1.

Explain analog to analog frequency transformation

2. Explain the structures direct form-1,direct form-2,cascade form and parallel form used for
realizing digital filter by illustrations.
3. Realize the following system function using direct form-1,direct form-2,cascade form and
parallel form:
H(z)=(0.7(1-0.36z^-2))/(1+(0.1^-1)-(0.72^-2))
4. Explain how an analog filter is mapped on to a digital filter using backward difference method.
Use this technique convert the analog filter with system function
H(s)=1/(s+2) into digital filter.
5. Convert the analog filter into a digital filter whose system function H(s)=2/(s+1)(s+3) using
bilinear transformations with T=0.1 secs.
6. Realize an FIR filter given by
1
7. ℎ(𝑛) = (2) [𝑢(𝑛) − 𝑢(𝑛 − 4)] using direct form-1
8. Obtain the direct form-1, direct form-2, cascade and parallel form realization for the following
system.
𝑌(𝑛) = 0.75𝑦(𝑛 − 1) − 0.125(𝑛 − 2) + 6𝑥(𝑛) + 7𝑥(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑥(𝑛 − 2).
9. Write equations of any four different windows used in design of FIR filters
10. Design the symmetric FIR, low pass filter whose desired frequency is given as,
𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑡 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑤| ≤ 𝑤𝑐
𝐻𝑑(𝑤) = {
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
The length of the filter should be 7 and wc=1 rad/sample.
Use rectangular window.
11. Explain how analog filter is mapped on to a digital filter using impulse variant method.
12. Design a digital low pass filter to satisfy the following pass band ripple 1 ≤ 𝐻(𝑗𝛺) ≤ 0, for
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
0 ≤ 𝛺 ≤ 1404 d stop band attenuation |𝐻(𝛺) > 60𝑑𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝛺 ≥ 8268𝜋 . sampling
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1
interval 𝑇𝑠 = 10− 4
sec. use BLT for designing.
13. Obtain the cascaded form realization for the given difference equation

3 1 1
𝑦(𝑛) = − 𝑦(𝑛 − 1) − 𝑦(𝑛 − 2) + 𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑥(𝑛 − 1)
4 8 3

Also draw the signal flow graph

14. A filter has to be designed with the following desired frequency response:
𝜋 𝜋
0, − < |𝜔| <
𝐻𝑑(𝑤) = { 4 4
−𝜌2𝜔
𝜋
𝑒 , < |𝜔| < 𝜋
4
Find the frequency response of the FIR filter designed using below.
1, 0≤𝑛≤4
𝑊𝑟(𝑛) = {
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
15. List the steps in design procedure using window functions.
16. List the advantages of FIR filter.

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17. Derive the mapping function used in transforming analog filter to a digital filter by bilinear
transformation preserves the frequency selectivity and stability properties of analog filter.
18. Transform the analo filter ,
𝑠+1
𝐻𝑎(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +5𝑠+6 into H(z) using impulse invariant transformation. Take T=0.1 sec
19. For analog butterworth filter derive an expression for order, cutoff frequency for the design of
low pass filter.
20. Design butterworth filter for the following specifications :
0.8 ≤ 𝐻𝑎(𝑠) ≤ 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝐹 ≤ 1𝐾𝐻𝑧
And |𝐻𝑎(𝑠)| ≤ 0.2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹 ≥ 5𝐾𝐻𝑧
21. Determine H(z) for butterworth filter satisfying the following constraints:
𝜋
√0.5 ≤ |𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 2 , |𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 )| ≤ 0.2,
3𝜋
≤𝜔≤𝜋
4
With T=1 secs. Apply impulse invariant transformations.
22. Design a bandreject filter for N=7, Wc1=1 rad/sec, Wc2=2 rad/secs. Use rectangular window
function. Also determine the frequency response 𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) if the designed filter.
1
23. Given that |𝐻𝑎(𝑗𝛺)|2 = 1+64𝛺2 determine the analog filter system function Ha(s).
24. Compare butterworth and Chebyshev filters.
25. Design a Chebyshev filter with a maximum passband attenuation of 2.5dB at rad/sec and the
stop band attenuation of 30dB at 𝛺𝑐 = 50 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐.
26. Explain the frequency sampling method of designing FIR filters and draw the coresponding block
diagram.
27. Design a digital low pass filter using the bilinear transformations method to satisfy the following
characteristics :a)MONOTONIC stop band and passband ..b)-3dB cutoff frequency of 0.5π rad.
c)Magnitude down at least 15dB at 0.75π rad
(𝑠+0.1)2
28. Transform the analog filter : 𝐻(𝑠) = (𝑠+0.1)2 to H(z) using impulse invariance
+9
transformation.
29. Design a Butterworth digital filter using the Impulse invarience method for the following
specifications: Assume T=1 sec
0.8 ≤ |𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 )| ≤ 1 ; 0 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 2𝜋 ; |𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 )| ≤ 0.2 ; 0.6 ≤ 𝜔 ≤ 𝜋
30. Obtain the Direct form2 and cascade realization of
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 6)(𝑧 − 3)
𝐻(𝑧) = 2
(𝑧 + 6𝑧 + 5)(𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 8)
31. A FIR filter is given by:
2 3 1
𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] + 𝑥[𝑛 − 1] + 𝑥[𝑛 − 2] + 𝑥[𝑛 − 3]
5 4 3
Draw the lattice structure.
1
32. Give that |𝐻𝑎(𝑗𝛺)|2 = 1+64𝛺6 , determine the analog LPF system function Ha(s)
33. Compare BUtterworth and Chebysev filters

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34. Design a Chebyshev filter with a max pass band attenuation of 2.5dB and the stop band
attenuation of 30dB
35. Design FIR LP filter with a desired frequency response
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑒 −𝑗3𝜔 ; − ≤𝜔≤
𝐻𝑑(𝑒 𝑗𝑢 ) = { 4 4
3𝜋
0; ≤ |𝑤| < 𝜋
4
36. Design a Chebyshev analog filter that has a -3dB cutoff frequency of 100rad/sec and a stopband
attenuation 25dB or greater for all radian frequencies past 250 rad/sec
37. Explain analog to analog frequency tansformation
1
38. Let 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑠+1 represent the transfer function of LPF with a passband of 1 rad/sec. Use the
frequency transformation( Analog to Analog) to find the transfer function of a band pass filter
with passband of 10 rad/sec and a centre frequency of 100 rad/sec.
39. Obtain the block diagram of the direct form-1 and direct form-2 realisation for digital IIR filter
described by system fuction .
8𝑧 3 − 4𝑧 2 + 11𝑧 − 2
𝐻(𝑧) =
1 1
(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2)
40. A butterworth lowpass filter has to meet the following specifications:
a) Passband gain, Kp=-1 at Ωp=4 rad/sec
b) Stopband attenuation greater than or equal to 20 dB at Ωs=8 rad/sec
Determine the transfer function

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