Piping - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Piping

Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey

fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another. The
engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient
transport of fluid.[1][2]

Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line

components) can be manufactured from wood, fiberglass,
glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-
line components, known as fittings,[3] valves, and other
devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and
temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included
in the field of piping design (or piping engineering), though the
sensors and automatic controlling devices may alternatively be
treated as part of instrumentation and control design. Piping
systems are documented in piping and instrumentation
Large-scale piping system in an
diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the
HVAC mechanical room
tube cleaning process.

Piping sometimes refers to piping design, the detailed

specification of the physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier
days, this was sometimes called drafting, technical drawing, engineering drawing, and design, but
is today commonly performed by designers that have learned to use automated computer-aided
drawing or computer-aided design (CAD) software.

Plumbing is a piping system with which most people are familiar, as it constitutes the form of fluid
transportation that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and businesses.
Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the
outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport nonpotable or potable water,
or other fire-suppression fluids.

Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-
processed fluids for refining into more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials used in
pipe construction are Inconel, titanium, chrome-moly and various other steel alloys.

Engineering sub-fields
Stress analysis
Materials
History

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Standards
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Generally, industrial piping engineering has three major sub-fields:

Piping material
Piping design
Stress analysis

Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the
routing, nozzle loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable
pipe stress is not exceeded under different loads such as sustained loads, operating loads, pressure
testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480, GOST 32388, RD 10-249 or any other
applicable codes and standards. It is necessary to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the piping
under regular loads (internal pressure and thermal stresses) as well under occasional and
intermittent loading cases such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and water hammer.
[4][5] This evaluation is usually performed with the assistance of a specialized (finite element) pipe

stress analysis computer programs such as AutoPIPE,[6] CAEPIPE,[7], CAESAR[8], PASS/START-

PROF.[9]

In cryogenic pipe supports, most steel become more brittle as the temperature decreases from
normal operating conditions, so it is necessary to know the temperature distribution for cryogenic
conditions. Steel structures will have areas of high stress that may be caused by sharp corners in
the design, or inclusions in the material.[10]

The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe.
Materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include:

Carbon steel
ASTM A252 Spec Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 Steel Pile Pipe
Plastic piping, e.g. HDPE pipe, PP-R pipe or LDPE pipe [11].
Low temperature service carbon steel
Stainless steel
Nonferrous metals, e.g. cupro-nickel, tantalum lined, etc.

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Nonmetallic, e.g. tempered glass, Teflon lined, PVC, etc.

Early wooden pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the
center.[12] Later wooden pipes were constructed with staves and hoops similar to wooden barrel
construction. Stave pipes have the advantage that they are easily transported as a compact pile of
parts on a wagon and then assembled as a hollow structure at the job site. Wooden pipes were
especially popular in mountain regions where transport of heavy iron or concrete pipes would have
been difficult.

Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract
with temperature changes as much as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were
not required. The thickness of wood afforded some insulating properties to the pipes which helped
prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes. Wood used for water pipes also does not rot very
easily. Electrolysis doesn't affect wood pipes at all, since wood is a much better electrical insulator.

In the Western United States where redwood was used for pipe construction, it was found that
redwood had "peculiar properties" that protected it from weathering, acids, insects, and fungus
growths. Redwood pipes stayed smooth and clean indefinitely while iron pipe by comparison
would rapidly begin to scale and corrode and could eventually plug itself up with the corrosion.[13]

There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any
piping system. Organizations that promulgate piping standards include:

ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series

ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.)
ASME B31.3 Process piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
and oil and gas
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components
ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems
ASME B31.9 Building services piping
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (Withdrawn, Superseded by B31.4)
ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles[14]
API - American Petroleum Institute
API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industries—Steel pipe for pipeline transportation
systems[15]
CWB - Canadian Welding Bureau

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EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code

EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General
EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials
EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design
and calculation
EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4:
Fabrication and installation
EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5:
Inspection and testing
EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6:
Additional requirements for buried piping
PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7:
Guidance on the use of conformity assessment
procedures
EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8:
Additional requirements for aluminium and aluminium
alloy piping
GOST, RD, SNiP, SP - Russian piping codes
RD 10-249 Power Piping
Stacking of a connected pipeline for
GOST 32388 Process Piping, HDPE Piping transportation of oil products
SNiP 2.05.06-85 & SP 36.13330.2012 Gas and Oil
transmission piping systems
EN 1993-4-3 Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures - Part 4-3: Pipelines
AWS - American Welding Society
AWWA - American Water Works Association
MSS – Manufacturers' Standardization Society
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
Intro to pipe stress - https://web.archive.org/web/20161008161619/http://oakridgebellows.com
/metal-expansion-joints/metal-expansion-joints-in-one-minute/part-1-thermal-
growth%26#x20;(one minute)

Drainage
Firestop
Gasket
HDPE pipe
Hydraulic machinery
Hydrogen piping
Hydrostatic test
MS Pipe, MS Tube

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Pipe Cutting
Pipefitter
Pipe network analysis
Pipe support
Piping and plumbing fitting
Coupling (piping)
Double-walled pipe
Elbow (piping)
Nipple (plumbing)
Pipe cap
Street elbow
Union (plumbing)
Valve
Victaulic
Pipeline pre-commissioning
Plastic pipework
Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems
Plumbing
Riser clamp
Thermal insulation

1. Editors: Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (6th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-049479-7.
2. Editor: McKetta, John J. (1992). Piping Design Handbook. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
ISBN 0-8247-8570-3.
3. "Pipe fitting manufacturer" (https://www.yaang.com/). Yaang. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160227001430/http://www.yaang.com/) from the original on 27 February 2016.
Retrieved 6 March 2016.
4. [1] (http://catalog.asme.org/books/PrintBook/Process_Piping_Complete_Guide.cfm) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20060529120337/http://catalog.asme.org/books/PrintBook/Proces
s_Piping_Complete_Guide.cfm) 29 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
5. Power Piping: ASME B31.1 (https://web.archive.org/web/20060526222921/http://catalog.asme.
org/Codes/PrintBook/B311_2004_Power_Piping.cfm)
6. "Piping Design And Pipe Stress Analysis Software - AutoPIPE" (https://www.bentley.com/en/pr
oducts/product-line/pipe-stress-and-vessel-analysis-software/autopipe). www.bentley.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161109164900/https://www.bentley.com/en/products/p
roduct-line/pipe-stress-and-vessel-analysis-software/autopipe) from the original on 9 November
2016. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
7. "Archived copy" (http://www.sstusa.com/caepipe.php). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0100129174331/http://www.sstusa.com/caepipe.php) from the original on 29 January 2010.
Retrieved 27 September 2010.

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8. "Intergraph CAESAR II - Pipe Stress Analysis" (http://www.coade.com/products/caesarii/Summ

ary). coade.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150502134547/http://www.coade.co
m/products/caesarii/Summary) from the original on 2 May 2015.
9. "PASS/START-PROF - Pipe Stress Analysis" (https://passuite.com/start). passuite.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200817/passuite.com/start) from the original
on 8 January 2019.
10. Temperature & Stress Analysis (http://www.pipingtech.com/technical/pdf/tempstress-cryoshoes.
pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140222041202/http://www.pipingtech.com/technic
al/pdf/tempstress-cryoshoes.pdf) 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Piping
Technology and Products, (retrieved February 2012)
11. "What is HDPE Pipe?" (https://www.acu-tech.com.au/hdpe-pipe/). Acu-Tech Piping Systems.
Retrieved 20 March 2019.
12. "BBC - A History of the World - Object : wooden water pipe" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryofth
eworld/objects/lg-zKE0ETBSw4I8O_RHz5A). www.bbc.co.uk. Archived (https://web.archive.org
/web/20160507123636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/lg-zKE0ETBSw4I8O_R
Hz5A) from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
13. "Piping water through miles of Redwood" (https://books.google.com/books?id=EikDAAAAMBA
J&pg=PA74). Popular Science: 74. December 1918. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
71228210710/https://books.google.com/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74) from the
original on 28 December 2017.
14. H. "ASTM A252 Pipe Pile" (http://www.hysteelpipe.com/astm-a252-piling-pipe/a252-grade-3-st
eel-pipe-pile/). China Huayang Steel Pipe. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141016033
947/http://www.hysteelpipe.com/astm-a252-piling-pipe/a252-grade-3-steel-pipe-pile/) from the
original on 16 October 2014.
15. "API 5L Specification Line Pipe (1) – API Terms and Definitions" (http://www.hysteelpipe.com/pi
pe-standards/api-5l-specification-line-pipe-1-api-terms-and-definitions-part-2/). China Huayang
Steel Pipe. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141016035952/http://www.hysteelpipe.co
m/pipe-standards/api-5l-specification-line-pipe-1-api-terms-and-definitions-part-2/) from the
original on 16 October 2014.

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Guide, Revision 2 (http://engstandards.lanl.gov/esm/pressure_saf

ety/process_piping_guide_R2.pdf) from Los Alamos National Laboratory Engineering
Standards Manual OST220-03-01-ESM
Seismic Design and Retrofit of Piping Systems, July 2002 (http://www.americanlifelinesalliance.
org/pdf/Seismic_Design_and_Retrofit_of_Piping_Systems.pdf) from American Lifelines
Alliance website
Engineering and Design, Liquid Process Piping. Engineer manual, entire document (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20130222182143/http://publications.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manual
s/EM_1110-1-4008_sec/EM_1110-1-4008.pdf) • (index page) (https://web.archive.org/web/2013
0210024919/http://publications.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manuals/EM_1110-1-4008_sec
/toc.htm) • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-l-4008, May 1999
Integral Principals of The Structural Dynamics of Flow By L G Claret

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Building services piping links (https://curlie.org//Construction_and_Maintenance/Materials_and

_Supplies/Mechanical/Building_Services_Piping/) at Curlie

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