Coordination of DTOC Relays in A Power System

Roll No.
______________________ Name: __________________ Date: ____________________
Power System Protection

Lab Session 4
Coordination of DTOC Relays in a Power System
Objectives:
At the end of this lab session students will be able to
 Understand the concept of Relay Coordination and Selectivity.

 Calculate the time setting of the relays for relay coordination in a power system.
 Analyze the effects of absence of relay coordination.
 Understand the concept of back-up protection.
4.0 Introduction
Definite Time Over-Current Relay: A definite time over-current relay operates like an
instantaneous over-current relay coupled with a timer. Once current reaches the pickup value,
it initiates the timing circuit. As long as current stays above this pickup value, the timer will
continue to time. Once the definite time setting is reached, the relay gives trip signal to the
circuit breaker.
Application of DTOC: The DTOC relay is different from the instantaneous over-current
relay in a way that it waits for a definite time once the fault is detected. The purpose of the
time-delay setting is to enable relays to coordinate with each other. When a fault occurs in a
power system, the relay closest to the fault should operate first so that minimum number of
customers is affected.
Where there are two or more series protective devices between the fault point and the
power supply, these devices must be coordinated to insure that the device nearest the fault
point will operate first. The other upstream devices must be designed to operate in sequence
to provide back-up protection, if any device fails to respond. This is called selective
coordination or selectivity.
Consider a radial power line having two relays, one at the start of the line and one at
the far end. The relay at the far end can be set to operate faster than the relay at the start using
the delay time setting. If there is a fault at the far end of the line, a heavy current flows in the
line which is picked up by both relays but we can ensure that the relay closest to the fault
operates first and the relay at the start of the line only operates as a backup protection if the
far end relay fails to operate.
Time over-current protection is mainly applied to achieve discrimination, i.e. selective

operations for faults on lines and in transformers in radial power systems. But where
selectivity is not the main objective, a short delay does permit a lower pick-up setting
(current-setting) and therefore higher sensitivity, if the application requires it.
4.1 Laboratory Task

Simulate a small radial power system having a single generating source and multiple
loads. Determine the normal operating current in various sections of the power system so that
the “Pick-up setting” for the protection relays can be determined. Model the DTOC relay as
in lab session #2. Install the DTOC relay model for the protection of the system at two
different places in the radial system. Determine the time setting of the relays to ensure relay
coordination. Simulate this circuit for faults at different locations in the system and examine
the operation of the relays.
4.2 Procedure
Step 1:
Draw a simple power system having a three phase source, three phase circuit
breakers, three phase VI measurement units and three phase RLC series loads. Connect the
blocks as shown below.
Radial Power System
Set the properties of each block as mentioned below. Keep all other parameters as it is.
System Frequency: 50 Hz
Page 2 of 6
Total Simulation Time: 0.25 s
Solver: Ode23tb (stiff/TR-BDF2)
Solver reset Method: Robust
Three phase source:
Voltage (Phase to Phase): 11e3 V
Internal connection: Y grounded
3 phase short circuit level: 600e6 VA
Base voltage: 11e3 V
Three-Phase Breakers:
Initial status of breakers: closed
Three-Phase Series RLC Load 1:

Configuration: Y grounded
Nominal voltage: 11e3 V
Active Power (MW): 100e6 W
Inductive reactive power: 100 VAR
Capacitive reactive Power: 0 VAR
Three-Phase Series RLC Load 2:

Configuration: Y grounded
Nominal voltage: 11e3 V
Active Power (MW): 150e6 W
Inductive reactive power: 100 VAR
Capacitive reactive Power: 0 VAR
Constant (C.B Control):

Value: 1
Note: The constant block is connected to the C.B control to keep the circuit breaker closed
initially. It will be replaced by the relay once we have implemented the relay model.
Step 2:
Measure the RMS value of current at Scope 1 and Scope 2. Calculate the Pick-up
value of current for the relays to be installed.
Current 1 RMS Value = I1 = …………………………..

Current 2 RMS Value = I2 =…………………………...
Here I1 is sum of currents drawn by the both loads and I2 is current drawn by load2.
This thing can be observed in the above figure.
Pick-up Value for Relay 1 = 1.4 x I1 = ………………...

Pick-up Value for Relay 2 = 1.4 x I2 = ………………...
Current-setting of relay is also called Pick-up value.
Step 3:
Page 3 of 6
Make a Subsystem named DTOC Relay 1. Implement the model of DTOC relay in
this subsystem as in lab Session 2. Connect this relay block to the circuit breaker. Create a
copy of this subsystem to connect with the other breaker. Set the “pick up” and “time delay
setting” in the relay.
The details of this implementation are given below:-
Complete Model with the Relay connected
Three Phase Fault:

Ground fault: Select this option
External control of fault timing: Select this option
Initial status of fault: [0 0 0]
Simulate fault at 0.1s.
Current Setting (Pick-up value):

Set the Current Pickup value of the relays as calculated in Step 2.
Step 4:
Set the Time-Delay (time setting) of relay 2 equal to 0.02 seconds. For Coordination
the time setting of relay 1 is determined by:-
Time Setting Relay 1 = Time Setting of Relay 2 + C.B operating time + a small constant
Circuit Breaker interrupts current at zero crossing. So it will take some time to
interrupt the current after operation. It will be the worst case when breaker operation starts
just after the zero crossing of current. In this case breaker operating time will be
approximately equal to the time taken by the half-cycle of the current i.e. half of the time
period of current.
Page 4 of 6
A small constant delay is added to ensure no overlap. Put the this constant equal 0.015s.
Note: If the simulation is taking a long time to complete, change the “powergui” setting from
“continuous” to “Discrete” and set sample time 50e-6. The “powergui” block is present on
the top left corner of your main Simulink file. If powergui block is not present in the file,
place it from Simpower Systems toolbox.
Step 5:
Simulate the following fault conditions and describe your results:
1. A fault in section 2 of the power system with

Time setting of relay 1 > Time Setting of relay 2
Results:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Two Sections of the Power System
2. A fault in section 2 of the power system with

Time setting of relay 1 < Time Setting of relay 2
Results:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. A fault in section 1 of the power system with any time setting of relay 2.
Page 5 of 6
Results:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Results:
1. Explain how Relay 1 works as a Back-up Protection for section 2 of the power system
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What is the necessary condition for Relay Coordination in this system?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What is the disadvantage of setting the DTOC time-delay to a very high value?
.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………...……………………………………
Obtained Marks /Grade: ___________________
Page 6 of 6

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Roll No.

______________________ Name: __________________ Date: ____________________

Power System Protection

Coordination of DTOC Relays in a Power System

 Understand the concept of Relay Coordination and Selectivity.

Time over-current protection is mainly applied to achieve discrimination, i.e. selective

4.1 Laboratory Task

Radial Power System

Three-Phase Series RLC Load 1:

Three-Phase Series RLC Load 2:

Constant (C.B Control):

Current 1 RMS Value = I1 = …………………………..

Pick-up Value for Relay 1 = 1.4 x I1 = ………………...

Current-setting of relay is also called Pick-up value.

Complete Model with the Relay connected

Three Phase Fault:

Current Setting (Pick-up value):

Simulate the following fault conditions and describe your results:

1. A fault in section 2 of the power system with

Two Sections of the Power System

2. A fault in section 2 of the power system with

2. What is the necessary condition for Relay Coordination in this system?

Obtained Marks /Grade: ___________________

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