treatment roof surface shall be provided with a
minimum slope of 1 in 100 with cement concrete or cement sand mortar or
lime surkhy mortar. After provision of slope all preparatory works like filling up
of cracks in roof structures by cement sand slurry, provision of adequate
number of drain outlets, provision of 75mm fillet at junction of roof slab with
parapet wall, provision of a groove/ chase in parapet wall etc. as described in
IS:3067-1988" shall be completed.
ii) Method of laying:-
 After completion of preparatory works, a coat of primer shall be applied on the

prepared roof surface by brushing and allow it to dry for 6 to 12 hours.
 Then a coat of hot bitumen shall be spread on the roof surface and allowed to
cool to a temperature so that the film may be laid without any damage to it.
 The polyethylene film shall be carefully laid and pressed on the bituminous
layer.
 The film shall be pressed down with the help of a gunny cloth so as to prevent
any damage to the film.
 The next length of the polyethylene film shall be similarly laid down with proper
longitudinal and end overlaps firmly pressed on the bituminous layer.
 The joints and overlaps shall be carefully sealed with the help of cutback
bitumen applied over the upper surface of lower layer of polyethylene film.
 Minimum width of lap shall be 10 cm between adjacent films and at the ends.
 As far as possible for flat roof the film shall be laid at right angles to the
direction of flow of water with overlap facing downwards.
 Width of film should be selected in such a way so that no. of laps are minimum.
 On polyethylene film 100 gm brown kraft paper shall be fixed with semi hot
layer of straight run bitumen.
 The technique of fixing kraft paper to polyethylene film is to paint semi hot
bitumen on the paper, reverse it and laminate over the film.
 Kraft paper shall be coated with semi hot applied bitumen at the rate of 0.7
kg/m2 dusted with fine sand.
 After finishing roof surface, treatment shall be applied to parapet, gutters and
drain mouth.
iii) Treatment at the junction of roof with parapet wall:- Where down water
pipes are provided to drain off the rain water, extra piece of polyethylene film
shall be provided in the opening covering the edge of the water pipe and
covered with cement plaster 1:6.
iv) Surface Finish:- After completion of treatment, roof shall be provided with any
one of the following:
a) Cement concrete flooring tiles conforming to IS: 1237;
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b) Burnt clay flat terracing tiles conforming to IS:2690 (Pt-1) or IS: 2690 (Pt-
2);
c) Indian Patent Stone i.e. 1:2:4 concrete 40mm thick with 10 mm down
aggregate.
11.5.3 Precautions in laying polyethylene film:
 The roof surface should be reasonably smooth so as to avoid puncturing of

film. Primer should not be applied on wet surface.
 Excessive bitumen should not be used for bonding the film to the prepared
surface, which may otherwise result in the film sliding and wrinkling.
 Over stretching of the film shall be avoided at the time of laying, which
otherwise leads to wrinkles when the film retracts.
 The laying of the film should be immediately followed by subsequent
operations of covering with bituminous compositions. It is found that if the film
is left, exposed, it can lead to softening of bitumen layer underneath causing
wrinkles, which may possibly lead to damage. The work should not be carried
out at high temperature.
 The workman should preferably walk barefooted or with canvas shoes to
prevent damage to the film.
For more details IS: 7290 -Recommendations for Use of Polyethylene Film for
Water Proofing of Roofs, may be referred.
11.6 Polymer modified cementitious slurry coating:
11.6.1 Polymer modified cementitious slurry coatings are applied over the base
Concrete. This system can be used over new as well as old roofs. This
technique of water proofing is latest development in the field of water proofing.
Polymer imparts significant improvement in impermeability. Polymer modified
cementitious slurry have coefficient of expansion very similar to concrete
thereby it does not get cracked due to thermal variation of concrete.
Polymer modified cementitious slurry coatings consist of a liquid blend and a

dry blend. The liquid blend consists of the polymer, liquid additives and clean
water. Dry blend consist of locally available Portland cement and aggregates.
These blends are mixed in specified ratio generally 2:1 (cement: polymer) by
weight and applied by brush on a prepared clean surface. Generally, two coats
are provided. However, manufacturer's recommendations should be followed
in this regard. To impart more flexibility, it is desirable to use some
reinforcement like fiber glass cloth sandwiched between two coats. This
coating should be covered by screed concrete to protect it against physical
damage.
11.6.2 Application of polymer modified cemenetitious slurry coating: - Broadly

following steps are involved in application of this system:
i) Preparation of roof surface:- The surface shall be cleaned to remove all

dust, foreign matters, lose materials or any other deposits of contamination.
Page 67 of 84
Cracks and depression shall be filled up by fillers (cement sand mortar as per
recommendation of suppliers). Prepared surface shall be thoroughly pre-
wetted for one hour.
ii) Preparation of polymer modified cementitious slurry:- Dry blend and liquid
blend shall be mix into the desired ratio as per recommendation of supplier.
The mix shall be stirred thoroughly, until no bubbles remain in the mix. Any
lump found in mix shall be removed.
iii) First coat of polymer modified cementitious slurry shall be applied by brush on
wet cleaned surface.
iv) Subsequently, fiber glass cloth shall be laid over first coat of polymer modified
cementitious slurry.
iii) Second coat of polymer modified cementitious slurry shall be laid over fibre
glass cloth.
iv) Polymer modified cementitious brush topping shall be applied over second
coat of polymer modified coating.
viii)On brush topping, screed concrete, 1:2:4 admixed with suitable integral
waterproofing compound 25 to 40mm thick to a min. slope of 1 in 100 with
aggregate size down 10mm with maximum water cement ratio 0.45, shall be
laid. Above system may slightly differ from case to case depending upon the
instruction of supplier of water proofing system. There is no relevant Indian
standard/ other code of practice for this system. Therefore, work should be
carried out as per manufacturers'/suppliers instructions. Users are advised to
collect complete literature from manufacturer and study carefully prior to
application of treatment.
11.6.3 Since, there is no relevant Indian or any other standards available, this system
needs to be adopted carefully.
11.7 Waterproofing using Polymer modified Bituminous Membrane:

Addition of polymer in bitumen improves its workability characteristics,
penetration and softening behaviour, tensile and fatigue properties and
capacity to bridge movement of cracks / joints in the substrate. Non-woven
fibre glass mat and non-woven polyester mat are generally used as
reinforcement to improve their characteristics like lap joint strength, tensile
strength and flexibility. Polymer modified bituminous membrane are obtained
by sandwiching nonwoven polyester fabrics or fiber glass mat between layers
of high quality polymer modified bituminous membranes. These membranes
have high softening point, high tensile strength, high tear & puncture
resistance, high joint strength and low water vapour transmission. This system
is suitable for new as well as old roofs.
11.7.1 Method of application :- Steps involved in this water proofing system may be
as given below:
Page 68 of 84
i. Provision of slope and cleaning of roof surface:- Prior to application of

water proofing treatment roof surface should be provided with a minimum
slope of 1 in 100 with plain cement concrete. After provision of slope all
preparatory works like filling up of cracks by cement sand slurry, provision of
adequate number of drain outlets, provision of 75mm fillet at junction of roof
slab with parapet wall, provision of a groove/ chase in parapet wall etc. as
described in IS:3067 should be completed.
ii. Laying a coat of cold applied bitumen primer @ 0.2 to 0.4 l/sqm on entire roof
surface.
iii. Laying 85/25 grade hot blown bitumen @ 1.2kg/sqm all over the surface.
iv. Laying 2.5-3mm thick polymer modified bituminous membrane with non-
woven polyester fibre glass mat reinforcement, applied by torch with sealing
all the joints.
v. Laying 85/25 grade hot blown bitumen @ 1.2 kg/sqm all over the surface.
vi. Final finish with china mosaic tiles on a 15mm thick grey cement plaster bed.
Method of application may slightly differ depending upon product and
manufacturers' recommendations. As there is no relevant IS code of practice
for this water proofing system, work should be carried out as per
manufacturers' recommendations. Users are advised to collect complete
literature from manufacturers and study completely prior to application of
treatment.
11.7.2 Since there is no relevant Indian or any other standards available, this system
needs to be adopted carefully.
11.8 Integral Waterproofing Compound for Plaster & Concrete (Cement

Based):
Concrete having proper mix design, low water – cement ratio and sound
aggregate will be impervious and needs no additives. However, resistance of
concrete to penetration of moisture can be improved by adding, chemically
active water repelling agents like soda and potash soap. These admixtures
prevent water penetration of dry concrete. So far, no established track records
are available to prove life of chemical water proofing. These products have a
tendency to become brittle and crack up due to stress in buildings, especially
the thermal stresses. These products are cement, silica or polymer based and
are specially formulated and designed to control the capillary pores. These
products not only make concrete water proof, but also help in resisting water
penetration.
Admixture used for reducing permeability of concrete are termed integral water
proofing Admixtures, while admixtures imparting the property of water
repellency are termed as damp proofing admixtures.
These admixtures are manufactured and marketed by a large number of firms.
Page 69 of 84
11.8.1 Method of Application/Use:
A. Hand Mixing:
With normal concrete & sand /cement mortar mix use 1kg of Waterproof
Powder to the dry mix and mix it evenly with a spade until an even color is
obtained or as instructed by manufacturer. Cure the surface as per regular
practices.
B. Machine Mixing:
With normal concrete and sand/cement mortar mixes use1kg of Water Proof
Powder for every 50kgs bag of Cement. Mix the dry materials for at least 2
minutes or as instructed by manufacturer. Add the normal measured quantity
of water and mix it evenly as usual practice to completion. Cure the surface
as per regular practices.
12.0 Diagnosis of dampness and remedial action in existing building
12.1 General:
Water proofing needs to be done not only during construction stage, but it also
may happen that existing building may experience dampness. A table to help
in analysis of reason of dampness in existing building is given below-
Visual effects Occurrence Time diagnosis
Lime efflorescence Just above floor All the time although A rising ground
more or less level height may vary with moisture by
horizontal with stained season Capillary
and damp area below
Persistent dampness One spot All the time, but may Leakage from
Dry up for a while in some pipe.
summer
Widespread Mainly on During first year after Entrapped water
efflorescence and massive building or longer, introduced during
moulds constructions there are impervious construction.
surface
Dampness On or behind In cold weather or on Condensation
widespread on cold surface sudden changes from
patches, without cold to warm humid
efflorescence but weather
often with moulds
Dampness in patches On plastered Appears when air is Condensation
with a little or no surface humid, disappears encouraged
efflorescence when air is dry. contamination with
deliquescent salts
Page 70 of 84
Efflorescence in In walls where After heavy rain for Rain penetration

patches often with external side longer period without a through walls
rings spreading cut exposed to rain good dry weather
from focal points
Water drops Internal surface After heavy rain for Rain penetration
spreading longer period through walls
12.2 Inspection and maintenance for leaky roofs: Before taking any decision
regarding remedial measures to be adopted for leaky roofs, it is necessary that
the roofs are inspected thoroughly. The inspection should preferably be done
during rainy season. Based on the observations, future course of action should
be decided depending upon the condition of leakage in the roofs. Minor repairs
at isolated locations may be carried out immediately on dry day and
performance of repair should be observed after next rainfall. Major repairs, like
complete replacement of water proofing system, may be carried out after rainy
season prior to next monsoon.
12.3 Thorough inspection: The inspection of roof should cover all the essential
aspects, which may affect waterproofing system and may cause leakage in the
roofs. Following aspects should be specifically covered:
a) Availability of adequate slopes (minimum 1 in 100)

b) Provision of 75mm fillet at the junction of roof and parapet walls.
c) Provision of adequate number and size of openings.
d) Provision of slope and drip course in copings.
e) Any sources of permanent leakage of water like overhead water storage tanks
or leaking water supply pipe, broken down water drainage pipes, leakage at
joints of down water drainage pipes (causes wetness in walls).
f) Undulations/ minor depression in roof surface where water may stagnate.
g) Growth of plants on the roof.
h) Condition of water proofing treatment, especially development of cracks/ de-
bonding etc.
i) Condition of ceiling/ walls below the roof etc.
12.4 Attention to roof leaking at isolated points: During inspection, if it is

observed that the leakage through roof is at isolated location, then such
location should be carefully studied. It should be examined whether basic
requirement for waterproofing has been fulfilled. If basic requirement for a leak
proof roof are not fulfilled, any type of water proofing system will not work
satisfactorily. Thus, first of all, action should be taken to ensure that basic
requirement of leak proof roof are fulfilled. Leakage at isolated locations may
be due to some defects at that particular location. Depending upon the water
Page 71 of 84
proofing system adopted on roof, action should be taken to rectify the defect.
In case of roofs provided with bitumen felt, there may be debonding or leakage
through joints. In that case, defective locations have to be identified, cut and
removed and new layer of bitumen felt may be provided duly keeping desired
overlap length. Similarly, in other bituminous treatment, existing bituminous
layer may be removed and fresh layer may be laid. In case of roofs provided
with lime terracing with tiles, there may be depression on roof surface or loss
of cement mortar between tiles. Such defects may be rectified by fresh
pointing/ plaster. Preferably pointing should be done with non-shrink polymer
modified cement mortar. In case wetness is observed on the wall just below
the junction of roof & parapet wall, condition of fillet & drain outlets need to be
examined. Broken pipes may be replaced and fillet may be constructed again
after dismantling old fillet. Plaster on walls and coping should also be examined
and repaired, if necessary.
12.5 Course of action for roofs leaking at isolated points: Following course of
action should normally be followed for repairs of roofs leaking at isolated
points:
12.5.1 Cleaning of roof surface and openings: First of all, entire roof surface and
all the openings should be cleaned so as to ensure effective and un-obstructed
flow of rain water through the openings provided on the roofs. Weeds and any other
foreign material on roof surface should be removed. The blockage in the
openings should be cleared. It should be ensured that openings are functional.
12.5.2 Arresting permanent leakage of water from its sources: If continuous

leakage of water is observed on roof from any source, like over head water
storage tank or leaking water supplying pipe lines etc., the same should be
arrested by repairing over head water storage tank/ pipeline.
12.5.3 Identification and attention to locations of stagnated water: Leakage of

roof takes place only when water does not drain off quickly and stagnates over
the roof surface. Generally, water stagnates over the depression formed in the
roof surface. Thus, locations having depression in roof surface should be
attended. Subsequently, it should be ensured that there is no location on roofs
where water stagnates.
12.5.4 Repair of filet at junction of roof on parapet wall: Condition of fillet at

junction of roofs on parapet wall should be examined and any damage/
defective portion should be repaired.
12.5.5 Repair to joints of tiles : Condition of pointing at joints in between tiles should
be examined and wherever mortar has come out, fresh pointing in cement
mortar 1:3 should be done. After pointing curing should also be ensured.
Page 72 of 84
12.5.6 Repair to plaster and coping on parapet: Broken/ decayed plaster on

parapet wall should be replaced by fresh plaster. Coping should also be
attended along with provision of slope.
12.5.7 After taking above steps, behaviour of roof surface should be watched and if
leakage still persists, following steps have to be taken:
(a) Removal of complete top surface and repair of lime concrete: Entire top
surface which may be consisting of tiles and bitumen felts etc. should be
removed and conditions of the layer below it i.e. lime concrete/ mud plaster
should be examined. Minor cracks should be sealed with cement sand slurry
or bitumen compounds after making ‘V’ groove in case of lime concrete.
Defective concrete should be replaced by fresh lime concrete. In case of mud-
phuska, minor cracks may be filled up by bituminous compound. Decayed mud
plaster and mud- phuska should be replaced by fresh mud-phuska and mud-
plaster.
(b) Provision of adequate slope: Many of the old roofs may not have adequate
slope. For lime concrete terracing, a minimum slope of 1 in 60 is necessary.
Therefore, after removal of top surface, slope of existing roof should be
examined and if necessary, re-grading of roof surface should be carried out
using lime concrete/ cement concrete. Prior to re-grading of roof surface, level
should be marked on roof and parapet. Subsequently existing lime concrete
surface should be made rough. After that re-grading work should be taken up.
After re-grading, top surface should be made smooth using cement plaster 1:3
and surface should be cured for 7 days. Similarly, on mud-phuska roofs a slope
of 1 in 40 shall be ensured. If necessary, roof surface should be re-graded
using mud-phaska and mud plaster. After regarding, layer of mud-plaster
should be allowed to dry before relaying of top surface.
(c) Re-laying of top surface: After completion of re-grading, a layer of burnt clay
tiles should be laid. Old tiles may be used if they are in good condition. Tiles
should be laid over 20 mm cement mortar 1:3. Tiles should be joined with
impervious cement mortar.
12.5.8 Attention to roofs leaking heavily: If heavy leakage is observed at large

number of location on the walls and on the ceiling it is an indication of
ineffective water proofing treatment. In such cases, it will be necessary to
remove entire existing water proofing material like bitumen felts/ mastic etc.
After removing the existing water proofing material, fresh water proofing
treatment has to be provided. In case of lime concrete terracing, tiles needs to
be removed first. After removal of tiles, condition of lime concrete should be
examined. If large number of cracks is observed, it is desirable to remove
complete lime concrete. If lime concrete is in good condition with few isolated
Page 73 of 84
cracks, these cracks should be filled up with cement slurry or bituminous

caulking compound conforming to IS:1580. Subsequently, if necessary, re-
grading of roof should be done as suggested. After re-grading fresh
waterproofing system may be provided. Water proofing treatment may be any
among various systems as mentioned above except bituminous felt treatment.
While providing fresh water proofing system, care should be taken that
instructions as given in relevant standard/ literature are strictly followed. Prior
to provision of fresh water proofing system, provision of basic requirement of
water proofing of roof should also be ensured.
Page 74 of 84
ANNEXURE
The products of manufacturers’ detailed below is based on the information
provided by firm / internet and no actual testing or trial of the product has been
carried out by this office. Details are provided only for the ease of field Engineers.
Before selecting suitable product please go through the product broacher
provided by firm. At initial stage, the product of the firm may be used as trial.
(A) DETAILS OF SOME OF THE KNOWN WATERPROOFING PRODUCTS
MANUFACTURERS (Products of other manufactures may be available in
market)
1. STP Limited:
707, Chiranjiv Tower, 43, Nehru Place
New Delhi - 110019, Delhi, India
Telephone: +(91)-(11)-46561359
Fax: +(91)-(11)-46561358
Email- info@stpltd.com, hasan@stpltd.com Sri Hasan Rizvi (Sr. VP STP Ltd.)
S.No. Product Category Name/s of Description / Area of

Products Application
1. Two Component ShaliCem EWP Waterproofing coating in water
Cementitious tanks, Swimming pools, Toilets,
Elastomeric water retaining structures.
Coating
2. PU Based ShaliUrethane Waterproofing of Roof, Terrace,
waterproofing: LHM Podium, Terrace garden.
solvent based
3. PU Based ShaliUrethane Waterproofing of corrugated roof,
waterproofing: BTD Basement.
water based
4. Waterproof Exterior ShaliCryl 215 Waterproof paint on Exterior walls.
Acrylic Paint
5. Expansion Joint ShaliSeal PS PG For Expansion joints in all
Polysulphide structure.
Sealant
6. Expansion Joint ShaliSeal For Expansion joints in all
Polyurethane PU / PU2K structure.
Sealants
7. APP waterproofing SuperThermoLay For roof, basement, sunken slabs,
Membrane for Roof terrace garden, car parking,
& Basement tunnels and bridge decks/ ROB.
8. PVC membrane ShaliPVC For roofs, reservoirs, basements.
9. SBS (Styrene SuperTene Self-adhesive membrane for
Butadiene styrene) waterproofing of roof and
Membrane basement.
10. Cement based ShaliCrete Bonding new concrete to old
waterproofing concrete, making mortar for
repairing as well as waterproofing.
Suitable for toilets, sunken slabs,
kitchen, sewers, aquariums,
Page 75 of 84
walls, planters and small concrete

terraces.
11. Bituminous Anti- TankMastic /HB Used asnon toxic corrosion
Corrosive Coating protection coating to all types of
iron, steel, masonry / concrete
surfaces.
Waterproofing / Repairing of Roads
12. Preventive ShaliSeal RSTC Used as Coal tar sealer coat on
maintenance of top surface of roads in residential
Roads complex/ housing society,
Expressway, Highway, Parking
Lots, Driveways, taxiways.
13. Pot holes Repairing ShaliPatch Used as pot hole repair in
bituminous roads.
14. Cold applied ShaliMulsion A/C It is used as tack coat / grouting ,
bituminous lean mix curing, patching , sealing
emulsions of formation and sub- bases of
road.
15. Crack Repair in ShaliPatch EC Used as Crack Repair in concrete
Concrete Roads roads
Misc.
16. Coal Tar Epoxy ShaliPoxy Coating protects the concrete
coating for STP CTE 103/ 303against corrosive environment in
Tanks Sewage treatment plant Tanks.
17. Anti Corrosive ShaliUrethane It is a two component spray
coating PC applied solvent free PU coating for
Concrete and Steel.
18. Epoxy mortar ShaliFix EM Used for repairing of any concrete
surface.
19. Epoxy Paint ShaliPoxy 400 It is a food grade epoxy coating for
internal surface of pipes and
vessels used for potable water.
20. Water repellent ShaliWaterpellar It is used on exterior of building to
coating repel water from exterior surface.
21. Coloured cycle ShaliSeal CSS-A It is used for demarcation at
track paint Railway platform near train
boarding area, bus lane marking
etc. It is anti skid paint.
22. Fire retardant ShaliFloor SL 3E It is a three component epoxy
coating / flooring FR based fire retardant coating for
wall and floor.
23. Epoxy injectable ShaliGrout EI To seal porous concrete and
grout provide structural strengthen.
24. Bipolar corrosion ShaliPlast Used as bipolar corrosion inhibitor
inhibitor additive for LW+++ in RCC floors, walls, slabs and
RCC mass concrete casting.
25. Super Plasticizer ShaliPlast PCE Ether based super plasticizer for
for concrete and concrete and mortar
mortar
Page 76 of 84
26. Anti-carbonation ShaliKote AC Anti-carbonation UV resistant

coating WB/SB coating for multi-storeyed bldgs.
27. Cold applied TarPlastic Sealing J bolts & cracks in
bituminous corrugated sheets.
compound with
mineral fillers
2. SIKA India Private Limited:
301-302, 3rd Floor,
Elegance Tower,
Jasola Vihar, New Delhi-110025
Mob.: +91 9136601610 / 9839065007 (Mr. S.M.Hasan, Sr. Sales Manager)

Tel: +91 1141030264-65-66
Email : hasan.syedmarghoob@in.sika.com & info.india@in.sika.com
Website: ind.sika.com
S.No. Product Name/s of Products Description / Area of

Category Application
1. APP Sika WP Shield 103 Plain finish polyester
Waterproofing P/104 P / SikaBit T 130 reinforced APP membrane
membranes PG / 140 PG
Sika WP Shield 103PM Mineral finish polyester

/ 104PM / SikaBit T 140 reinforced APP membrane
MG/ SikaBit T 130 MG
SikaBit T 130 SG/140 Sand finish polyester
SG reinforced APP membrane
Sika WP Shield Plain finish fibre glass
103F/102F reinforced APP membrane
2. PVC Based Sikaplan WP Basement / Tunnel

Waterproofing membranes Waterproofing
membrane Sarnafil S/ G Roof Waterproofing
membranes
3. Polyurethane Sikalastic 450I Tar extended Polyurethane for
based Liquid exposed and covered roofs
polymer Sikalastic 560 Modified Polyurethane for
membrane exposed roofs
Sikalastic 851R Spray applied liquid membrane
for exposed and covered roofs
Sikalastic 851 Spray applied liquid membrane
for concrete bridge decks
4. Cementitious Sika Topseal 107 2 component Acrylic coating
Waterproofing Sika Topseal 109hi 2 component Elastomeric
Acrylic coating
Sika Raintite Polymer for Waterproofing
I/Cemcrete coating
Page 77 of 84

Sika Flexicoat 1K One component Cementitious
Waterproofing coating
5. Integral Plastocrete Plus Liquid Waterproofing
Waterproofing Sikacim Pink compound
compound
Sika Noleek Powder Waterproofing
compound
6. Expansion Joint SikadurCombiflex SG Expansion Joint Treatment
Waterproofing
7. Bonding agent Sikadur 32, Sikadur Bonding agent for new
32LP, Sika Hibond concrete to old concrete
8. Anti-Carbonation Sikagard 550W Elastic, Protective coating for concrete
coating Sikagard 551S Primer, exposed structures
Sikagard 680 MY
9. Interior / Exterior Sikagard PU UR/ Protective cum waterproofing
Protective coating Sikagard PU UR (W), coating for concrete & masonry
Sikagard XT, Sika
Primer W
10. Bridge Deck Sikalastic 851, Waterproofing and protection
Waterproofing Sikalastic 8902, of Bridges, Flyovers,
systems Sikalastic 827HT, Underpass
Sikalastic 841ST,
Sikalastic 8800, SikaBit
T 130/140 SG
11. Quick repair tape Sika MultiSeal Self-adhesive bituminous
sealing tape
12. Crystalline Sika 101h Crystalline waterproofing
Waterproofing coating
13. Fully bonded SikaProof P 12/ A 12HC Basement / UG Waterproofing
membranes
14. Drainage Board Sika Drain 500 Felt/ Drainage board with prefixed
1000 Felt geotextile for tunnel
waterproofing
Sikaflex PRO-3 PU based joint sealant for
PQC
Sikaflex 11FC High modulus sealant for
different substrates
Misc.
15. Injection Grouting Sika Injection 101h Polyurethane injection foam
chemicals Sika Injection 202IN Polyurethane injection resin
Sika Injection 306 Acrylic Injection resin
Intraplast EP / N200 / Cement grouting admixtures
NN non shrink grouting chemicals
Sikadur 52 Epoxy Injection resin for dry
locations
Page 78 of 84

Sikadur 53UF Epoxy Injection resin for damp
locations
Sikadur 52 LP (IN) Epoxy Injection resin with long
pot life
16. Heat reflective Sika CoolCoat Fibre reinforced acrylic
cool roof coatings waterproofing cum heat
reflective coating
17. Water stopper / Sika Swell A Profile Acrylic based Hydro swelling
Waterbar Water stopper
Sika Swell S2 PU Based hydro swelling liquid
Sika Waterbar h PVC based Water stopper
18. Coal Tar coating InertolPoxitar Coal tar epoxy coating for
for ETP / STP STP/ETP tanks
tanks
19. Repair mortar Sika Top 122HS, Ready-to-use repair mortar for
Sika Monotop 122R, concrete structures
Sika Monotop 122F
Sika Top 77, Sika Multipurpose polymer for site

Latex, Sika SBR 100 batch mortar for repair and
waterproofing
20. Epoxy mortar / Sikadur 31 (IN), Sikadur Epoxy based adhesive and
adhesives 41, Sikadur 43, Sikadur- mortars for repair works in
43 HE (h), Sikadur-52 concrete structures
(IN) SLV Mortar,
Sikadur 53UF Mortar,
Sikadur 31C
3. Conschem Technologies (India) Ltd.:

Conschem House, 56,
New Idgah, Agra (U.P.) India.
Tele Phone: 91 9412255042, 9411961943

Customer care No.: +91 8755529092
Email- conschem@live.com
S.No. Product Name/s of Description / Area of Application

Category Products
1. Water Proofing CONSPROOF WP It confirms to IS 2645. 200 ml per bag
System of cement used in plaster and
concrete work.
Page 79 of 84
CONSPROOF BC It conforms to IS 2645. Used for brick

coba work, reduce shrinkage cracks,
make mortar more dense and water
tight.
CONSGUARD A Two part polymer modified
cementitious waterproofing coat
used for waterproofing of roof, water
tank swimming pool wall dampness
etc.
CONSCRETE AP Single component flexible
waterproofing coating prevent salt
penetration. Used for waterproofing
of roof, water tank, swimming pool
wall dampness etc.
CONSCOAT EP Two part epoxy waterproofing
coating provides protection for
concrete and steel structure. Suitable
for overhead tanks underground
tanks, swimming pool ,dams and
portable water.
2. Admixture i. CONSFLO S Water reduction up to range of 30 to
ii. CONSFLO HP 90 40%, flowing and self levelling
iii. CONSFLO XLR concrete. Provides high strength for
concrete work
3. Industrial Grout CONSGROUT 60 Cementitious grout for Bolt grouting
washing apron work & grouting of
PSC sleepers.
4. Industrial Floor CONS FLHD Non matalic non dusty and anti slip
flooring compound for hard wearing.
5. Sealants Repairs CONSBOND SBR Polymer latex based bonding agent
and Bonding for old to new concrete joints.
Agent CONSBOND EP Epoxy based bonding agent for old
to new concrete joint.
CONSPATCH M Pre packed polymer modified
cementations mortar for repair and
plaster work
CONS High strength non shrink flowable
MICROCONCRTE mortar for jacketing work for repair
of various structure for high strength
6. Protective CONS Polymer base protective anti
Coating CORROGUARD corrosive coating for steel and
reinforcement
CONS Two part Epoxy base protective anti
CORROGUARD EP corrosive coating for steel and
reinforcement
CONS RUST R Remove rust most effectively from
steel .Suitable for removing rust
from reinforcement and structural
steel.
Page 80 of 84
4. Pidilite Industries,
Ramkrishna Mandir Road
Off Sir Mathuradas Vasanji Road,
Andheri (East) Mumbai - 400059 Maharashtra.
INDIA Phone: +91 22 3308 7000
Fax: +91 22 2835 7700
E-mail: pil@pidilite.com
S.No. Product Name/s of Products Description /

Category Area of
Application
1. Waterproofing Dr.Fixit URP or Below Ground.
system& Dr.FixitBitufix
chemicals for Dr.Fixit URP Bathroom /
terraces, roofs, Dr.FixitPidifin 2K kitchen
water tanks Dr.FixitFastflex
basement and Dr.FixitPidifin 2K Water Tanks
walls. Dr.FixitFastflex
(i) Undercoat : Roof
Dr.Fixit URP
Dr.FixitRoofseal Flex
Dr.FixitFastflex
(ii) Topcoat :
Dr.FixitNewcoatEzeeDr.FixitNewcoat
Dr.Fixit Raincoat Exterior walls
Dr.Fixit Raincoat Coool
5. CICO Technologies Limited

C-44/2, 1st & 2nd Floor,
Okhla Industrial Area,
Phase-II, New Delhi-110020
Ph. # 91-11-40509400
Fax: 91-11-40509413
Emil: cicotech@cicogroup.com

1. Waterproofing CICO Tapecrete P 151 Underground Structure
chemicals for CICO Super
underground CICO NO 1
structure, sunken
CICO SHIELD
portion, roof,
foundation. CICO B MEN
CICO Tapecrete P 151 Sunken Portion
CICO Super
CICO NO 1
COCO POXY 2125
Page 81 of 84
CICO Tapecrete P 151 Roof / Roof Garden

CICO NO 1
CICO SHIELD
CICO B MEN
CORCHEM 206 I
CORCHEM 2P
CICO Aquapur
CICO Tapecrete P 151 Foundation / DPC
CICO Super
6. BASF India Ltd.

Construction chemicals divisions,
Plot No.37, Chandivali Farm Road,
Chandiveli, Andheri (E),
Mumbai- 400072
Ph. 022-28580210

1. Waterproofing CONIBASE waterproofing
liquid membrane CONIDECK CONIROOF membranes either can
MASTERPREN be spray or hand-
applied
2. Polyurethane and MASTERFLEX For joint sealing.
polysulphide SONOLASTIC
elastomeric joint
sealants
7.TEXSA INDIA LTD.

Headquarters Gurgaon
345, Ground Floor,
Udyog Vihar, Phase-II
Gurgaon - 122 016 Haryana
Tel. (+91) 124 405 2078
texsaindia@texsa.in
www.texsa.in
S.No. Product Name/s of Products Description / Area

Category of Application
1. APP Membrane MOPLY N FP 3 mm Roof
MOPLY N FP 4 mm
MOPLY N FV 2 mm
MOPLY N FV 3 mm
2. SBS MORTERPLAS PARKING Waterproofing of bridge
MORTERPLAS SBS ALU 3 KG decks on railway
MORTERPLAS SBS FM 3 KG structures, foundation
slabs and flooring.
Page 82 of 84
8. Bengal Bitumen New Delhi

G- 003, SalconAurum,
District Center Complex,
Jasola, New Delhi - 110025
Telephone: +(91)-(11)-40516589
S.No. Product Name/s of Products Description / Area

Category of Application
1. Bitumen felt the Great Bengal Felt, Waterproofing
Bengal Supermat bitumen felt
(B) DETAILS OF SOME OF THE KNOWN CRYSTALIZATION WATERPROOFING

PRODUCT MANUFACTURERES (Products of other manufactures may be
available in market)
S.No. Brand Name Firm

1. PeneSeal CWP STP Limited
707, Chiranjiv Tower, 43, Nehru Place
New Delhi - 110019, Delhi, India
Telephone: +(91)-(11)-46561359
Fax: +(91)-(11)-46561358
Email- co@stpltd.com
2. Dr. FixitKrystalline Pidilite Industries Limited

Construction Chemicals Division
Ramkrishna Mandir Road, Post Box No.
17411
Andheri (E) Mumbai 400059 INDIA
Tel +91-22-2835 7000 • Fax +91-22-2835
7008
Toll Free No.: 1800-209-5504
3. Xypex Crystalline Xypex Chemical Corporation
H.O. 13731 Mayfield Place
Richmond BC,
Canada Email: enquiry@xypex.com
Website: http://www.xypex.com/India
Distributor in India
4. Monoproof Monarch Industrial Products India

Private Limited,
No. 25, S.I.D.C. Industrial Estate,
Theni- 625531, TamilNadu
Contact: 08373904238
Page 83 of 84
(C) DETAILS OF SOME OF THE KNOWN NANO TECHNOLOGY WATERPROOFING

PRODUCTS MANUFACTURERES (Products of other manufactures may be
available in market)
S.No. Brand Name Firm
1. Zycosil+ (Waterproofing) Zydex Industries,

Zycoprime+ (Bonding Agent) Zydex House, 61, Gotri-
Elastobar (Membranes) SevasiRoad,Sevasi, Vadodara- 391101
Phone: +91 265 3312000
Email: info@zydexindustries.com
2. POLYSIL WR S. M. Adhesives
POLYSIL C Shop No. 4, Ganga Bhuvan, SRPS Road,
Opposite Chetna Apartment, Bhandup
West Mumbai - 400001
Cell : +(91)-8805186896
+(91)-9322237077
Telephone: 022-32608690
Fax: 022-25349588
3. ChlororubBase Primer Innovation Center for Applied
Chlororub Base Finish Nanotechnology
Anti-damp Nano Powder (I-CanNano) 2771 Garia Main Road
Salt/Leaching Arrester - water Garia, Kolkata -700084
base Tel: +91-33-32985444
Salt/Leaching Arrester - solvent Email:arup@icannanopaints.com
base info@icannanopaints.com
References:
1. Indian Railway Works Manual 2000.

2. CPWD Specification 2009 (Vol. – I & II) & DSR 2018.
3. Details of Item no. 10.5 to 10.11 taken from Draft CPWD Specification 2019
(Vol.II).
4. Literature available on internet.
5. Product details provided by some of the known manufacturers.
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Guidelines On Water Proofing

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What are some general precautions that should be taken during construction of buildings?

What are some general precautions that should be taken during construction of buildings?

What are different integral cement based treatments for waterproofing horizontal and vertical surfaces of underground structures?

What are different integral cement based treatments for waterproofing horizontal and vertical surfaces of underground structures?

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Research Design and Standards Organization, Lucknow – 226011.

Sr. Description of Item Page No.

Water Proofing of Buildings

A building may be a house, office or service building is an important asset

Waterproofing is the formation of an internal or external membrane which is

Admixtures: Mineral admixtures and Chemical admixtures widely used for

Impregnation: For water proofing of old and new structures, impregnation

Film forming membranes: This may be liquid applied waterproofing coating

Surfacing: For water proofing, asphalt, concrete, epoxy mortar, polymer

1.0 Water Proofing during Construction stage:

Waterproofing of building at construction stage will not only prevent damage

Due to inadequate workmanship/ poor material quality, dampness may be

2.0 General precautions during construction of building:

Since precaution is better than cure, necessary precautions should be taken

2.1 Every building plan, whether of new building OR of addition/alteration to a

2.3 At the expansion joints of buildings, water proofing should be strengthened by

3.1 Water Proofing of Horizontal Surfaces of Under-ground Structure:

3.1.3 Rough Kota Stone: Rough kota stone slabs of 22 mm to 25 mm thickness

3.1.4 Preparation of Cement Slurry: Cement slurry shall generally be prepared by

3.1.6 Laying Water Proofing Course:

4.2 Blending Cement/Water with Water Proofing Compound: As explained

5.0 Water proofing treatment to vertical and horizontal surface of depressed

6.0 Water Proofing Treatment in Sunken portion of WCs, Bathrooms etc.

6.1 Preliminaries to be Attended

6.2 Preparing Surface, Fixing Pipes and Fittings

6.3 Providing and Laying of Slurry for First Layer

6.4 Providing and Laying of Slurry for Second Layer

7.0 Junction of roof with parapet wall in New Construction:

The following points should also be ensured at junction point:

General arrangements at junction of roof with roof overhang and extending

GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS AT JUNCTION OF WALL AND ROOF

8.0 Expansion Joints:

Expansion joints in buildings/ other structures may become source of perennial

(a) EXPANSION JOINT AT FLOOR LEVEL

(b) EXPANSION JOINT AT ROOF LEVEL TYPICAL DETAILS EXPANSION

9.0 Water Proofing Treatments on Roof Slab

• Traditional Waterproofing Methods

 New/Modern methods of waterproofing: Some of the Modern Water

5. Fibre Reinforced Elastomeric liquid Water proofing membrane.

10.0 New Developments in Water Proofing:

10.1 Bitumen/Polymer base Systems: -

Salient features and recommended areas of applications are given below:

Sl. Product Salient features Recommended Area

2 Polymer i) Treated or reinforced felt Roofs and basements

ii) Provided with a thin

4. Polymer i) Performance is good. To prevent dampness

6 Silicon based Colourless water repellent, limited Vertical walls, specially

7 Epoxy based i) Very good adhesion and i) Used as water

10.2 Water Proofing Treatment with APP (Atactic Polypropylene Polymeric)

Water proofing treatment of roofs with APP modified polymeric membrane

APP Modified Membrane: It is a polymeric water proofing membrane

Important physical and chemical parameter of the membrane shall be as given

Centre Core Film Thickness Weight