Bearing Plates

BEARING PLATES :
They are the plates placed in between the flat footed rails and timber sleepers on
a track. They serve as chairs for flat footed rails. They are made of cast iron,
wrought iron or steel
Negative Superelevation
When the main line lies on a curve and has a turnout of contrary flexure
leading to a branch line, the superelevation necessary for the average
speed of trains running over the main line curve cannot be provided
Level crossing
A level crossing is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road or
path, or in rare situations an airport runway, at the same level, as opposed
to the railway line crossing over or under using an overpass or tunnel.
Requirements of the good ballast
 It should be hard and tough.
 It should not be brittle and porous.
 It should have sufficient elasticity.
 It should allow easy drainage with minimum leakage.
 It should be wear-resistant and durable.
 It should retain its position laterally and longitudinally under all conditions of traffic.
Sleeper density
The number of railway sleepers required to be placed under the track per rail length is
called as its railway sleepers density. Sleeper Density = n + x
for example, if there are 19 railway sleepers in a 14 feet (14 yards) rail then
Sleeper Density = n + x = 19
But n = 14
Sleeper density = n + 5
In Pakistan the sleeper density varies from n + 3 to n + 7
Crash cushin
An impact attenuator, also known as a crash cushion, crash attenuator,
or cowboy cushion, is a device intended to reduce the damage to
structures, vehicles, and motorists resulting from a motor vehiclecollision.
Impact attenuators are designed to absorb the colliding vehicle's kinetic
energy.
Ring road
A ring road is a road that goes round the edge of a town so that traffic does not have to
go through the town centre.
motorway
a dual-carriageway road designed for fast traffic, with relatively few
places for joining or leaving.
.
Construction Gauge
The construction gauge is decided by adding the necessary clearance to
the loading gauge so that vehicles can move safely at the prescribed
speed without any infringement.
Momentum Gradient:
Gradient which is steeper than ruling gradient and where the advantage of
momentum is utilized is known as momentum gradient. A train
gets momentum when moving in down gradient and this momentum can
be utilized for up gradient. A train while coming down a gradient gains
sufficient momentum.
Super elevation deficiency

The term "cant deficiency" is defined in the context of travel of a rail
vehicle at constant speed on a constant radius curve. ... In order to reduce
cant deficiency, the speed can be reduced or the superelevation can be
increased.
Ruling gradient
This is the maximum gradient which is generally used to design the vertical
profile of highway. So it is also called as designer gradient. Ruling
gradient Ruling gradient depends on the terrain, length of the grade, speed, pulling
power of the vehicle and the presence of the horizontal curve.
guage
The gauge of a railway track is defined as the clear minimum
perpendicular distance between the inner faces of the two rails.
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE

Stopping sight distance (SSD) is the minimum sight distance available on a
highway at any spot having sufficient length to enable the driver to stop a
vehicle traveling at design speed, safely without collision with any other
obstruction. It is the distance a vehicle travels from the point at which a
situation is first perceived to the time the deceleration is complete.
Grade separation
is a method of aligning a junction of two or more surface transport
axes at different heights (grades) so that they will not disrupt the traffic
flow on other transit routes when they cross each other. The composition of
such transport axes does not have to be uniform; it can consist of a mixture
of roads, footpaths, railways, canals, or airport runways. Bridges
(or overpasses or flyovers), tunnels (or underpasses), or a combination of
both can be built at a junction to achieve the needed grade separation.
The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal

tangents and curves.
The profile is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag
curves, and the straight grade lines connecting them.
Layout of airport and its components

Bearing Plates

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BEARING PLATES :

Super elevation deficiency

STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE

The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal

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