Latest File 2
Latest File 2
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Chapter I
Introduction
Bakery is a place where products such as bread, cake, and pastries are
baked or sold. The ingredients of bread are flour, yeast, water, salt, and
sugar. Filipinos have been a fond of bread products and they include it
mostly on their meals especially during breakfast. Two of the most popular
baked goods that the Filipinos are acknowledging up to this day are the
Pandesal and Monay can be made with usual ingredients like bread
flour, salt, sugar, yeast, water, and oil so bread making is not that difficult
Monay are served anytime of the day except dinner. Pandesal is popular
snack time. Pandesal and Monay are breads that have their own tasty with or
without fillings.
FLA l 1
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
between the sales and production of Pandesal and Monay. Throughout this
study, it will also determine the sales rate of Pandesal and Monay per day for
seven days as well as the production rate of Pandesal and Monay per day for
seven days.
and made of flour, yeast, sugar and salt. It is usually soft, airy, chewy and
bread. It is cheaper compared to rice during the time of war. Not just during
breakfast but one can have pandesal anytime of the day. One can do many
things with pandesal, some may spread margarine on the top while others
sliced it in half and put butter, sugar and jams as spreading. Sometimes, to
be satisfied with its crunchiness, some put it in the oven to make it more
FLA l 2
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
was originally called pan de monja or nun’s bread and was later called
Monay for short in the Philippine baking industry. The dough for Monay
transforms into the pinagong, the putok, the sputnik, and many others
depending on the water content, proofing (rising of the dough), and baking
time. It is a soft, yellow bread, traditionally marked with a split down the
Bakery products, known as the 'instant food', are not produced as fast
as they are consumed. They are the result of careful planning and controlled
conversion of raw materials such as wheat flour, sugar, water, and many
baking into various bakery products like breads, buns, biscuits, and cakes.
this purpose, 32-45% wheat flour, 50-64% water, 2% yeast, 2% salt and
optionally fat, emulsifiers and sugar are combined. Meal consist of ground
grains and flour is meal without brans. The ratio meal/flower determines
FLA l 3
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
whether the bread will be white or brown. Wholegrain bread is made with
only meal and white bread only consists of flour. Multigrain mixes can also
be used in the process of making bread. Because flour tends to absorb more
water than meal, when the quantity of flour is high, more water has to be
added to the mix. It is important that during the mixing process the yeast
does not come in direct contact with the salt, this could deactivate the yeast.
It is best to add salt last, after the yeast and the other ingredients have been
mixed properly. The so-called ‘wet method’ can also be utilized. According
to this method half of the of flour is added to the total amount of water and
(yeasting) and finally mixed with the remaining half of the flour. This
dough.
Regular Pandesal has been sold for ₱2 each for the last decade,
Lozada said. But with the surging price of ingredients and other costs,
bakery owners have been forced to shrink the size of the pandesal to
maintain its price and protect margins. Slightly bigger pandesal what used to
FLA l 4
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Consumers, too, have scaled back on their demand. Master baker Dominador
Caguioa, 52, has seen the business prosper and slump through the years, but
noted that sales were no longer as brisk as they were in the 1980s and 90's.
"The sales were better in the 80's and 90's because people were really getting
more than their money's worth." Caguioa said, "During the rainy season,
we'd sell more than usual because pandesal has always been seen as a
History of Pandesal
In the sixteenth century, it was also called “the bread of the poor”
bread, the ancestor of French baguette, made from wheat flour, baker’s
yeast, sugar, water and salt. But since the Filipinos were not a large producer
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 5
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
of flour, they tried using their local flour, which, in turn, changed the texture
from the crust of the original French bread, thus becoming the softer dough
of pandesal.
As soon as the sun rises, it can be found everywhere in the country and at
any time of the day. People eat pandesal in different ways, but one of the
pandesal without hot coffee”. People will also make tartines with butter and
been part of the country’s bread culture. Filipinos traditionally eat Monay
and Pandesal with a cup of coffee. Every morning or every break is the time
This study aims to find out the daily sales and production of Pandesal
and Monay among the bakeries that are located in Grand Riverside
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 6
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Subdivision. The researchers would like to seek the answers for the
following questions.
1.1 Pandesal
1.2 Monay
2.1 Pandesal
2.2 Monay
Research Objectives
To measure the sales and production of Pandesal and Monay that are
being sold daily.
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 7
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Hypotheses
Theoretical Framework
and discussion. This recipe was put together with the intent of it being
FLA l 8
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
healthy, good tasting and easy to make. To make the bread recipe healthy the
coarseness was made high (78%). This was achieved by including a lot of
whole grain in the recipe. A large amount of water was also a part of the
recipe; thus, the energy content was reduced and the shelf life improved. In
This theory supports the researchers’ present study regarding its recipe
that makes it healthier, by its development bread making becomes easier and
this theory proves that bread contains nutrients that cause people to consume
certainly have an old tradition as a sweet fried dough, but their association
with nuns and their monastic bakeries has generated many theories about the
name of the sweet. Some suggest that the lightness of the dough is the
FLA l 9
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
reason for the name. There are others that say that the name refers to various
gastrointestinal problems which nuns were reputed to suffer and which this
supports the study by proving the existence of the Monay bread and it also
in our morning coffee or mug of choco. Toasted slightly and torn in pieces, it
is perfect for mopping up a runny fried egg. Slice halfway through, it’s great
stuffed with cheddar slices or an egg salad, peanut butter or coco jam,
hotdog or meat loaf. On weekends when there’s time, pandesal can be sliced
mostly just a short walk from home, has been our source of our morning
pandesal, fresh-baked and still warm. But only Gardenia made pandesal not
just good in the mornings but the whole day or anytime of the day. Because
FLA l 10
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
not, with or without filling Gardenia Pandesal can be enjoyed anytime of the
day. In just the perfect size, it is easy to pack two or three to snack on during
midnight snack when you are watching TV or doing homework late into the
night. And now you need not just rely on the neighborhood bakery to grab a
fresh, delicious, nutritious and convenient, Gardenia has made our favorite
morning staple available all day, every day, in two exciting variants.
Conceptual Framework
gathering of the researchers and the expected outcome for the succession of
study.
FLA l 11
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
OUTPUT
INPUT
A Comparative Study
Sales rate PROCESS
between Sales and
And
Survey
Production of Pandesal and
Production rate
Questionnaire and
Monay among bakeries in
of
Statistical Treatment Grand Riverside Subdivision
Pandesal and Monay per
of General Trias City, Cavite
day
In this figure 1.1 shows three tables which consists the input, process,
and the output. Input shows the variable used in the study which is Pandesal
and Monay with its sales rate and production rate per day. The process
shows the data gathering procedure for the study which is through
the result of the study conducted for the sales rate and production rate of
This study will be undertaken to find out the Sales and Production of
Cavite.
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 12
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Bakery Business Owners. The owners will benefit from this study for they
will be able to think of new strategies to attract new customers and maintain
Community. This study will help the community for them to be aware about
how could a bakery help them in their daily lives and on how the bakeries
Monay.
FLA l 13
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Employees/Staffs. This study will help employees or staff to know how the
owners manage the bakery and how the managers distribute the assigned
because this will be their guideline to the topic that they will choose and also
Residents. They will be aware of the bakeries nearby and they can give
Teachers. Those teachers who are handling business and marketing subjects
will also benefit from this. They can use the information from this study so
that they can also give some pieces of advice and share it to his students.
FLA l 14
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
The study involves of the specific bakeries that the researchers have
General Trias City, Cavite. The respondents of the study are the owner and
employees.
This study is only limited to the Production and Sales of Pandesal and
Definition of Terms
FLA l 15
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
defined:
reduce a liability and it’s the use of a resource in the operations of thea
Franchise. Settlement between two parties that share the same Arrangement
where one party grants another party the right to use its trademark or trade-
name with its authorization to use it for the selling as well as certain
FLA l 16
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
attract promote the customers that will give the business a buying andor
Monay. A local bakery staple in the Philippines made with all-purpose flour,
Pandesal. A popular bread roll in the Philippines made with flour, eggs,
Pastries. A dough that isof flour, shortening, and water, used for theas a
dishes.
Profit. The amount of earnings that exceed expenses for the period.
FLA l 17
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Sales. EarningsRefers to a company's revenue earned from the bread that has
Chapter II
foreign authors, other researchers, and studies derived from the books and
other references such as internet which are all necessary in framing of the
present study, various legal bases, literature, and related to the study is
FLA l 18
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
national bakery regulatory agency which shall serve as the primary policy
for it is the law that set-up standards for bakeries or bread shops such as
and reasonable costs that can maximize access to nutrients from bread and
bakery products. This law also measures to improve the malnutrition of the
youth and support the economic development through the baking industry.
This law supports every bakery or bread shops in the Philippines therefore,
Foreign Studies
FLA l 19
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Baking plays a very important role in Filipino food culture, with our
love for breads and various kakanin, pies, and cakes, were prevalent in
Europe during the 17th century, and as the continent spread its reach across
the seas, they brought the art of baking along with it.
This study supports the study regarding its origin and history. It shows
how Pandesal came to Philippines and how Filipino culture love for breads
neighborhood bakeries that work with the dough break method. A baker may
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 20
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
use time as a guide and rely on his feeling for the dough. Handling is also
include this because production and pandesal are two of the main focus of
According to Zhou et al. (2014) Among all the bakery products, bread
is of particular interest for today's food industry due to its indispensable role
as a staple food across the world. Worldwide, breads are diverse in their
across the globe with its different aspects needed to consider. This study
supports the present study as it tackles about bread which is a variable for
bread types, their structures are generally described as a cellular solid. More
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 21
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
pores.
of bread. The researchers include this for it is all about bread and its
researchers include this study as related for the present study for the reason
of it is all about bread, which is the variable that the present study is
concentrating.
FLA l 22
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
According to Shah (2016) "It's not a celebratory food, but one that is
eaten every day, and it's consumed regularly up and down by the rich and by
the poor," she says. "Even if you are just scraping by, you can still afford a
pan de sal".
being consumed everyday by, which the Pandesal, is one of the two
ovens is known as baking. Apart from cakes, breads and pastries; meats,
This study presents how baking is done. It is related for the present
study because baking is a process done to make a bread, which is the focus
300 pastry chefs at that time. Romans had their own mills to grind grain
FLA l 23
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
The researchers include this because it discusses about bread and its
process for production, which is partially include for the focus of study.
operate their own bakeries rather than buy from commercial bakeries.
FLA l 24
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Local Studies
bakers. They are considered craftsmen who use long traditional processes
and pay close attention to details in mixing the dough for the breads, which
comes to how long it will take by mixing the dough of the bread and the
creation in making pastries before they sell it and being consumed by their
customers.
and every Filipino eats bread. Though consumed mainly as breakfast and
snack fare, bread is also taken at lunch, usually as burgers and every dinner
time. Bread is a convenient type of food. You do not have to sit and have a
This study is related to the present study because it describes bread and
FLA l 25
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
study that every Filipino like to eat bread therefore there is a large
production of bread.
huge part of the Filipino lifestyle. A popular must-have in every local dining
panaderia shelves across all corners of the Philippines. Apart from history,
stories that must be preserved and passed on to elevate one’s sense of pride
bread competition, aptly called the Tinapay Natin Pinoy Bread Baking
This study supports the researchers’ present study as it stated that staple
have become huge part of the Filipino lifestyle that in every dining table,
FLA l 26
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
especially iron and essential amino acids and is able to cure over 300 health
Pandesal that can have another flavor to gain customers, this will serve as
which was introduced to the Philippines in the 16th century. It was the
salt” in Spanish, for the pinch of salt that is added to the dough. Originally,
this bread had a hard crust because it was made with wheat flour. Due to the
type of flour which resulted to the softer Pandesal that we find in our
favorite panaderias across the country today (The Manila Times, 2016).
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 27
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
This study helps the researchers with the production of Pandesal that
greater number of Pandesal and also gained higher sales rate for its
consumption.
bread staple in the country (Albala, et al 2011). Breads that are leavened
with carbon dioxide gas produced by yeast are also known as yeast breads
and other foreign settlers in the country (Fernandez & Best 2000).
the traditional breakfast bread staple in the country which is Pandesal that
supports the researchers’ study to know that Pandesal has the highest sales.
Sometimes, this is sold in rolling stores (usually a honking bicycle with a big
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 28
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
be there before 8 in the morning because the supply runs out after that time.
This study supports the study when it comes to sales. Nearly all of
bakeries if not all of them are selling Pandesal. It gives view on how
Pandesal are being sold. It shows that Pandesal is highly demand thus before
origin, but Portuguese. Pan de sal means salted bread but it is actually
buttered and dipped in coffee — but it has made its way to the dinner table.
(Belen, 2010)
While the main lunch and dinner or supper for the Pinoy is still heavy
on rice, the second choice is usually bread in all forms, to include specialty
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 29
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
breads and cakes. This is especially true for what Pinoys have for breakfast
second choice next to rice. This literature supports the study when it comes
Spanish term for “salt bread,” since the name originated during the 16th
century Spanish colonial era. Most bakeries all over the country, from small
(Gabriel, 2016)
Pandesal is widely known to the Philippines most bakeries if not all of them
Foreign Literature
FLA l 30
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
offer more value-added pan de sal varieties and compete in the market.
Because of this, bakers are reinventing the classic pan de sal so that they can
offer healthier and better tasting options. There are new pan de sal variants
are being produce in some places in our country wherein bakeries are
them flavour options to increase their sales and give their unique strategy to
According to Eat Halal (2014), you might think that keeping prices
down would be a good way to increase sales. But with bread, low cost and
FLA l 31
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
strong understanding about reducing cost not necessarily means higher sale
dating back to the Neolithic era, which is prepared by baking that is carried
out in oven. Control of the production and distribution of bread has been
bread, including the evolution of ingredients and also the properties of bread.
It says that bread is a basic dietary way back Neolithic era and it develops
the moisture content and baking time so this information by Mondal and
FLA l 32
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Datta (2007) will help the researchers to support their study regarding its
production.
satisfying. All breads are nutritious and the differences between them in
human growth and health where bread can be an alternative for meal that is
why bakeries can have a high production and sales rate for bread.
convenience. New cuisine and leading chefs consider bread and bakery not
FLA l 33
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
breads can also serve to the restaurants not only to the bakery shops. Bread
and pastry are also related when it comes to the health, pleasure, and
resource limitations such as budget, time and labor. The study is undertaken
small, medium enterprise & big enterprise. Main goals considered are
comes to the proper production planning of a certain product since the main
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 34
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
goals are maximizing the sales profits and utility of machines that will going
diet that we scarcely think about it. We eat it every day and for some of us
spongy white stuff. Not necessarily at all. Witness the resurgence of interest
loaves. Bread making basically skipped a generation. In the prewar era, that
is what you had. People in their 70’s are coming in and saying they haven’t
had this kind of bread in 50 years. Others are discovering it: it’s a lost art,
the consumption of bread that can be part of the people’s diet or part of their
daily snack, with the support of this literature it shows the availability of
bread in the bakeries specifically the common bread for the countries.
an art which has been practiced from the earliest known times in history. It
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 35
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
was discovered that certain grains were edible and very soon it was found
that they were more easily consumable if broken down into very fine pieces.
This was the beginning of flour milling and the breaking down of grain was
cornered out by the use of stones which were ready to hand and could be
researchers include this literature for their study. This literature states that
the bread making has been practiced a long time ago and each part of the
bread is edible so that the production of bread has a higher rate as it states
that bread was more easily consumable that can consume by many people.
Bread is among the world’s oldest processed foods, which also makes
bread baking a handicraft with long traditions (Frølich, 2007; Meyer, 2009;
Stampfli & Nersten, 1995). A lot has, however, happened since the first
bread was baked in Egypt approximately 12 000 years ago (Meyer, 2009;
Mondal & Datta, 2008). From the Egyptians random experimentation with
flour, water and yeast, via the small, artisan bakeries established in almost
every village supplying citizens with their daily rations of bread, to present
FLA l 36
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
few production units and then distributed and re-distributed over large
Decock & Cappelle, 2005; Mondal & Datta, 2008; Nilsson, 2009; Stampfli
This literature helps the researchers’ present study for it talks about
the high production of bread especially today that there are innovations that
made bread making easily and can produce large number of breads.
In the bread universe, small, local bakeries still exist, and are even
located in Oslo, as well as Bakeriet i Lom are some examples in this context.
Their focus on old baking traditions and use of natural ingredients (often
the same time, their recipes are often based on large amounts of salt
FLA l 37
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
This literature states the existence of small bakeries for the present
year where it supports the present study regarding the small bakeries that sell
Local Literature
to the French baguette’, and that is the reason why original Pandesal was
born. That version was made with whole wheat flour and baked in a pugon,
a wood-fired oven that rests on the floor also known as pan de suelo.
Ponseca says the pan de suelo, or ‘floor bread,’ is still popular in the
Philippines today, but it is much crustier and sturdier than the modern
Pandesal.
which is one of the main bread products that that the research focuses on and
FLA l 38
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
early 1900’s, ‘Pan de Sal was the only bread they seem to eat’. Of course, it
is not true but considering how cheap and large they were before, they
would have been hard to resist but Pan de Sal’s popularity was bigger in
Manila (and the Luzon provinces) compared to the southern regions where it
have to contend with the preferred heavy servings of kakanin (like puto
discusses about Pandesal which is one of the main bread products that the
research focuses on, as this study states that Pandesal popularity was bigger
in Manila, it can support the researchers’ present study for its quantity of
priced between ₱30 and ₱40 in supermarkets and groceries, with each piece
weighing about 25 to 35 grams. The Pinoy Pandesal, on the other hand, will
be sold for ₱25 per 10-piece pack, weighing 250 grams or 25 grams apiece.
FLA l 39
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Pandesal that is relevant to the focus of the study, particularly, the sales. It
also gives supporting evidences for the study considering that Pandesal is
one of the main bread products that the research focuses on.
airy flour roll, pan desal which is sometimes spelled out as ‘pan de sal’ is
Spanish for ‘salt bread’. However, contrary to its name, the bread is actually
is typically consumed as part of the first, simpler meal Filipinos sit down to
hot chocolate for dipping, says Ponseca. According to Filipino chef and food
historian Ariel Layug, the bread also lends itself well to a number of spreads,
the most popular of which are coconut jam, peanut butter, and butter or
FLA l 40
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Ofiasa, Erejer and Mendoza (2010) stated the guidelines to consider for
considering the kinds of bread to offer and what the consumer wants and can
afford; Second, search for bakeries that are already in your target location or
if there is still a need to put up a bakeshop in the place; third, analyze the
funds for important commodities to be needed for the business; Fifth and
last, conduct a survey and the study the location, volumes of products,
making business that will lead the owners to the growth of their business and
FLA l 41
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
that can be an evidence for the success of the researchers’ present study.
ingredients such as flour, eggs, yeast, sugar, and salt. Pandesal is a staple
Pandesal for breakfast, you should get up early in the morning to buy it from
your neighborhood bakery since they bake them early in the morning and
sells it
or milk. It is then added to flour mixed with sugar and a pinch of salt, then
formed into a dough that is left to rise. The dough is then rolled out to form a
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 42
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
log known as a baston. The log of dough is then sliced into individual pieces
how the dough looks, says Layug, oval with a "noticeable cut ridge." Unlike
other bread rolls, there is no shaping of the individual pieces when making
Pandesal (the rolls are not scored on top either, like they would be in a
baguette). The cut sides of the singkit pieces are instead dipped into
breadcrumbs, a distinct feature of Pandesal and are left to rise for a second
time. The rolls are then baked until golden and crusty.
This literature discusses the production of Pandesal and its process that
Serving daing or sun-dried fish is one way or you can substitute the daing
with longganisa or tocino, paired with sinangag or fried rice all the while
breakfast that does not include any rice in the menu, then there is a good
chance you are having Pandesal for breakfast. (Tita kathy, 2014)
FLA l 43
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Pandesal as best alternative food for breakfast which means that bakeries
produce large number of Pandesal for it has a high consumption for the
breakfast meal.
Pan de monja, better known as mónay, is a dense bread roll from the
Philippines made with all-purpose flour, milk, and salt. It has a characteristic
shape, with an indentation down the middle dividing the bread into two
round halves. It is a common humble fare, usually eaten for merienda with
cheese or dipped in hot drinks. It is one of the most basic bread types in the
it can be modified to give rise to various other bread types. (Revolvy, 2018)
present study for it talks about the consumption of Monay specifically for
Monay.
Pandesal has become part of the typical Filipino breakfast as, unlike rice
that needs prep time, it can be easily purchased hot and fresh from your
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 44
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
our pandesal. We add flavor by dipping it in our coffee, stuffing them with
which makes us full and satisfied while eating it. One piece of pandesal only
costs a Peso. In a country where every coin count, we can’t help but spend
some Jose Rizals on pandesal served hot and fresh. If you have a
add pandesal on your daily menu, as once Filipinos hear the name, they will
every morning asking for the classic Pinoy bread. (Sonlie, 2017)
breakfast, it was also stated that if you are planning to put up a bakery,
Pandesal should be added to your daily menu for it is in demand for Filipino
for their breakfast. Therefore, this literature supports the researchers’ present
FLA l 45
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Chapter III
Research Methodology
analysis.
Research Design
FLA l 46
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
In relation with the objective of this study, the researchers used survey
under descriptive research design. Researchers used this design to gather and
analyze the data about what is the most produced between Pandesal and
Monay and its sales among the bakeries of Grand Riverside Subdivision. It
focused on Pandesal and Monay daily production and sales for each bakery.
Research Locale
The respondents of this study were the owners and employees of each
researchers need to collect enough data about the bakery’s productions and
Research Instrument
FLA l 47
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
questionnaires were used as the main data gathering instrument for this
to gather the needed data. The requirements for the designing of good data
were asked to select the suitable answers from the choices given.
FLA l 48
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
essential in order to make use of the data in the right form. The data to be
MST
F=
MSE
FLA l 49
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Where,
F = Anova Coefficient
SST
MST =
p−1
SST =∑ n( X − X́ )2
Where,
SSE
MSE=
N−p
2
SSE=∑ ( n−1 ) S
FLA l 50
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Where,
2. After the researchers have run an ANOVA and found significant results,
then the researchers run Tukey’s HSD to find out which specific groups’
means different from each other. The test compares all possible pairs of
means.
To test all pairs among means using the Tukey HSD, calculate HSD for each
Where:
FLA l 51
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
MSw is the Mean Square Within, and n is the number in the group or
treatment.
Chapter IV
Monay. Whereas to, this chapter introduces the statistical analysis done, data
Discussion of Findings
FLA l 52
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
outcome, Pandesal has the highest production among the selected bakeries in
respondent number 2 gained the highest sales of Pandesal for 850 pesos as
well as its production for 425 pieces but the total outcome of the sales of
Pandesal is 5400 while its sales gained 2800 among the bakeries.
The total outcome for sales and production of Monay was not
equivalent to the result of Pandesal as Monay gained 4600 for its sales while
2350 for its production but one of the bakeries in Grand Riverside
Monay a day but among the bakeries, production of Monay also reached the
maximum number of production for Pandesal by 425 pieces a day and the
highest sales among the bakeries is also equivalent to the sales of Pandesal
Results
Production Sales
Respondent Pandesa Mona
No. Pandesal Monay l y
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 53
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Production
No. of Pandesal
Respondent No. per day
1 175
2 425
3 275
4 275
5 275
6 275
7 225
8 225
9 325
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 54
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
10 325
Total 2800
Table 1.1 showed the production rate of Pandesal per day for each
total production of Pandesal in all bakeries was 2,800 pieces per day.
Production
No. of Monay
Respondent No. per day
1 175
2 425
3 225
4 225
5 225
6 225
7 225
8 225
9 275
10 125
Total 2350
FLA l 55
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Table 1.2 showed the production rate of Monay per day for each
bakery that were located in Grand Riverside Subdivision. And the total
Sales
No. of Pandesal per
Respondents No. day
1 350
2 850
3 550
4 550
5 450
6 450
7 450
8 450
9 650
10 650
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 56
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Table 2.1 showed the sales rate of Pandesal per day for each
bakery that were located in Grand Riverside Subdivision. And for the
2.2 Monay
Sales
No. of Monay
Respondents No. per day
1 250
2 850
3 450
4 450
5 350
6 350
7 450
8 450
9 450
10 550
“Nurturing the Mission and Vision”
FLA l 57
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Total ₱4600
Table 2.2 showed the sales rate of Monay per day for each
for the total sales of Monay in all bakeries was ₱4,600.00 in each day.
Anova
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F Crit
Between
Groups 630187.5 3 210062.5 14.7054 2.07E-06 2.866266
Within
Groups 514250 36 14284.72
FLA l 58
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Total 1144438 39
In this table 3.1 the value of F is 14.7054 and the value of F crit
2.866266 since F is greater than F crit. Therefore, the null hypothesis of the
researchers is rejected.
4. Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) Test for Pandesal
Sorted
Producti Sales of Combin
Tukey Quick Test
on of Pandes ed
Pandesal al Samples
Total End Confiden
175 350 175 Count ce %
425 850 225 2 50%
275 550 225 3 63%
275 550 275 4 75%
275 450 275 5 84%
275 450 275 6 91%
225 450 275 7 95%
225 450 325 8 97%
325 650 325 9 98%
325 650 250 10 99%
425 End Count Table
Top End
450 Count 9.0
Bottom End
450 Count 9.0
FLA l 59
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Total End
350 Count 18.0
Significant?
350 (Y/N) Yes
Confidence?
450 (%) 95%
450 p 0.000
450
550
850
Table 4.1 showed the top end count (9.0) and the bottom end count
(9.0) so the total end count for Pandesal in this table is 18.0. Based on the
result, there is a significant difference between the sales rate and production
5% confidence level.
Sales Sorted
Producti of Combin
Tukey Quick Test
on of Mona ed
Monay y Samples
Total End Confiden
175 250 325 Count ce %
425 850 175 2 50%
225 450 225 3 63%
225 450 225 4 75%
225 350 275 5 84%
FLA l 60
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Table 5.1 showed the top end count (8.0) and the bottom end count
(7.0) so the total end count for Monay is 15.0. Based on the result there is a
significant difference between the sales rate and production rate of Monay.
level.
FLA l 61
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Chapter V:
This chapter presents the summary of the study pointing out the
FLA l 62
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Summary
Pandesal and Monay. The researchers of this study evaluated the difference
production and sales. Eating Pandesal and Monay was ingrained in every
individual Filipinos and this study present some insights on how much does
bakeries produce and sell. The objectives of this study are to compare the
highest production as well as its sales than Monay since the Bakeries in
Grand Riverside Subdivision produced Pandesal and Monay every day but
the selling time for Pandesal is every morning and Monay mostly produce
The findings of the study may help several people for their concerns
regarding the sales and production of a small bakery, this study can feed
FLA l 63
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Conclusions
gathered, the total between Pandesal and Monay, Pandesal has the
highest rate of sales and production rate of Pandesal is 2800 per day
while the .
1. The researchers conclude that there is a significant difference between
Therefore, the researchers concluded that Pandesal has the highest rate
accepted.
2. Based on the result of the data, the total sales rate of Pandesal is
₱5,400.00 per day while the sales rate of Monay is ₱4,600.00 per day.
FLA l 64
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Difference Test.
end count is Pandesal with the value of 18.0 while the lowest total end
Recommendations
FLA l 65
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
to know the different negative and positive factors which can affect their
proposition which can contribute an advantage for the business. Third and
last, was to monitor the production and sales of the business and any means
the bakeries were still providing the needs and wants of the residents.
as their basis to know if the bakeries produce enough Monay and Pandesal
FLA l 66
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
staff.
and reliable sources which can be a supporting evidence of the study for this
focused only to the vicinity of the research as for the topic for this study has
and sales.
9. Students. The researchers suggested the students that this study will serve
10. Teachers. The researchers suggested the teachers to use this study for
FLA l 67
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Bibliography
Online Resources
https://www.google.com/amp/s/thedailyroar.com/culture/pan-de-sal-
philippine-nationalbread/amp/
https://www.academia.edu/28715663/Success_Factors_of_Bakeries
Retrieved from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/28862190/CHAPTER-1docx/
FLA l 68
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
Retrieved from
https://www.world-grain.com/articles/6151-the-popularity-of-pandesal
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijfs.13671
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019566630900
0646
https://business.inquirer.net/20983/filipino-bakers-to-turn-out-
cheaper-pan-de-sal
Imarc group (2019). Indian Bakery Market: Industry Trends, Share, Size,
FLA l 69
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
https://www.imarcgroup.com/indian-bakery-market
http://ffemagazine.com/simple-yet-perfect-pandesal/
http://epub.lib.aalto.fi/en/ethesis/pdf/12283/hse_ethesis_12283.pdf
http://www.apjmr.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/12/APJMR-
2017.6.1.01.pdf
https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/46792/6/06_chapte
r%202.pdf
https://newgenbaker.com/baking-in-the-philippines/
FLA l 70
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
https://panlasangpinoy.com/filipino-food-bread-of-salt-pandesal-
recipe/
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https://www.manilatimes.net/gardenia-to-put-up-bread-plant-in-
pampanga/405330/
from
https://www.academia.edu/34922899/Effectiveness_of_Bread_and_Pa
stry_Production_in_Senior_High_School_Students_in_Prime_Brillian
t_Minds_Academy
https://www.revolvy.com/page/Pan-de-monja
FLA l 71
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
https://www.eater.com/2016/2/16/11007854/pandesal-philippines-
bread-filipino-breakfast
https://www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/21081593/.pdf
Sonlie (2017, February). Why Every Filipino Loves Bread. Retrieved from
https://www.sonlie.com/every-filipino-loves-pandesal/
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https://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/the-evolution-of-baking-
and-pastry-making.php
Study focus and hard work (2014, March). Management research. Retrieved
from
FLA l 72
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
https://prezi.com/pkld9qelxm_a/management-research/
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/9674
The Manila Times (2015, May). WILSON LEE FLORES and the good of
https://www.manilatimes.net/wilson-lee-flores-and-the-good-of-
bakingbread/185963/
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fstr/9/3/9_3_219/_pdf
http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/articles/essential-processes-of-
an-economy-productionconsumption-and-investment/1445
Vic (2013, June). List of business laws in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://businesstips.ph/list-of-business-laws-in-the-philippines/
FLA l 73
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_de_monja
Questionnaire
could spare a few minutes to answer the following questions below. All
FLA l 74
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
FIAT LUX ACADEME OF GENERAL TRIAS, INC.
Grand Riverside Subdivision, Pasong Camachile 1, General Trias City, Cavite
General Directions: Please put a check inside the box for each
question.
Ᵽ200.00- Ᵽ300.00
Ᵽ300.00- Ᵽ400.00
Ᵽ400.00-500.00
FLA l 76