STA.

ELENA HIGH SCHOOL

CORRELATION OF SLEEPING TIME TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

OF GRADE 10 STE STUDENTS OF STA. ELENA HIGH SCHOOL
SY 2019-2020

A RESEARCH PAPER PRESENTED TO

THE FACULTY OF STA. ELENA HIGH SCHOOL

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN THE SUBJECT

PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

PRESENTED BY:

ALIMORONG, ANDREA FAITH B.

CASIPONG, ARIAN A.
TUNO, BIANCA ELAINE B.
VIRAY, FRANCESCA GENELEE M.

MARCH 2020

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i

Acknowledgements ii

Abstract iv

Table of Contents vi

I. CONTEXT AND RATIONALE

Introduction and Background of the Study

Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

Purpose of the Study

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitations

Definition of Terms

Review of Related Literature and Studies

II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Population and Sample

Research Instruments

Data Gathering Procedure

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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

IV. CONCLUSIONS AND REFLECTION

Summary Conclusion

Recommendation

APPENDICES

REFERENCES

CURRICULUM VITAE

CHAPTER 1

CONTEXT AND RATIONALE

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This chapter contains the introduction and background of the study, conceptual

framework, statement of the problem, hypothesis of the study, purpose of the study,

significance of the study, scope and delimitations, definition of terms, and review of

related literature and studies.

1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There are a lot of reasons why students aren’t getting enough of sleep these days,

we have staying up late to watch tv or play video games, being on social media all night,

needing to stay up to finish homework or do extracurricular activities. Sleep is one of, if

not the most important, part of our day. This vital biological activity gives individuals the

energy needed to perform even the simplest of tasks, such as walking, concentrating, and

conversing. Sleep serves to re-energize the body’s cells, clear waste from the brain, and

support learning and memory. It even plays vital roles in regulating mood and appetite.

Sleep is considerable as one of the significant factor of studying because it helps the

students to concentrate on their lectures. According to Huff post, it is the gateway to all

thinking: perception, memory, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision

making.

Without a good focus all aspects of your ability to think will suffer and will soon

affect your academic performance. As stated by Health University of Utah’s doctors it is

important to get the kids on bed on time to ensure they get the sleep their minds and

bodies need. As a student, it seems like getting 8 hours of sleep is impossible. When you

have 6am classes, you should be up at 4am but in some cases the idea of going to sleep

before midnight just does not seem plausible. According to a medical director at the

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University of Baylor Dr. Philip Alapat, students should attempt to get at least eight hours

of sleep at night because aside from your memory and focus, lack of sleep drastically

reduces one’s energy and tends to put people in a poorer mood and all of these factors

negatively impact the way a student achieves in the classroom.

Most adults especially students need 7 to 9 hours of sleep at night for the bets

amount of sleep, although some people just only need as few as 6 hours or as many as 10

hours of sleep each day. Tutor Doctor asserted that when teens don’t get enough

downtime, they suffer from physical ailments, poor academic performance, mental

health, and behavioral issues. As teens get older, we tend to forget that their brains and

bodies are still growing and that they need more sleep than adults. A survey by the

National Sleep Foundation, they found out that 60% of high school students suffered

from extreme daytime fatigue which caused them to regularly fall asleep in class. They

attributed this to the average of 6.5 hours of sleep that the students were

getting.  “Chronic sleep loss in children and adolescents is one of the most common – and

easily fixable – public health issues in the U.S. today,” said pediatrician Judith Owens,

MD who led the study.

The researchers have chosen the topic “Effects of Sleeping Time to the Academic

Performance of Grade STE Students SY 2019-2020” to find out the correlation between a

students’ sleeping time to their academic performance. This will help the students to

identify and to be informed about the effects of their sleeping schedule with their

performance in their class. It was designed to encourage students to seek healthier sleep

habits, by using academic performance as indicator.

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1.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 What are the effects  Searched for  Effects of sleeping

of sleeping time to background of time to the academic
the academic the study performance of
performance of  Brainstormed Grade 10 STE
Grade 10 STE Ideas. Students
Students?  Review of
Related Literature  Factors that affect
 What are the and Studies the sleeping time of
factors that affect  Significance of Grade 10 STE
the sleeping time the Study Students
of Grade 10 STE  Identified the
Students? Scope and  Factors that greatly
delimitations. contribute to the
 Which of these  Data Analysis academic
factors greatly  Data Gathering performance of
contribute to the Grade 10 s
academic
performance of
Grade 10 STE
Students?

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

This research consists of three (3) parts that are interconnected and will play a

significant role, in the whole process of the research. The three parts are namely:

Input, Process and Output. Where:

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The Input includes the effects of sleeping time to the academic performance of Grade 10

STE (Science, Technology, and Engineering) Students, the factors that affect the sleeping

time of Grade 10 STE Students , and the factors greatly contribute to the academic

performance of Grade 10 STE Students.

The Process includes the searching for background of the study for an overview about

the research topic, brainstorming of ideas to know what could be the easiest way to

conduct the research, looking for review of related literature and studies as well as the

significance of the Study, it also includes identifying the scope and delimitations and of

course data analysis and data gathering.

The Output will be the correlation of sleeping time to the academic performance of

grade 10 STE (Science, Technology, and Engineering). students of sta. elena high

school for sy 2019-2020

1.2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

COGNITIVE LEARNING
THEORY
Piaget, J (1960)

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COGNITIVE LEARNING
PROCESS

Evolutionary Theory of Information Consolidation

Sleep Theory of Sleep
Erratum (1987) Kleitman, N. (1885)

STE (Science, Technology, and

Engineering) Students

CORRELATION OF SLEEPING TIME TO THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 10 STE (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
AND ENGINEERING) STUDENTS

Figure 1: Theoretical Framework

Cognitive processes supported by the networks associated with the prefrontal

cortex, such as attention and executive functions. Sleep deprivation adversely affects the

ability to perform cognitive tasks, but theories range from predicting an overall decline in

cognitive functioning to claiming specific deficits in executive functions.

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The Cognitive Learning Theory is a broad theory used to explain the metal

processes and how they are influenced by both internal and external factors in order to

produce learning in an individual. The theory is credited to Educational psychologist Jean

Piaget. He believed knowledge is something that is actively constructed by learners based

on their existing cognitive structures.

Evolutionary theory of sleep, also known as the adaptive theory of sleep, suggests

that periods of activity and inactivity evolved as a means of conserving energy.

According to this theory, all species have adapted to sleep during periods of time when

wakefulness would be the most hazardous. Support for this theory comes from the

comparative research of different animal species. Animals that have few natural

predators, such as bears and lions, often sleep between 12 to 15 hours each day. On the

other hand, animals that have many natural predators have only short periods of sleep,

usually getting no more than 4 or 5 hours of sleep each day.

The information consolidation theory of sleep is based on cognitive research and

suggests that people sleep in order to process information that has been acquired during

the day. In addition to processing information from the day prior, this theory also argues

that sleep allows the brain to prepare for the day to come. Support for this idea stems

from a number of sleep deprivation studies demonstrating that a lack of sleep has a

serious impact on the ability to recall and remember information

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the relation between the sleeping time and academic
performance of Grade 10 STE (Science, Technology, & Engineering) students from Sta
Elena High School S.Y 2019-2020. Further, it seeks to answer the following question:

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 What are the effects of sleeping time to the academic performance of Grade

10 STE Students?

 What are the factors that affect the sleeping time of Grade 10 STE Students?

 Which of these factors greatly contribute to the academic performance of

Grade 10 STE Students?

1.4 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The section contains the researchers’ assumptions concerning the effects of

sleeping time of Grade 10 STE Students to their academic performance.

1. Ho: There is no significant relationship between the sleeping time of the students

and their academic performance.

Ha: There is significant relationship between the sleeping time of the students and

their academic performance.

2. Ho: There are no factors affecting the sleeping time of the students.

Ha: There are factors affecting the sleeping time of the students.

3. Ho There are no factors affecting the academic performance of the students.

Ha: There are factors affecting the academic performance of the students.

1.5 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to analyze and determine the relation between the sleeping time

and academic performance of Grade 10 STE (Science, Technology, and Engineering)

students from Sta Elena High School. Furthermore, the researchers want to determine the

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correlation between the sleeping time of STE students with their academic performance

and also the factors that affects the particular sleeping time of the students.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The finding of this study could be used as reference for students to know the

effects of sleeping time to their academic performance. It will redound to the benefit of

the concerned people, not just to the researchers but also to the students themselves. This

study will provide an impact on the following people:

TO THE STUDENTS

This study will benefit the students through indentifying the effects of sleeping

time to their academic performance. The findings may help them know the relation of

sleeping time to their academic performance.

TO THE PARENTS

This study will help the parents know the effects of sleeping time to the academic

performance of their child. This may serve as reference or basis that they can rely on

when guiding their child’s sleeping time.

TO THE COMMUNITY

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This research will benefit the community through the awareness of importance of

sleeping time that may have effects on the academic performance of a student.

TO THE SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR

This study may serve as sample basis for seminars or programs presenting

information on the effects of sleeping time to the academic performance of a student.

TO THE FUTURE RESEARCHERS

This study may be used as reference by the future researchers. This could help

and support their study.

1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

This research was conducted at Sta. Elena High School. The researchers wanted

to know how the sleeping time affects the academic performance of grade 10 S.T.E.

(Science, Technology, and Engineering) students of Sta. Elena High School for the

academic year 2019-2020. This will be used to see if the sleeping time of students affects

their academic performance.

The participant will be the grade 10 S.T.E. students which are 50 with a

population size that amounts to 76 students. A random will be used in this research. The

participants will be given a questionnaire twice to see the changes in their performance

when they sleep at least eight hours and when they did not.

1.9 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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Sleep is one of the most important part of our day. This vital biological activity

gives individuals the energy needed to perform even the simplest of tasks, such as

walking, concentrating, and conversing. It even plays vital roles in regulating mood and

appetite. As it serves to re-energize the body’s cells, clear waste from the brain, and

support learning and memory, sleep is very important to students in order for them to

catch up in school especially for STE (Science, Technology, and Engineering) students

because of their 9 hour classes. This was supported by (Morgan, P. 2017) study entitled

‘The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on High School Students’. According to him the brain

generates two distinct types of sleep—slow-wave sleep (SWS), known as deep sleep, and

rapid eye movement (REM), also called dreaming sleep. SWS takes up most of the time

during sleep, characterized by large, slow brain waves, relaxed muscles and deep

breathing, which may help the brain and body to recuperate after a long day. After SWS,

REM sleep begins. In REM sleep, a dreamer’s brain becomes highly active while the

body’s muscles are paralyzed, and breathing and heart rate become erratic.

Based on Maren Maris study of ‘The sleep Deprivation’ sleep is not prioritized in

society, and often needs to be sacrificed by high school students. Multiple studies have

shown that present day high school students do not receive an optimal amount of sleep.

STE (Science, Technology, and Engineering) students have grades to maintain in order

for the to remain in their program that is also a factor for them to sleep late so they can

do their homeworks and other tasks for diferent subjects. There are excessive demands

placed on teenagers, which prevent them from receiving the required amount of sleep that

they desperately need. Often, high school students stay up until the wee hours to study.

Time after time, students push academic requirements to the end of their schedule
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because of extracurricular activities such as school clubs, sports practices, music

rehearsals, or work. Schools should start classes later in the morning to allow students to

get more sleep, as sleep deprivation not only inhibits academic performance, but hinders

the ability to drive and also negatively impacts an individual’s physical and mental

health. “The negative effects of sleep deprivation on academic performance for teens are

well-documented” says (Maris, M. 2018) in their article ‘Lack of Sleep Leads To Poor

Academic Performance’. It show that teenagers need 9-10 hours of sleep. Without proper

sleep, memory and the ability to concentrate as well as higher cognitive functioning is

severely affected. This means that when your teen pulls an all-nighter to study for exams,

they are setting themselves up for a poor academic performance on exam day.

Chronic sleep loss in children and adolescents is one of the most common – and

easily fixable – public health issues in the U.S. today. (Owens, J. 2018) Lack of sleep

also reduces the efficacy of immune systems and that leaves students vulnerable to all the

illnesses they are exposed to at school. Missed school days also contribute to poor

academic performances. This statement was assisted by Dr. Philip Alapat, a medical

director at the University of Baylor, who suggested that students should attempt to get at

least eight hours of sleep a night so they can improve their immune system. It is much,

much easier to recall memory and stay focused when fully rested. (Alapat, P, 2016)

Aside from your memory and focus, lack of sleep drastically reduces ones energy and

tends to put people in a poorer mood.  All of these factors negatively impact the way a

student achieves in the classroom.  Aside from sleep, Dr. Alapat suggests that students

should study between the hours of 6-8, which are statistically the brain’s most alert time

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period.  He says to avoid studying in the early afternoons, as this time period is the

brain’s least optimal and least alert time period.

Alertness in school is very necessary because this is how you catch up the lessons

and happening, and not having this could cause a very unsatisfying performance in

school. Lack of sleep can also have a negative effect on how a child learns.

Overtired kids work more slowly because it's hard for them to remember what the

teacher just told them or what they just read. Their brains have a harder time

focusing, even interfering with the formation and recall of long-term memories.

(Gellner, D, 2018) They're more distracted, they may make more careless errors, and

they have a hard time focusing on class assignments and tests. And don't forget how

kids become moody and impulsive when they're tired.

On the article written by Seren Segaren he claimed that most students probably

know that depriving themselves from sleep is bad, but nonetheless they’re willing to

sacrifice sleep and as a consequence, health, telling themselves it’s just for a short time

and they can soon start sleeping 12-hours a day once the semester draws to a close.

According to SiNews many college students generally don’t know what it means to have

a good sleeping routine. Due to class schedules that differ on a daily basis, part-time jobs,

extra-curricular and social activities, students adapt to irregular sleep cycles that can

seriously impact their academic performance as well as mental and physical health. They

tend to ‘make up’ for the lack of sleep by laying in bed on weekends or days off, but this

just makes the irregular cycle even worse. (Segaren, S. 2016). Additionally, going to

sleep and waking up at approximately the same time is as important as the number of

hours of sleep, as this was stated by Andrew J. K. Phillips, PhD, Biophysicist at the

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Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and lead

author on the paper. “Sleep regularity is a potentially important and modifiable factor

independent from sleep duration.” he added.

Moyad Shahwan claimed that sleeping is a natural repetitive state of rest for the

mind and body which is essential to life. Sufficient sleep is extremely important for one’s

mental and physical health. But sleep loss is a remarkable problem in modern society.

(Shahwan, M. 2015) The sleep–wake cycle, is driven by a circadian timing system which

is influenced by some factors such as physiological function, school and work schedules,

and many others. Most healthy adults need between seven and a half to nine hours of

sleep per night to function at their best. Sleep serves several different functions such as

growth and repair, learning or memory consolidation and restorative processes and all

these occur throughout the brain and body.

It was stated by Hala Hamed of Research & Reviews in Pharmacy and

Pharmaceutical Sciences that sleep deprivation is a common finding in students’

academic life. A study with a healthy sample showed that sleepiness may have a

substantial adverse influence on general health and quality of life and it can be harmful to

students. (Hamed, H. 2015) The sleep– wake cycle of medical students is characterized

by insufficient sleep duration, delayed sleep onset, and occurrence of napping episodes

during the day. Sleep is clearly an important aspect of successful academic and personal

life in college, yet very little attention has been given to finding an appropriate sleeping

pattern. (Ajman, L. 2015) Staying up late combined with early morning awakenings for

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school easily lead to insufficient sleep and accumulation of sleep debt during the school

week.

According to Eric Artiges of Nature Report adolescents today sleep less and

experience more daytime sleepiness symptoms as compared to previous generations1,2.

During adolescence, sleep undergoes major changes: sleep duration and depth decrease,

and sleep shifts towards evening hours. A tendency towards eveningness becomes

evident during the adolescent years as a result of internal and external influences on brain

mechanisms regulating sleep and circadian rhythm. (Urrilia, A. 2017) Despite the

detrimental effects of poor and inadequate sleep on adolescent academic success and

health, evidence on the effects of long-term sleep habits on the developing adolescents’

brain structure is still lacking.

Lawrence Epstein, MD, medical director of Sleep HealthCenters in Brighto

claimed that sleep deprivation effects not only whether a student can stay awake in class

but how they perform as well. Recent studies have shown that adequate sleep is essential

to feeling awake and alert, maintaining good health and working at peak performance.

(Epstein, L. 2017) “After two weeks of sleeping six hours or less a night, students feel as

bad and perform as poorly as someone who has gone without sleep for 48 hours. New

research also highlights the importance of sleep in learning and memory. Students getting

adequate amounts of sleep performed better on memory and motor tasks than did students

deprived of sleep.” He added. Students who stay up late on school nights and make up for

it by sleeping late on weekends are more likely to perform poorly in the classroom. This

is because, on weekends, they are waking up at a time that is later than their internal body

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clock expects. The fact that their clock must get used to a new routine may affect their

ability to be awake early for school at the beginning of the week when they revert back to

their new routine.

As reported by BC Heights, lack of sleep actually drops the amount of white

blood cells in the body.  With a loss of white blood cells, the body’s immune system is

also taxed and less powerful. Sleep helps restore our immune systems and bodies, (BC

Heights, 2019) The role of sleep in one’s academic abilities is a bit more unique.  As

the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports, sleep is

not only necessary for survival, but for brain development and optimal mental processing

as well. The brain’s impairment due to lack of sleep can be caused from an array of

physical responses.  As NINDS explains, “Some experts believe sleep gives neurons used

while we are awake a chance to shut down and repair themselves. Without sleep, neurons

may become so depleted in energy or so polluted with byproducts of normal cellular

activities that they begin to malfunction.”  Without an opportunity to rest and regene

1.8 DEFINTION OF TERMS

Academic Performance- the behavior of a student in class activities like tests.

Sleeping time- refers to the amount or the hours of sleep of a person.

S.T.E. - refers to the school program/curriculum in junior high school focusing on

science, technology, and engineering.

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CHAPTER II
RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY

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1. RESEARCH DESIGN

This chapter provides an abstract of research plan and strategy that was used in

conducting this research. This chapter consists the research method used, population and

sample size, research instruments, procedure of data gathering, and the statistical

treatment of data.

The researchers used the quantitative method in conducting this study since they

are determining the relationship of two variables. This method enables the researchers to

be objective, systematic, empirical investigation of observable phenomena using

computational technique. In addition to this, the researchers used the causal research

design to determine the effects of sleeping time to the academic performance of Grade 10

STE Students from Sta Elena High School. The causal research design is used to measure

the impact of an independent variable to another variable. The researchers provided

questionnaires to conduct the study. The questionnaires will enable the researchers to

fully conduct the objectives of this study. Subsequently, the researchers will examine the

gathered data and analyze it using a statistical treatment to determine the relation of the

respondent’s hours of sleep and their scores in the given questionnaires.

2. POPULATION & SAMPLING

Simple random sampling is the technique applied in the study. It is a sampling

technique where in a certain gathering of individuals is considered that best suit the

characteristics needed to supply the correct information required.

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The simple random sampling type was specifically used to distinguish the grade

10 Science, Technology, and Engineering students to be considered in the study. This

gives us a chance to pick our 64 favored respondents, which qualifies to the purpose of

the study.

STE (Science, Technology, Chosen STE Total number of

and Engineering) Students of (Science, students of STE
SEHS (Sta. Elena High Technology, and (Science, Technology,
School) Engineering) and Engineering)
Students Students

10-Fortitude 32 Students 38 Students

10- Zeal 32 Students 38 Students

Total 64 Students 76 Students

Figure 1: Total of STE (Science, Technology, and Engineering) Students and total

number of respondents.

3. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researchers used questionnaire and survey form as the data gathering

instrument. The researchers will design the questionnaire and survey according to a form

that will help the researchers gather relevant information from the respondents. The

questionnaire is composed of two (2) subject, Mathematics and Science. The

questionnaire consists of twenty (20) questions, ten (10) for each subjects. The survey

form is consisting of three (3) questions.

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After the questionnaire is constructed the researchers presents it to three teachers

(3) that will critique the content of it. Two (2) of them are teachers from the grade ten

(10) that are teaching Mathematics and Science in grade ten (10) S.T.E. students.

4. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researchers had chosen the Grade 10 STE Students from Sta Elena High

School as their respondents. They used standardized questionnaires to conduct the study

that has gone through the process of psychometric validation. The questionnaire is

composed of questions regarding their sleeping time and the factors that affects it, a 10-

item test for mathematics, and a 10-item test for science. The researchers went to the

rooms of the respondents to conduct the survey with the permission from their subject

teacher. After checking the questionnaires answered by the respondents, the researchers

went on with the statistical treatment of data.

5. STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The statistical treatment used in the study is Spearman’s rank order correlation

coefficient or Spearman’s rho. The researchers used this technique to measure the

correlation of the effects of sleeping period to the academic performance of grade 10

Science, Technology, and Engineering students of Sta. Elena High School A.Y. 2019-

2020. Spearman’s rho is used to measure the strength and direction of association

between the two ranked variables. It is often used to evaluate relationships involving

ordinal variables and to determine the rank correlation of the following respondents.

4.5 SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION:

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The formula for the Spearman rank correlation coefficient when there are no tied ranks is:

Another option is simply to use the full version of Spearman’s formula (actually a

slightly modified Pearson’s r), which will deal with tied ranks:

Where:

 R(x) and R(y) are the ranks,

 R(x)bar and R(y)bar are the mean ranks.

or

The formula to use when there are tied ranks is:

where i = paired score.