Please Do Now: in Full Sentences, Write (3) Things You Know About Gravity and (1) Thing You Would Like To Learn

Section
7.1 Please Do Now
In full sentences,
write (3) things you know about gravity
and
(1) thing you would like to learn.
Chapter
7 Gravitation
In this chapter you will:
Learn the nature of

gravitational force.
Solve problems using

Newton’s law of gravitation.
Learn about the two kinds of

mass.
HW 7: Handout
Section
7.1 Planetary Motion and Gravitation
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
In 1666, Sir Isaac Newton began his studies of planetary motion.
Newton found that the magnitude of the force, F, on a planet due

to the Sun varies inversely with the square of the distance, r,
between the centers of the planet and the Sun.
That is, F is proportional to 1/r2. The force, F, acts in the direction

of the line connecting the centers of the two objects.
Section
The sight of a falling apple

made Newton wonder if the
force that caused the apple to
fall might extend to the Moon,
or even beyond.
He found that both the apple’s

and the Moon’s accelerations
agreed with the 1/r2
relationship.
Section
According to his own third law, the force Earth exerts on the
apple is exactly the same as the force the apple exerts on Earth.
The force of attraction between two objects must be proportional

to the objects’ masses, and is known as the gravitational force.
Section
The law of universal gravitation states that objects attract

other objects with a force that is proportional to the product of
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
The gravitational force is equal to the universal gravitational

constant, times the mass of object 1, times the mass of object 2,
divided by the square of the distance between the centers of the
objects.
Section
According to Newton’s
equation, F is directly
proportional to m1 and m2.
F  m1m2
Section
Inverse Square Law
According to Newton’s
equation, F is inversely
related to the square of the
distance.
Section
Universal Gravitation
Newton’s law of universal gravitation has both direct and inverse
relationships.
F  m1m2 F r
Change Result Change Result

2m1m2 2F 2r 1/4 F
3m1m2 3F 3r 1/9 F
4m1m2 4F 1/2 r 4F
½m1m2 1/2 F 1/3 r 9F
Section
7.1 Gravitation
Measuring the Universal Gravitational Constant
How large is the constant, G?
The force of gravitational attraction between two objects on

Earth is relatively small. In fact, it took 100 years from the time
of Newton’s work for scientists to develop an apparatus that was
sensitive enough to measure the force kg2of gravitational
attraction.
G = 6.67 x 10 -11
Nm 2
kg 2
Section
Measuring the Universal Gravitational Constant
Video clip: Ch7_4_movanim

Section
Importance of G
Cavendish’s experiment often is called “weighing Earth,”

because his experiment helped determine Earth’s mass. Once
the value of G is known, not only the mass of Earth, but also the
mass of the Sun can be determined.
In addition, the gravitational force between any two objects can

be calculated using Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
Section
Example:
The attractive gravitational force, Fg, between two bowling balls
of mass 7.26 kg, with their centers separated by 0.30 m, can be
calculated as follows:
Section
7.1 Gravitation
Practice Problems
1. What is the gravitational force between two 15 kg packages that
are 35 cm apart?
2. The gravitational force between two electrons that are 1.00 m

apart is 5.54 x 10-71 N. Find the mass of the electron.
3. The Moon’s mass is 7.34 x 1022 kg, and it is 3.8 x 105 km away
from Earth. Earth’s mass is 5.97 x 1024 kg. Calculate the
gravitational force of attraction between Earth and the Moon.
Section
Cavendish’s Experiment
Determined the value of G.
Confirmed Newton’s
prediction that a gravitational
force exists between two
objects.
Helped calculate the mass of

Earth.
Section
7.2 Using the Law of Universal Gravitation
Two Kinds of Mass
Mass is equal to the ratio of the net force exerted on an object to

its acceleration.
Mass related to the inertia of an object is called inertial mass.
Inertial mass is equal to the net force exerted on the object

divided by the acceleration of the object.
Section
Two Kinds of Mass
The inertial mass of an object is measured by exerting a force

on the object and measuring the object’s acceleration using an
inertial balance.
The more inertial mass an object has, the

less it is affected by any force – the less
acceleration it undergoes. Thus, the
inertial mass of an object is a measure of
the object’s resistance to any type of
force.
Section
Two Kinds of Mass
Mass as used in the law of universal gravitation determines the

size of the gravitational force between two objects and is called
gravitational mass.
The gravitational mass of an object is equal to the distance

between the objects squared, times the gravitational force, divided
by the product of the universal gravitational constant, times the
mass of the other object.
Section
Two Kinds of Mass
ch7_6_mov.anim (no audio)

Section
Two Kinds of Mass
Newton made the claim that inertial mass and gravitational

mass are equal in magnitude. This hypothesis is called the
principle of equivalence. All experiments conducted so far have
yielded data that support this principle. Albert Einstein also was
intrigued by the principle of equivalence and made it a central
point in his theory of gravity.
Section
7.1 Section Check
Question 1
According to the law of universal gravitation, how are force and

distance related?
A. The gravitational force is inversely proportional to mass.
B. The change in gravitational force with distance follows the

inverse square law.
C. Gravitational force and distance are directly proportional.
D. Gravitational force does not depend on distance.

Section
7.1 Section Check
Answer 1
Answer: B
Reason: F = G m1m2
r2
Section
7.1 Section Check
Question 2
If the Earth suddenly lost half of its mass, what would happen to the
gravitational force between it and the moon?
A. The gravitational force would remain the same.
B. The gravitational force would double.
C. The gravitational force would be cut in half.
D. The gravitational force would be four times smaller.

Section
7.1 Section Check
Answer 2
Answer: c
Reason: F = G m1m2
r2
Section
7.1 Section Check
Question 3
Which of the following helped calculate Earth’s mass?
A. Inverse square law
B. Cavendish’s experiment
C. Kepler’s first law
D. Kepler’s third law

Section
7.1 Section Check
Answer 3
Answer: B
Reason: Cavendish's experiment helped calculate the mass of

Earth. It also determined the value of G and confirmed
Newton’s prediction that a gravitational force exists
between two objects.
Section
7.2 Section Check
Question 4
The inertial mass of an object is measured by exerting a force on the

object and measuring the object’s __________ using an inertial
balance.
A. gravitational force
B. acceleration
C. mass
D. force
Section
7.2 Section Check
Answer 4
Answer: B
Reason: The inertial mass of an object is measured by exerting a

force on the object and measuring the object’s acceleration
using an inertial balance.
Section
7.2 Section Check
Question 5
Your weight __________ as you move away from Earth’s center.
A. decreases
B. increases
C. becomes zero
D. does not change

Section
7.2 Section Check
Answer 5
Answer: A
Reason: As you move farther from Earth’s center, the acceleration

due to gravity reduces, hence decreasing your weight.
Circular Motion and Gravitation Test Information
The test is worth 47 points.
True/False – 7 questions, 1 point each

Multiple Choice – 5 questions, 1 point each
Short Answer – 5 questions, 2 points each
Problems – 3 questions with multiple parts, total of 25 points

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Section

7.1 Please Do Now

Learn the nature of

Solve problems using

Learn about the two kinds of

In 1666, Sir Isaac Newton began his studies of planetary motion.

Newton found that the magnitude of the force, F, on a planet due

That is, F is proportional to 1/r2. The force, F, acts in the direction

The sight of a falling apple

He found that both the apple’s

The force of attraction between two objects must be proportional

The law of universal gravitation states that objects attract

The gravitational force is equal to the universal gravitational

Change Result Change Result

How large is the constant, G?

The force of gravitational attraction between two objects on

Video clip: Ch7_4_movanim

Cavendish’s experiment often is called “weighing Earth,”

In addition, the gravitational force between any two objects can

2. The gravitational force between two electrons that are 1.00 m

Determined the value of G.

Helped calculate the mass of

Mass is equal to the ratio of the net force exerted on an object to

Mass related to the inertia of an object is called inertial mass.

Inertial mass is equal to the net force exerted on the object

The inertial mass of an object is measured by exerting a force

The more inertial mass an object has, the

Mass as used in the law of universal gravitation determines the

The gravitational mass of an object is equal to the distance

ch7_6_mov.anim (no audio)

Newton made the claim that inertial mass and gravitational

According to the law of universal gravitation, how are force and

A. The gravitational force is inversely proportional to mass.

B. The change in gravitational force with distance follows the

C. Gravitational force and distance are directly proportional.

D. Gravitational force does not depend on distance.

A. The gravitational force would remain the same.

B. The gravitational force would double.

C. The gravitational force would be cut in half.

D. The gravitational force would be four times smaller.

Which of the following helped calculate Earth’s mass?

A. Inverse square law

C. Kepler’s first law

D. Kepler’s third law

Reason: Cavendish's experiment helped calculate the mass of

The inertial mass of an object is measured by exerting a force on the

Reason: The inertial mass of an object is measured by exerting a

Your weight __________ as you move away from Earth’s center.

D. does not change

Reason: As you move farther from Earth’s center, the acceleration

The test is worth 47 points.

True/False – 7 questions, 1 point each

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