IMPORTENCE OF WATER

PROOFING IN BUILDING
BY

AJITKUMAR S M
Managing Director.
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200721

To Avoid this in your home

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If water proofing is not done

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Water proofing if not done. 200721

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Out Line of presentation

• WHY IS WATERPROOFING REQUIRED

• IF NOT DONE, EFFECT ON BUILDING

• WATER PROOFING ARES IN THE BUILDING.

• WATERPROOFING MATERIALS

• WATERPROOFING TECHNIQUES

• REQUIREMENTS FROM BUILDERS/CONTRACTORS

• CONCLUSIONS
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Leakages from the ceiling

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Leakage from the ceiling

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Leakage from the stone wall joints

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Leakage from the ceiling of Beam

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Leakage from Retaining wall

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Raising dampness in wall from ground

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Leakage from Bore & Joints

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Leakage from Beam & slab joint

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Leakages on the walls

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WATER PROOFING
• One of the most common problems faced by the
users of building is dampness, seepage &
leakages and consequential damages often,
difficulties in finding the source of the leakage
and seepage leads to unsuccessful remedial
measures, mantel tensions and eventually even
financial losses.
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Water proofing
• All masonry materials are permeable to water.
Most permeable being concrete masonry, least
permeable being stone, glazed tile etc.,

• All masonry materials are held together by

mortar which is generally very permeable and
can allow leakage regardless of permeability of
the masonry units themselves
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Why Building leaks

• Bad design, faulty construction.
• Use of Poor quality of material.
• Bad workmanship. Improper mixing,
placing & compaction of concrete.
• Improper Curing.
• Poor maintenance.
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No maintenance/cleaning
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POOR MAINTANCE
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Leakages on the ceiling

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Leakage at the beam & roof joint

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Leakages in homes
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Why Waterproofing ?
• Waterproofing can improve the structural integrity of your
Building. If water is allowed to seep into the concrete, the
structural integrity of your home is compromised. Water
weakens the structure, and it can cause serious damage. This
can lead to expensive repairs, or in the worst case scenario, it
could destroy your home/building.

• Waterproofing can maintain the value of your building/ home.

• Waterproofing can ensure the building / home remain

healthy and enjoy a longer lifetime. This allows you to keep
your investment at its top value.

• Waterproofing can protect your valuable belongings from

damage
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WATER PROOFING
• Good quality waterproofing is an essential part of any
Building or Structure. A waterproof building enables
its occupants to live a prosperous, tension-free,
healthy life.

• Waterproofing only accounts for 1% to 3% of a

building’s construction costs but when ignored, it can
be responsible for almost 90% of the damage
Waterproofing system provides protection to the
structure from water ingress. The practice of
waterproofing dates back to ages with the different
techniques.
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Leakage from Expansion joint

• Damage due to capillary rise
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Defects caused by Dampness /

Leakage

• Dis-interagation of bricks, softening and

crumbling of Plaster, bleaching & flecking
of paint.

• Leads to corrosion of steel in RCC

structures Which leads concrete spalling.

• Creates unhealthy living conditions.

• Spoils aesthetics.
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Advantage of water proofing buildings

• Leakage & Moisture from seeping into your walls, thereby
allowing mold to grow. Mold can impact our health in a
negative way.
• It also prevents damage caused due to water seepage
which can ruin the structural integrity of your home.
• Moisture also causes metals to rust and wood to decay. As
you know unhealthy living areas and weakens the
foundations which will affect the property value of your
house.
• Also, waterproofing systems can open up the basement
area and thereby increase the utility of your home’s square
footage. This also helps in increasing the value of your
house in the market.
• Waterproofing increases your house’s value, which is the
biggest advantage.
Leakages in basement
 Fungus Efflorescence Premature ageing

Concrete ageing Structural damage Cracks

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Basement leakages.
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• Water proofing of concrete is to make hydrophilic

concrete to Hydrophobic.

• Waterproofing is the formation of an impervious

barrier which is designed to prevent water
seeping through building & concrete structures. It
is the treatment given to prevent the surface
from water penetration.

• The simplest definition of waterproofing is - to

keep the unwanted water out of the system.
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
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CONCRETE

1.Concrete is probably the most versatile material used

in modern construction.
2.Quality of concrete is generally related to its strength
and permeability.
3.For high strength and low permeability, low water
cement ratio is required
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Why building materials absorb water ?

• Building Material like Concrete, Brick, Stone, Mortar composed of crystals of carbonate, silicate,
alluminate or oxide which are rich in oxygen atoms & carries positive or negative charges. Such
surface are polar & also called hydrophilic.

Hydrophilicity
Hydrophilic - Water Loving :-
• On account of granular nature of building materials moisture finds an easy access
through the voids and this aided by capillary action assists the moistures to travel in
different directions.
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• Concrete is hydrophilic yet making it hydrophobic is

essential. Rainwater intrusion into a recently completed
building is one of the most inconvenient and unpleasant
event
• There can be variety of leaks in the whole building
envelope, which can be repaired and rehabilitated. But the
best solution would have been if the waterproofing had
been undertaken during the construction and these
problems could have been avoided.
• Water infiltration causes major problems to a structure.
Water damages a building first cosmetically then
structurally. It is important to realize that by the time a
stain shows up on the interior of your building most likely
irreversible damage has been caused to the building.
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CARBONATION
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The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere enters the

capillaries of the concrete as carbonic acid and combines
with the alkaline calcium hydroxide solution in the gel
pores to form neutral calcium carbonate:
Ca(OH)2 + CO2gCaCO3 + H2O
Carbonation proceeds from the surface of the concrete
inwards. Its rate of advance is determined by a number
of factors, including
• The relative humidity of the atmosphere
• The CO2 content of the air
• The quality of the concrete.
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CONCRETE CORROSION
Corrosion occurs due to a number of mechanisms.
These includes

•Corrosion of reinforcement due to

- Carbonation
- Chloride Ion
- Dissolved gases like So2, No2, Co2,etc.

• Sulphate attack on concrete

• Efflorescence
• Alkali Aggregate Reaction
• Shrinkage
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Steel Corrosion
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Water entry points in building

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Types of Water proofing surfaces

in Buildings
• Basements Floor & Retaining wall
• Lift Pits
• Sunken & Non sunken slab toilets, balconies & Utilities.
• Sump & Over head water tanks.
• Swimming pools.
• Chejjas.
• Expansion Joint
• Slope Roofs
• Planter boxes
• Terrace.
• Landscape areas/ Garden
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Chemicals used for water proofing

• Admixtures.
• Polymers.
• Cementitious Waterproofing
• Membranes- EPDM, TPU,PVC,APP,TARFELT,BITUMENIOUS ect.
• Crystalline waterproofing system
• Flexible membrane waterproofing system
• PU waterproofing system
• Hybrid PU and Epoxies based water proofing systems
• Poly urea waterproofing system.
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• Waterproofing is prevention of water and vapour

ingress. There are different types of
waterproofing systems available. Sheet
membrane-APP membrane, EPDM, PVC,TPU
liquid applied membrane systems, Bentonite,
cementations, Poly urea, Poly Urathane ect ect.

• Therefore choosing the best method

waterproofing system is quite pivotal.
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How does water enter into the structures 200721

• Concrete one of the most commonly used building

material is not totally impervious and allows passage
of water through it with time because of the voids and
capillaries .Water takes the path of least resistance and
finds its way .

Magnified view of Concrete

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Protection of water leakages

Basic Principle for preventing water ingress
Ensure dense and non porous concrete in terrace slabs , roof
slabs , retaining walls of basements , floor slabs etc by
reducing water cement ratio , right mix design , usage of
suitable admixtures and compaction .
Ensure Proper masonry joints in exposed areas and covings
for junctions / interfaces .
Water Proof Barrier coatings / Water repellant coatings for
exposed slabs , terraces , podiums , basements , masonry etc
Sealing of window and brick / stone masonry interfaces and
expansion joints
Provide adequate slope on exposed terraces and roof slabs ,
floor slabs etc to drain off water .
Prevent stagnation of water on chajjas , balconies , porticos etc
.
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Selection of Membranes 200721

Impermeable. The membrane must be impermeable to prevent the passage of water.

Flexible - membranes need to withstand any normal movement that may occur in building
structures.
• Durable. The membrane must be able to retain its integrity over a long period of time.
Designable. The membrane must lend itself to design details in a building. It must be
suitable for each specific application. If a membrane cannot be applied where
needed because of structural details, it is useless.
Breathable. The membrane must be able to breathe so that moisture vapors from
building interior and substrates can escape freely.
• Bondable. The membrane must be able to bond easily and readily to tiles that are fixed
directly to them.
• User-friendly. The membrane must be easy to apply, relatively lightweight, non-
hazardous, and environmentally safe.
• Repairable and maintainable. In exposed areas such as rooftops, the membrane should
require little maintenance, and in the event of damage must be easily
repairable.
• Continuous. The membrane should provide a continuous film, without areas of weakness
such as overlaps, which could prove to be a potential source of water entry.
• Resistant. The membrane must withstand environmental and climatic conditions
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Cementitious Waterproofing
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• Cementitious products are probably the easiest waterproofing

materials to use. They’re readily available from suppliers, and
they’re easy to mix and apply. If you plan to use this material, a
long-handled brush will make your life easier. Also, spend the
extra money to buy acrylic additive (a white, milky liquid) to mix in
with the cement product. You’ll get better bonding and a more
solid, durable coating.

• The disadvantage is that cementitious products, They will stand

up fine to a head of water, but will tolerate almost no joint or
crack movement.
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Grove making in crack

project photos
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Water proof final Coating

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Retaining wall Crack & Tie rod hole

treatment
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Retaining wall treatment

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Double height Retaining wall

treatment
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Retaining wall treatment

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Two component Injection work

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Slope roof crack treatment

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Liquid waterproofing membrane

• It is generally used in waterproofing a roof by the
application of a specialist liquid roof coating. Involves the
application of a monolithic, fully bonded, liquid based
coating. The coating cures to form a rubber-like
elastomeric waterproof membrane, capable of stretching
and returning to its original shape without damage. Such
coating systems are usually reinforced with secondary
materials such as glass-reinforced plastic to provide
additional tensile strength.
• The process of liquid roofing provides a cost-effective
method of making a new or existing roof waterproof.
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Liquid Applied Bituminous

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Bituminous waterproofing System

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• Bitumen (asphalt or coal-tar pitch) is a mixed substance made up of organic liquids

that are highly sticky, viscous, and waterproof. These systems are sometimes used
to water proof in the form of roofing felt or roll roofing products.

Bituminous Coating Waterproofing Method

• Bituminous coating is a type of coating used for waterproofing and flexible
protective coating. It is an excellent protective coating especially on surfaces such as
concrete foundations.

Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Method

• Bituminous membrane waterproofing is a popular method used for low-sloped
roofs due to their chief cost.
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Torch on Membranes
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Self Adhesive membranes

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Water proof PU coating

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Polyurethane Waterproofing
• Polyurethane is made up of two components, base and
reactor. Polyol acts as the base, while isocyanide is the
reactor component. The combination of both these in a
specific design ratio creates a liquid coating for
waterproofing applications. Polyurethane is a rather
popular choice due to its ease of installation. Unlike other
waterproofing systems like sheet membranes and liquid
applied membranes. Application is fast and this type of
treatment can be used for post construction applications
as well.
• It is easy to install, provides seamless finish and have a
long term durability and wear resistant.
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Flexible Membrane Waterproofing

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System
o The main product used in this system, comprises two components one liquid and the
other is a powder packed roughly in the proportion of 1:4 by weight. The liquid
component is an acrylic emulsion and the powder component is a polymer-modified
cement with film forming chemicals and fillers, and some manufacturers add
reinforcing fibres to make the product extra effective.

o When these two ingredients namely the pre-weighed powder and the liquid are mixed
together an uniform slurry made. This slurry is brush applied on the roof surface, which
upon drying forms a flexible film. Since there is cement in this product, its compatibility
with concrete is excellent. The film further allows the breathing of the concrete without
any hindrance hence there is no problem of its de-lamination from the concrete surface.
This film being flexible takes care of the deflections in the slab and the movements
caused because of primary or secondary settlements, movements due to wind loads
and temperature stresses developed in the concrete. This system can be used on
surfaces which had bituminous treatment earlier. In European countries, this type of
product is used as coating on pre-stressed concrete bridge girders to protect them from
aggressive chemical atmosphere. A typical waterproofing specification using flexible
membrane system will be as follows:
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Membranes.
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• Un bonded membranes (Pre Formed)

• EPDM
• PVC
• TPO
• Bonded Membranes
• Preformed membranes
• Self Adhesive
• Torch On
• Liquid applied membranes
• Brush or roller applied
• Spray applied
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Selection Criteria
• It should bridge over cold joints

• Must have Good adhesion and strength

• Compatible and easy to apply over pipe penetrations

and junctions

• Must stay Fully bonded to substrate

• Ability to withstand vibration and movement

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Impregnates
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• Water Ingress is defined as the entry of water through

a barrier either a roof slab or wall or floor or joints
causing serious hazards not only to the structure but
also to the occupants .
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Impregnates
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How Impregnation chemicals work

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Construction Joints
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• Popular Technologies in Market are: Water stops

• Typically PVC / other plastics

• Swellable gaskets- Bentonite based

• Acrylates

• Re Injectable hoses
project photos
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Crystalline Chemical
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• This system involves blocking the water bearing capillaries with

insoluble crystals. This method is used for waterproofing of
water-retaining structures like overhead/underground water
tanks, sunk slabs of bathrooms and toilets, swimming pools,
basements, terrace gardens etc.
The method of treatment involves saturating with water the
surface to be treated. Then mixing two and half volume of the
powder with one volume of water to form neat consistency hot
slurry. This slurry is brush applied on the saturated surface.
The active ingredients in the slurry pass through the water
bearing capillaries and react with calcium oxide present in the
concrete to form insoluble crystals, which effectively block the
capillaries. Further the chemical ingredients of the product
remain in concrete to reactivate the process of crystallisation
and when a new capillary is developed. This system of
waterproofing, the water retaining structures is practiced in
most of the developed countries. Typical specification for this
type of system is as follows:
project photos
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General Design approach

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For water proofing different types of surfaces in Buildings

• Surface preparations. Chipping & cleaning.
• Defect repairs. Crack repair, Voids grouting, Honeycomb
repairs.
• Wall & floor Joints, construction joints treatment.
• Porosity treatment.- Crystalline treatment
• Bonding coatings. Polymer coatings
• Slope making. Screed
• Water proofing- PU coatings.
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Cleaning.
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Best water proofing System aims to understand the

functional behavior of the structure, understand the
properties of the available materials to arrive at a
system, which is best suited for the structure and
incorporate the system at the design stage itself.
A single product or technique is not usually enough,
involvement of various bodies and techniques in
coordination is essential for making structures
waterproof.
• For success of any system, the building structure should
have sufficient and efficient control joints in the slabs
dimensions are more than twenty meter in any
direction.
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Challenges in waterproofing
• Treatment methodology
• Sourcing of waterproofing products
• Applicators- Experinced & commitment
• Proper liason with other agencies like
electrical, plumbing & landscaping
contractors
• Innovations in treatment implementations
e.g., mechanization, ease of application etc
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Water proofing Chemicals

• Admixtures.
• Polymers.
• Cementitious Waterproofing
• Membreanes
• Crystalline waterproofing system
• Flexible membrane waterproofing system
• PU waterproofing system
• Hybrid PU and Epoxies based water proofing
systems
• Poly urea waterproofing system.
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Application Methods.
• Cleaning- Dead mortar by chipping- Allege, Fungus removal by wire brush/high
pressure water jet. Dust cleaning by brooming, Brushing & Air blower.
• Crack repair- 0.5 to 1mm & above-Making groove, Filling with flexible material.
Coating with elastomeric chemicals.
• Honeycomb repair- By PPM or Epoxy mortar.
• Porosity reduction- By crystalline chemicals.
• Voids filling in concrete- By pressure grouting- Cement with non shrink
admixture.
• Active water leakage-by PU/Acrylates Injection.
• Water proofing – By Polymer cementations/PU/Polyurea /bitumenoius
coatings.
• Membranes like Hot & cold applied bitumen/ PVC/EPDM, Pleurae /Bentonit
based.
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Treatment/Methodology
• Control joints are structural engineering design
features. These joints are supposed to be
designed and their configuration marked on the
drawings and their detailing needs to be given
with respect to waterproofing system proposed in
large buildings. Different types of control joints
are Construction joints or day joint, crack inducer
joint, contraction joint and expansion joint
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Cementitious Coating
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Sealing the joints of two

different materials/Surfaces
 EXAMPLES
Protekta B Slurry is being Applied
Grouting / Injections
Brushing of Protekta SLM
Protekta Base is Sprayed Grouting / Injections
Protekta Flex Joint Grouting at PCC and Footing
Retaining Wall

Joint
Protekta Base Applying Protekta Flex Joint
Protekta B Slurry
Protekta SB is
being Grouted
Protekta SLM
Construction Joint

RCC

Footing
Protekta SLM
Protekta B Slurry
Protekta Base
PCC
Protekta SB
Soling Soling
4” Sunken Toilet
Parapet wall Terrace /Terrace Garden

Plastering

Rain Water Pipe

Protekta Flex stone

RCC Slab

Coping M15 Grade

concrete
Protex A Protex B Slurry
 RCC & Block Wall Joint Treatment

Protekta SLM

Protekta- Sealant Protekta Flex Joint

F500 mortar packing
Protex B Slurry

Protex A
 Bore Packing

Protekta Flexjoint

Tiles

Slope making
Concrete

RCC Slab

Protekta- Sealant Protex A Protekta Flex joint

F500 based concrete
 Water Tank

Grouting Grouting
Construction Joint

Protekta Flex Joint

Protekta Dougbond

Protex A
Protex B Slurry
Grouting Grouting

Plastering
Concrete

Coping
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Precautions to be Taken by the Client

and Consultant
• Selection of an effective waterproofing system for a structure taking all the
performance criteria of the structure into account and also taking into the
consideration, the performance of the materials in the system is of prime importance
for any success of the waterproofing job.
• Waterproofing jobs awarded to waterproofing contractors purely on economical price
considerations often fail.
• It is always advisable to involve the structural engineer in selection of a system and
requisite performance guarantees should be taken from the contractors.
• It is better to avoid bargaining for the job value out of contractor’s margins. This could
result in stretching the product beyond the coverage specified by the manufacturer or
substitution of cheaper material in the system to cover the cost.
• Always supervise the job and the incoming materials for the intact tamperproof seals
and quantities.
• Use the services of an engineer in selection of materials. That too only procured from
well know manufacturing firm.
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Pin-Type Moisture Meter 200721

• Pin-type moisture meters have two pins on the

instrument, which are used to penetrate into the test
surface at a desired depth
• The meters measure %MC at the depth of the head of
the contact pins.
• The reading of %MC is determined by measuring the
electrical resistance between the tips of the two pins.
• This method of inserting pins into a surface is often
viewed as an invasive process for measuring %MC.
• Typically these moisture meters will read up to 8-10 mm
dept.
• Used for concrete, bricks, wood etc.,
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Conclusion
200721

• We do not specify in depth waterproofing details & give

least importance to the to all types of joints. As a result
of this, many systems have failed in several prestigious
buildings.

• There is a need for understanding the various systems

available and specify them clearly and in with sufficient
detail, taking into consideration the in-service conditions
of the structure.
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REMEMBER YOUR SUCESS

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ACT LIKE YOUR HEROES

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REMEMBER TO HAVE FUN

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DON’T FEAR FAILURE

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MAKE EACH DAY A COUNT

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