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    Triangle and PWM Generator

    Uploaded by

    Jafar Sadiq
    This document describes designing a triangle wave generator and implementing pulse width modulation (PWM) with a varying duty cycle. A circuit is assembled using an op-amp, comparator, resistors and capacitors to generate a 30 kHz triangle wave. Calculations show the circuit could produce frequencies from 301 Hz to 3.07 MHz, but practical results were 312.5 Hz to 0.22 MHz due to non-ideal components. An oscilloscope screenshot confirms PWM output duty cycle increases with the DC voltage. Theoretical frequencies could not be achieved due to small deviations in real component values and losses. Inverted and non-inverted signals can be obtained by interchanging the comparator's inverting and non-inverting input pins.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Triangle and PWM Generator

    Uploaded by

    Jafar Sadiq
    211 views7 pages
    This document describes designing a triangle wave generator and implementing pulse width modulation (PWM) with a varying duty cycle. A circuit is assembled using an op-amp, comparator, resistors and capacitors to generate a 30 kHz triangle wave. Calculations show the circuit could produce frequencies from 301 Hz to 3.07 MHz, but practical results were 312.5 Hz to 0.22 MHz due to non-ideal components. An oscilloscope screenshot confirms PWM output duty cycle increases with the DC voltage. Theoretical frequencies could not be achieved due to small deviations in real component values and losses. Inverted and non-inverted signals can be obtained by interchanging the comparator's inverting and non-inverting input pins.

    Original Description:

    PWM signal and triangular wave generator

    Original Title

    triangle and pwm generator

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    This document describes designing a triangle wave generator and implementing pulse width modulation (PWM) with a varying duty cycle. A circuit is assembled using an op-amp, comparator, resistors and capacitors to generate a 30 kHz triangle wave. Calculations show the circuit could produce frequencies from 301 Hz to 3.07 MHz, but practical results were 312.5 Hz to 0.22 MHz due to non-ideal components. An oscilloscope screenshot confirms PWM output duty cycle increases with the DC voltage. Theoretical frequencies could not be achieved due to small deviations in real component values and losses. Inverted and non-inverted signals can be obtained by interchanging the comparator's inverting and non-inverting input pins.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    211 views7 pages

    Triangle and PWM Generator

    Uploaded by

    Jafar Sadiq
    This document describes designing a triangle wave generator and implementing pulse width modulation (PWM) with a varying duty cycle. A circuit is assembled using an op-amp, comparator, resistors and capacitors to generate a 30 kHz triangle wave. Calculations show the circuit could produce frequencies from 301 Hz to 3.07 MHz, but practical results were 312.5 Hz to 0.22 MHz due to non-ideal components. An oscilloscope screenshot confirms PWM output duty cycle increases with the DC voltage. Theoretical frequencies could not be achieved due to small deviations in real component values and losses. Inverted and non-inverted signals can be obtained by interchanging the comparator's inverting and non-inverting input pins.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    PWM

    AIM:
    1) Design a triangle wave generator.
    2) Create pulse width modulation (PWM) with varying duty cycle.

    COMPONENTS USED:
    Op-amp TLE2082
    Comparator LM319
    Resistors - 1KΩ, 8.2 kΩ, 10 KΩ
    Trimmer - 100KΩ, 1MΩ
    Capacitors – 10nF
    Breadboard

    OBJECTIVES:

    1) Calculate the capacitor value required to achieve 30kHz switching frequency in the circuit shown below
    (assuming the trimmers are set to 0)

    Using the formula for finding Frequency:

    (R ¿ ¿ 2+ R3 )
    F= ¿
    4 R1 ( R 4 + R5 )C 1

    (R ¿ ¿2+ R 3)
    C 1= ¿
    4 R1 (R 4 + R5) F

    Assuming the values of R3 and R4 as zero

    10∗103
    C 1=
    4∗8.2∗103∗103∗30∗10 3
    C 1=10 nF
    Using the above values for resistors and capacitor, following circuit has been assembled and the output
    triangle wave is obtained as shown

    Time period of the Triangle wave obtained, T = 35µs

    1
    F=
    T
    1
    F=
    35 µs
    F = 28.57 MHz

    2) Calculate the range of frequencies that could be achieved with the circuit below.

    Minimum Frequency:
    Equation for the Frequency of the triangular wave: -

    ( R ¿ ¿2+ R 3)
    F t= ¿
    4 R 1 ( R4 + R5 )C 1

    For Achieving Minimum frequency, R3=0 and R4= Max


    R2
    F min=
    4 R1 (R4 + R 5)C1

    Substituting the values,

    ( 10∗103 )
    F min=
    4∗8.2∗103∗{ 100∗103 +103 }∗10∗10−9

    F min=301 Hz

    Minimum Frequency obtained through practical implementation can be calculated from below figure:

    Time period of the Triangle wave obtained, T = 3.2ms

    1
    F=
    T
    1
    F=
    3.2m s
    F = 312.5 Hz

    Maximum Frequency:
    Equation for the Frequency of the triangular wave: -

    (R ¿ ¿ 2+ R3 )
    F= ¿
    4 R1 ( R 4 + R5 )C 1

    For Achieving Maximum frequency, R3=Max and R4=0


    ( R ¿ ¿ 2+ R 3)
    F max= ¿
    4 R 1 ( R 5) C 1

    Substituting the values,


    ( 10∗103 +1∗10 6 )
    F max=
    4∗8.2∗103∗{ 103 }∗10∗10−9

    F max=3.07 MH z

    Maximum Frequency obtained through practical implementation can be calculated from below figure:

    Time period of the Triangle wave obtained, T = 4.5µs

    1
    F=
    T
    1
    F=
    4.5 µs
    F = 0.22 MHz

    3) Draw a schematic of the triangle wave circuit (pictured below) connected to an LM319 comparator so the
    triangle wave can be compared to a DC signal. Ensure you show component values and IC pin numbers
    4) Take an oscilloscope screen shot of the DC crossing the triangle wave and PWM output for a single duty
    cycle.

    The above pictures shows the PWM output of the comparator.


    It is clear from the pictures that, when the DC voltage is increased, the PWM duty cycle increases

    5) Comment on why the theoretical frequencies calculated above could not be achieved.

    The Exact values of the components (resistors and capacitor) used in the circuit cannot be
    implemented practically. There will be slight deviation from the true values. Loses in each component due to
    heating and resistance offered by capacitive element are all neglected. Because of these factors, theoretical
    values could not be achieved.

    6) How could you get both inverted and non-inverted signal?


    The output of a comparator is obtained by comparing signals present at its inverting and non-inverting
    terminals. Whenever the voltage at non-inverting terminal is higher than voltage at inverting terminal, the
    output is + saturation voltage and when the voltage at non-inverting terminal is less than the voltage at
    inverting terminal, the output is - saturation voltage. So by interchanging the inverting and non-inverting
    terminals of the comparator, we can get inverted and non-inverted signals. In our case, pin-4(Non-inverting
    terminal) and pin-5(inverting terminal) of LM319 can be interchanged to get inverting or non-inverting output.

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