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    Aldrich Francis Ortiz Peñaflor
    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. Fluids with high viscosity, like honey, resist motion more than those with low viscosity, like water. Gases also exhibit viscosity. Viscosity depends on factors like a fluid's molecular makeup and structure. Drag force opposes the motion of an object moving through a fluid. It is proportional to the square of the object's velocity for most objects moving at moderate to high speeds. Terminal velocity is reached when drag force equals the force of gravity, resulting in zero acceleration. Static fluid pressure depends only on depth, density, and gravity. Pressure increases linearly with depth due to the weight of the overlying fluid columns.

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    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. Fluids with high viscosity, like honey, resist motion more than those with low viscosity, like water. Gases also exhibit viscosity. Viscosity depends on factors like a fluid's molecular makeup and structure. Drag force opposes the motion of an object moving through a fluid. It is proportional to the square of the object's velocity for most objects moving at moderate to high speeds. Terminal velocity is reached when drag force equals the force of gravity, resulting in zero acceleration. Static fluid pressure depends only on depth, density, and gravity. Pressure increases linearly with depth due to the weight of the overlying fluid columns.

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    hydraulics pressure measurements using manometer and viscosity using viscometer documentation

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    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. Fluids with high viscosity, like honey, resist motion more than those with low viscosity, like water. Gases also exhibit viscosity. Viscosity depends on factors like a fluid's molecular makeup and structure. Drag force opposes the motion of an object moving through a fluid. It is proportional to the square of the object's velocity for most objects moving at moderate to high speeds. Terminal velocity is reached when drag force equals the force of gravity, resulting in zero acceleration. Static fluid pressure depends only on depth, density, and gravity. Pressure increases linearly with depth due to the weight of the overlying fluid columns.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as rtf, pdf, or txt
    39 views5 pages

    Document

    Uploaded by

    Aldrich Francis Ortiz Peñaflor
    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. Fluids with high viscosity, like honey, resist motion more than those with low viscosity, like water. Gases also exhibit viscosity. Viscosity depends on factors like a fluid's molecular makeup and structure. Drag force opposes the motion of an object moving through a fluid. It is proportional to the square of the object's velocity for most objects moving at moderate to high speeds. Terminal velocity is reached when drag force equals the force of gravity, resulting in zero acceleration. Static fluid pressure depends only on depth, density, and gravity. Pressure increases linearly with depth due to the weight of the overlying fluid columns.

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    of 5

    Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes the internal friction of a moving fluid.

    A
    fluidwith large viscosity resists motion because its molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction. A fluid
    with low viscosity flows easily because its molecular makeup results in very little friction when it is in motion.
    Gases also have viscosity, although it is a little harder to notice it in ordinary circumstances.
    Princeton University. (n.d.). Definition of Viscosity. Retrieved February 8, 2020, from
    https://www.princeton.edu/~gasdyn/Research/T-C_Research_Folder/Viscosity_def.html
    ______________________________________________________________________________

    Free body diagram showing the weight, buoyancy, and drag forces. (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2020, from
    http://user.engineering.uiowa.edu/~me_160/Examples for class/P7.66.pdf

    Like friction, the drag force always opposes the motion of an object. Unlike simple friction, the drag
    force is proportional to some function of the velocity of the object in that fluid. This functionality is
    complicated and depends upon the shape of the object, its size, its velocity, and the fluid it is in. For
    most large objects such as cyclists, cars, and baseballs not moving too slowly, the magnitude of the
    drag force FDFD is proportional to the square of the speed of the object. We can write this
    relationship mathematically as FD∝v2FD∝v2. When taking into account other factors, this
    relationship becomes

    FD=1/2CρAv2

    where CC is the drag coefficient, AA is the area of the object facing the fluid, and ρρ is the density of
    the fluid. (Recall that density is mass per unit volume.) This equation can also be written in a more
    generalized fashion as FD=bv2FD=bv2, where b is a constant equivalent to 0.5CρA0.5CρA. We have
    set the exponent n for these equations as 2 because when an object is moving at high velocity
    through air, the magnitude of the drag force is proportional to the square of the speed. As we shall
    see in Fluid Mechanics, for small particles moving at low speeds in a fluid, the exponent n is equal to

    Terminal Velocity

    Some interesting situations connected to Newton’s second law occur when considering the effects of
    drag forces upon a moving object. For instance, consider a skydiver falling through air under the
    influence of gravity. The two forces acting on him are the force of gravity and the drag force
    (ignoring the small buoyant force). The downward force of gravity remains constant regardless of the
    velocity at which the person is moving. However, as the person’s velocity increases, the magnitude of
    the drag force increases until the magnitude of the drag force is equal to the gravitational force, thus
    producing a net force of zero. A zero net force means that there is no acceleration, as shown by
    Newton’s second law. At this point, the person’s velocity remains constant and we say that the
    person has reached his terminal velocity (vTvT). Since FDFD is proportional to the speed squared,
    a heavier skydiver must go faster for F D to equal his weight. Let’s see how this works out more
    quantitatively.

    At the terminal velocity,

    Fnet=mg−FD=ma=0

    Thus,

    mg=FD

    Using the equation for drag force, we have

    mg=1/2 CρAv^2 T

    Solving for the velocity, we obtain

    vT=2mg/ρCA−−−−−√

    Libretexts. (2020, January 23). Drag Force and Terminal Speed. Retrieved February 8, 2020, from
    https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book:_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map:_Unive
    rsity_Physics_I_-
    _Mechanics,_Sound,_Oscillations,_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/06:_Applications_of_Newton's_Laws/6.07:_Drag_
    Force_and_Terminal_Speed

    Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile
    stress. In everyday terms (and for fluids only), viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". Thus, water is
    "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity. Put simply, the less viscous the
    fluid is, the greater its ease of movement (fluidity).[1] Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow
    and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. For example, high-viscosity felsic magma will create a tall,
    steep stratovolcano, because it cannot flow far before it cools, while low-viscosity mafic lava will create a wide,
    shallow-sloped shield volcano. All real fluids (except superfluids) have some resistance to stress and therefore
    are viscous, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or inviscid fluid. The
    study of flowing matter is known as rheology, which includes viscosity and related concepts.

    Viscosity. (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2020, from


    https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Viscosity.pdf

    Static Fluid Pressure

    The pressure exerted by a static fluid depends only upon the depth of the fluid, the density of the fluid, and
    the acceleration of gravity.
    The pressure in a static fluid arises from the weight of the fluid and is given by the expression
    ρ = m/V = fluid density
    Pstatic fluid = ρgh where g = acceleration of gravity
    h = depth of fluid
    The pressure from the weight of a column of liquid of area A and height h is

    The most remarkable thing about this expression is what it does not include. The fluid pressure at a given
    depth does not depend upon the total mass or total volume of the liquid. The above pressure expression is
    easy to see for the straight, unobstructed column, but not obvious for the cases of different geometry which
    are shown.
    Because of the ease of visualizing a column height of a known liquid, it has become common practice to state
    all kinds of pressures in column height units, like mmHg or cm H2O, etc. Pressures are often measured
    by manometers in terms of a liquid column height.

    Static Fluid Pressure. (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2020, from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pflu.html

    Its bottom supports the weight of the fluid in it. Let us calculate the pressure exerted on the bottom by the
    weight of the fluid. That pressure is the weight of the fluid divided by the area supporting it (the area of

    the bottom of the container):

    We can find the mass of the fluid from its volume and density:

    The volume of the fluid is related to the dimensions of the container. It is

    where is the cross-sectional area and is the depth. Combining the last two quations gives

    If we enter this into the expression for pressure, we obtain

    The area cancels, and rearranging the variables yields_______ _

    This value is the pressure due to the weight of a fluid. The equation has general validity beyond the special
    conditions under which it is derived here. Even if the container were not there, the surrounding fluid would still
    exert this pressure, keeping the fluid static. Thus the equation represents the pressure due to the
    weight of any fluid of average density at any depth below its surface. For liquids, which are nearly
    incompressible, this equation holds to great depths. For gases, which are quite compressible, one can apply this
    equation as long as the density changes are small over the depth considered. [link] illustrates this situation.
    The bottom of this container supports the entire weight of the fluid in it. The vertical sides cannot exert an
    upward force on the fluid (since it cannot withstand a shearing force), and so the bottom must support it all.

    OpenStax College Physics, & Rice University. (2012, January 23). Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid. Retrieved
    February 8, 2020, from https://opentextbc.ca/physicstestbook2/chapter/variation-of-pressure-with-depth-in-a-
    fluid/#import-auto-id3190423

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