DCN File

Experiment : 01
AIM : Introduction to Computer Network laboratory: Introduction to Discrete Event

Simulation, Discrete Event Simulation Tools - ns2/ns3, Omnet++
1. To briefly describe the role of network simulator

2. To provide a list of different simulators and give a brief introduction of NS2/NS3 and
OMNET++
3. to provide resource of the network simulator NS-2
4. To give all dependency details for installing the NS
5. To give installation steps of the NS
Outcome: After doing this experiment student will be able to :

1. understand the various simulators and their installation
2. to work on the basic commands related to network simulators
3. Watch the result in various files such as .tr and .nam files
4. To see the plot on the animator (NAM)
Introduction to Computer Network Laboratory Simulators:
Computer networks is defined as the interconnection of different computing devices

through a communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing
among a wide range of users. The devices communicate with each other following a
certain protocol.
Need for Network Simulators:
Performance of the network can be measured in many ways, including transmut time
and response time. Transmit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel
from one device to another. Response time is the time elapsed between and enquiry
and a response. The performance of the network depends on a number of factors,
including the number of users, and type of transmission medium, the capability of the
connected hardware, and the efficiency of the software.
Performance is evaluated by two network metrics: throughput and delay. We often need
more throughput and less delay. However, these criteria are often contradictory. If we try
to send more data to the network, we may increase the throughput but we increase the
delay because of traffic congestion in the network.
Reliability: in addition to the accuracy of the delivery, network re;liability is measured by

the frequency of failure, the time it take the link to recover from a failure, and the
network's roboustness in a catastrophe.
Simulators an introduction:
Network simulation is an important tool in developing, testing and evaluating network

protocols. Simulation can be used without the target physical hardware, making it
economical and practical for almost any scale of network topology and setup. It is
possible to simulate a link of any bandwidth and delay, even if such a link is currently
impossible in the real world. With simulation, it is possible to set each simulated node
to use any desired software. This means that meaning deploying software is not an
issue. Results are also easier to obtain and analyze, because extracting information
from important points in the simulated network is as done by simply parsing the
generated trace files. Different simulators that are available are:
 MIT's NETSIM
 NIST
 CPSIM
 INSANE
 NEST
 REAL
 NS
 OMNET++
 OPNET
 NCTUns
Classification of Simulations :
In classical thinking there are three types of simulation; discrete event, continuous, and
MonteCarlo. They were articulated by Nance (1993) as:
a. Discrete event simulation : It utilizes a mathematical/logical model of a

physicalsystem that portrays state changes at precise points in simulated time.
Both the nature of the state change and the time at which the change occurs
mandate precise description. Customers waiting for service, the management of
parts inventory or military combat are typical domains of discrete event
simulation.
b. Continuous simulation: It uses equational models, often of physical systems,

which do not portray precise time and state relationships that result in
discontinuities. The objective of studies using such models do not require the
explicit representation of state and time relationships. Examples of such systems
are found in ecological modeling, ballistic reentry, or large scale economic
models.
c. Monte Carlo simulation : the name given by John van Neumann and Stanislaw
M. Ulam to reflect its gambling similarity, utilizes models of uncertainty where
representation of time is unnecessary. The term originally attributed to "a
situation in which a difficult non-probabilistic problem is solved through the
invention of a stochastic process that satisfies the relations of the deterministic
problem". A more recent characterization is that Monte Carlo is "the method of
repetitive trials. Typical of Monte Carlo simulation is the approximation of a
definite integral by circumscribing the region with a known geometric shape, then
generating random points to estimate the area of the region through the
proportion of points falling within the region boundaries.
Features of Network Simulator NS2

NS (Network Simulator) consists of group of series of distinct occurrence complex
simulators, specifically NS-1, NS-2 and NS-3. All of them are discrete-event network
simulator, mainly used in investigating and training.
NS-2 is a very popular discrete event Network Simulator, which is widely used in the
research field of Wired, Wireless and Satellite Networks across both academia and
industry as a way of designing, testing and evaluating new and existing protocols and
architectures, and has also proven a very useful tool for teaching purposes.
NS-2 comes fully equipped of protocols, models, algorithms and accessory tools. NS-2
is an open source network simulator which is freely available for academic research
purpose. Therefore, in terms of scientific acceptance, a number of tools/modules and
cost, NS-2 would be a sort of ideal choice.
NS is a discrete event simulator targeted at networking research. NS provides
substantial support for simulation of TCP, routing, and multicast protocols over wired
and wireless (local and satellite) networks.
NS-2 started as a variant of the REAL network simulator in 1989 and has since been
supported by the Virtual InterNetwork Testbed (VINT) project that is a DARPA-funded
research project whose aim is to build a network simulator.
WHY NS2?
When the system under research is complex to either follow an analytical approach or
implement it in real time to study its behavior, simulation is the solution that ultimately
makes it feasible by modeling it and closely mimicking the actual process. Network
researches wholly depend on the availability of numerous simulation tools like OPNET,
NS2, OMNET++ and so on. Without these tools it would be difficult to even imagine the
advancements we have reached in networking. Of the numerous tools available,
Network Simulator or NS2 (as it is famously called) stands distinct from the rest of the
simulators.
To create an ns-2 simulation, we need to do the following (in addition to a modest amount
of standard housekeeping).
 define the network topology, including all nodes, links and router queuing rules
 create some TCP (or UDP) connections, called Agents, and attach them to nodes
 create some Applications – usually FTP for bulk transfer or telnet for intermittent
random packet generation – and attach them to the agents
 start the simulation
Once started, the simulation runs for the designated amount of time, driven by the
packets generated by the Application objects. As the simulated applications generate
packets for transmission, the ns-2 system calculates when these packets arrive and
depart from each node, and generates simulated acknowledgment packets as
appropriate. Unless delays are explicitly introduced, node responses – such as
forwarding a packet or sending an ACK – are instantaneous. That is, if a node begins
sending a simulated packet from node N1 to N2 at time T=1.000 over a link with
bandwidth 60 ms per packet and with propagation delay 200 ms, then at time T=1.260 N2
will have received the packet. N2 will then respond at that same instant, if a response is
indicated, eg by enqueuing the packet or by forwarding it if the queue is empty.
Introduction to OMNeT++
OMNeT++ is a modular, component-based C++ simulation library and framework,
primarily for building network simulators. It could be used to simulate different routing
protocols, whether MANET or WSN, OMNeT++ has a lot of examples to illustrate how
these protocols work in details. OMNET provide the following:
 C++ class library

– Simulation kernel
–Utility classes (for random number generation, statistics collection, topology
discovery etc.)
-> use to create simulation components (simple modules and channels)
• Infrastructure to assemble simulations
– Network Description Language (NED)
–.ini files
• Runtime user interfaces
– Tkenv
–Cmdenv
• Tools to facilitate creating simulations and evaluating results
–GNED
–Scalars
–Plove
• Tools to document large simulation models
–opp_neddoc
• Extension interfaces for real-time simulation, emulation, MRIP, parallel
distributed simulation, database connectivity and so on
Installation of NS2
Step 1: Setting up the Prerequisites

1. First of all, download Network Simulator (NS-2.35) from here. I assume you have
downloaded it into your '/home/ECE/Local' directory.
2 [Optional]. Now we have to update the Ubuntu with its latest components. Open up a
terminal and run these commands:
1 sudo apt-get update

2 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
3 sudo apt-get update
Make sure that your Ubuntu is fully updated ( i.e. there should be no pending updates in
your Ubuntu Software Center and in Software Updater).
3. Before installing the NS we have to install some essential packages required by the
NS. So run the following commands:
1 sudo apt-get install build-essential autoconf automake
2 sudo apt-get install tcl8.5-dev tk8.5-dev
3 sudo apt-get install perl xgraph libxt-dev libx11-dev libxmu-dev
4 sudo apt-get install gcc-4.4
Step 2: Extract and Install NS

1. Extract the downloaded NS package either using the right click context menu "Extract
here" or using the following commands from a terminal:
1 cd /home/ ECE/Local
2 tar -xvzf ns-allinone-2.35.tar.gz
2. After extracting the "ns-allinone-2.35" folder, open up the file "/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-
2.35/linkstate/ls.h" in an editor. You can do it either from the terminal or from the file
explorer (Nautilus). We have to make some changes in the ls.h file else it will show an
error while installing the NS. Once you have opened the file move to the line 137 and
replace the erase (image 1) with this—>erase (image 2) and save the file.
3. Now its time to finally install the NS. Open up a terminal and move to the directory
where you have extracted the package, in our case its '/home/ECE/Local' and install NS
using the following commands (image 4):
1 cd /home/ECE/Local/ns-allinone-2.35
2 sudo ./install
It will some time here so have patience.
Step 3: Set the Environment Variables

1. Assuming everything went well in the previous step and you have successfully
installed your NS. Now that NS is installed, there are some environment variables that
need to be added to your profile. This can be done by editing the .bashrc file. Open a
new terminal and open the file using:
1 sudo gedit .bashrc
NOTE: You may want to create a backup of the .bashrc before editing, the easiest way
is to copy the file to a different location. Later you can replace the edited .bashrc with
the copied one in case something goes sideways or if you want to remove the NS.
2. Add the following lines AT THE END of the file. Be sure to change "/path_to" to the
path of where you have extracted the NS (e.g. '/home/ECE/Local').
export PATH=$PATH:/home/ece/Public/ns-allinone-2.35/bin:/home/ece/Public/ns-
allinone-2.35/tcl8.5.10/unix:/home/ece/Public/ns-allinone-2.35/tk8.5.10/unix
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/ece/Public/ns-allinone-
2.35/otcl-1.14:/home/ece/Public/ns-allinone-2.35/lib
export TCL_LIBRARY=$TCL_LIBRARY:/home/ece/Public/ns-allinone-
2.35/tcl8.5.10/library
Now save and close the file-descriptor

Step 4: Validate the Installation
You need to validate NS to check if everything is OK but keep in mind that it will take a
lot of time (about 1:30 hrs). Open up a terminal and move to the directory
‘/home/ece/Local/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/' and run:
1 ./validate
And That is it ! You can now run ns from a terminal window by executing: ns
If you received the "%" sign, it means that NS is running (image 5). Congratulations !!
Introduction to TCL Scripts:

Now that the NS2 is installed on your system. You need to know a bit about the
scripting. The scripting interface for ns-2 uses the language Tcl, pronounced “tickle”;
more precisely it is object-Tcl, or OTcl. For simple use, learning the general Tcl syntax is
not necessary; one can proceed quite successfully by modifying standard examples.
However, Tcl is a powerful scripting language that runs under Unix, Linux, VMS,
DOS/Windows, OS/2, and MacOS (at least). It provides all the usual high-level
programming features that we've come to expect from languages like the Unix shell,
Awk, Perl, or Rexx, such as:
 Variable-length strings
 Associative arrays
 Lists
 Keyed lists (aka structs, structures or records)
 Pattern matching with regular expressions
 Ability to define or redefine procedures at run-time
 Full file access
 Error handling
Use of set, puts, incr, and set n [expr $n + 1] commands in tcl

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Experiment : 01

AIM : Introduction to Computer Network laboratory: Introduction to Discrete Event

1. To briefly describe the role of network simulator

Outcome: After doing this experiment student will be able to :

Introduction to Computer Network Laboratory Simulators:

Computer networks is defined as the interconnection of different computing devices

Need for Network Simulators:

Reliability: in addition to the accuracy of the delivery, network re;liability is measured by

Network simulation is an important tool in developing, testing and evaluating network

a. Discrete event simulation : It utilizes a mathematical/logical model of a

b. Continuous simulation: It uses equational models, often of physical systems,

Features of Network Simulator NS2

 start the simulation

 C++ class library

Step 1: Setting up the Prerequisites

1 sudo apt-get update

Step 2: Extract and Install NS

It will some time here so have patience.

Step 3: Set the Environment Variables

1 sudo gedit .bashrc

Now save and close the file-descriptor

Introduction to TCL Scripts:

Use of set, puts, incr, and set n [expr $n + 1] commands in tcl

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